PR Exam 1
When a member of a public such as a customer demands and expects full transparency from an organization, but is then less than honest in his/her interaction with that organization a phenomenon called _____ transpires.
Asynchronous transparency
In the TARES test, ___ considers the communicator's motive.
Authenticity
In this ethical orientation, a person's ethical character is believed to be habitual and consistent in both public and private life.
Axiology
This ethical orientation asks, "if I was a good person, what would I do?"
Axiology
_______________ is the term used to describe philanthropic activities that allow businesses to provide for the social good and create long-term value for the organization.
Corporate social responsibility
_____ disclosure describes a situation when not all information can be released. It is, perhaps, at times the practical interpretation of disclosure.
Full
The "Golden Rule" - do unto others as you would have them do unto you - is a principle that is based on values and ideals such as:
Kindness and Respect
What are some challenges professionals have when providing ethical counsel? (select all that apply)
Lack of education Lack of access to key decision makers Lack of financial resources
The most formalized system of ethical guidelines is:
Laws
While consumers should know what ingredients are in a product, they do not have the right to know a company's secret formula. This type of disclosure is called?
Limited disclosure
Which Page Principle best illustrates the necessity of transparency for long-term benefits?
Manage for tomorrow.
Which of the following was NOT a reason for developing the first PRSA Code of Ethics?
PRSA was required to initiate a code of ethics by its accrediting body
The ___ value system most closely resembles the lower models of public relations and considers the organization primary in its ethical actions.
Partisan
Which are examples of paying for volunteers?
Paying experts for endorsing an idea Paying people to post on a blog Paying people to attend a meeting
The principle of the cognitive miser refers to:
People who seize on the first acceptable solution that comes along and justify it based on their existing knowledge.
This system of guidelines for ethical behavior is often associated with an organization or institution:
Policies
The ___ model can be used to exploit a situation for personal gain.
Press Agentry
Which of the following is NOT listed as one of PRSA's professional values?
Profitability
If an employee is forced to like the social media pages of his/her employer the employee, _____ transparency has occurred.
Pseudo transparency
_____ is a deceptive transparency which can create mistrust and in authenticity due to its disingenuous means.
Pseudotransparency
The ___ model relies on professional codes of ethics to guide professional behavior.
Public Information
(The) ___ offers guidance on creating ethical dialogue in public relations practice.
TARES
This ethical orientation is problematic in that unethical behaviors can be justified if the result is good.
Teology
All of the following are principles of The Long Now except:
The "Now" is more important than the "past."
Some argue that public relations is a profession of mixed-motives, which include obligations to the following (select all that apply):
The Client, Key Stakeholders (publics), the profession
(The) ___ states that symmetrical communication is possible if there is an opportunity for suggesting topics and for initiating topic changes.
Theory of Ethical Discourse
Does an organization's use of a code of ethics affect its employees' behavior?
yes, sometimes
Which of the following was NOT a feature of the 1988 revision of the PRSA Code of Ethics?
an aspirational statement of professional values
The Edelman firm found in that _______ percent of online outlets offered sponsored content.
73
The first section of the PRSA Code of Ethics is:
A preamble that sets out the goals and role of the document
Boards of PRSA members were established in 1962 to:
Actively seek out ethical violators
The 2000 revision of the PRSA Code of Ethics involved which of the following:
An emphasis on creating a code that was aspirational and not focused on enforcement A process of research that involved PRSA members A nine-member team that transformed research results into an operable code of ethics All of the above
Why is the "base rate problem" a problem:
Because individuated data causes people to be biased. Because people tend to focus on individual data when provided both individual and statistical data. Base rate errors lead to poor decisions. All
Communitarian ethics assume all of the following except:
Being a member of a community automatically gives someone the right to make choices for others.
(The) ____ believes that certain duties must always be upheld, regardless of the consequences.
Categorical Imperative
The Global Energy Balance Network was sponsored by
Coca-Cola
The ____ values seek to identify a meaning or purpose that creates a positive impact on others.
Common Good
Which of the following is not one of the theories of ethics discussed in this chapter?
Conceptual Ethics
___________________ are part of personal and professional life and must be disclosed to clients.
Conflicts of interest
The normative ethic theory that assumes there are duties which bind all individuals to behave in a certain way is:
Deontological Ethics
Which statement comes closest to what a deontologist believes?
Deontologists act on an inflexible set of beliefs about right and wrong, doing what they personally believe is right no matter what the consequences.
If you have a family member who works for a competing client, what should you do?
Disclose that to the client.
If practitioners withhold information or do not disseminate information for no credible reason, the practitioner is violating _____.
Disclosure
_____ can be said to be about frankness because it helps to build transparency, openness, and accountability.
Disclosure
_____ is the opposite of secrecy; it means that the organization is an open book.
Disclosure
Which of the following is NOT a role that codes of ethics can play for an organization?
Enhancing financial profitability
Absolutism is not practical in an organizational setting.
False
Codes of conduct are universally binding for public relations professional.
False
Codes of ethics were originally devised by ethical businessmen who hoped to prevent ethical misdoings before such things had ever happened.
False
Which of the following does NOT offer direct guidance on behavior?
Ideals
______________ dictate generally how a person should act in an ethical manner
Ideals
Open, honest, and accessible communication with the purpose of providing information to publics, increasing participation, and holding organizations accountable is called?
Transparency
Applied ethics focuses on particular obligations in professional settings.
True
Ethics is the process of determining right and wrong.
True
Which answer below correctly describes decision-making by objective:
When a group follows decision-making suggestions, as long as no one speaks out.
Public relations, as a profession, has the primary obligation to ensure the profitability of the organization they represent.
False
(The) ____ assumes that the most ethical action is the midpoint of two extremes.
Golden Mean
The ___ model represents an elementary ethical practice of public relations.
Public Information
In the context of ethics, "values" refers to:
Qualities and characteristics that a culture holds valuable
All of the following are true of Rationality or Rational Choice except what:
Rationality refers to way that organizations behave in the business world.
The principles of Reciprocal Favoritism are found in every religious and faith tradition except.
Reciprocal Favoritism is found in all religious traditions.
Which of the following is true about uncertainty and risk:
Risk is predictable, uncertainty is not.
In this ethical orientation, ethical laws are believed to vary between communities and over time.
Situational Ethics
This ethical orientation is most commonly used in public relations practice.
Situational Ethics
The dialogic approach is not about the ethical decision so much as understanding.
True
The ___ model uses persuasive communication to influence the attitudes and actions of key stakeholders.
Two-way asymmetrical
____ are considered the foundation of ethics.
Values
Transparency and disclosure help to build all the following EXCEPT
Vulnerability
According to the Securities and Exchange Commission, you must release information at the same times to all publics, if it is____________________.
material nonpublic information.
The mutuality value system most resembles the ___ model of public relations.
Two way Symmetrical
The ___ ethical pillar offers professionals an "altruistic ethical intent" important to public relations practice.
Benefificence
Which ethical decision-making model begins with making sure the professional is automatous, or free from outside influences?
Bowen's Model for Strategic Decision Making
Studies show that entry level public relations professionals do not have a strong ethical decision making process compared to previous generations.
False
The Attorney-Adversary Model balances the obligations to clients with obligations to the public.
False
The PRSA Code of Ethics is only useful in the specific situations described in its core provisions of conduct.
False
The decision to eliminate enforcement from the 2000 Code of Ethics was made with unanimous approval.
False
The only way to provide ethical counsel is to be a senior level professional in public relations.
False
Uncertainty is easier to predict than risk.
False
When referring to heuristics and biases, heuristics are good and biases are bad.
False
The _______________ limits what information can be released about college students by a university.
Family Education Right and Privacy Acts
The PRSA revised its Code of Ethics provisions regarding competition in 1977 in response to an investigation by what government agency?
Federal Trade Commission
Dangers of using Utilitarian ethics to make decisions include (select all that apply)
Forced to guess outcome of decision, harming a minority and benefiting a majority doesn't create a mutually beneficial relationship, it is not always possible to predict the outcome of a decision
Some PR professionals suggest that proper ethical choices will:
Foster Community
The first step for ethical literacy in public relations is ____.
Identifying Personal Values
Which ethical decision-making model is most appropriate when considering whether certain persuasive communication is appropriate?
Tares
The first enforcement mechanisms for the PRSA Code of Ethics were instituted in:
1954
When professionals do not appropriately understand their ethical obligation and professional commitment within the profession, who can be harmed?
The Public, The client, The profession
_______________ is an U.S. agency that regulates financial information be released about publicly-traded companies.
The Securities and Exchange Commission
The Golden Mean assumes all of the following are true except:
The best decisions fall in the middle of two extremes.
The Categorical Imperative is considered one of the best, most honorable approaches to ethics because:
The categorical imperative is no better than any of the other ethical approaches.
The principles of Groupthink describe:
The illusion among highly cohesive group members that they are right.
Ethical Decision-Making Models ensure all professionals are ethical.
False
Maintaining trust with others is not contingent on ethical behavior.
False
Codes of Ethics have been popular since roughly:
1980's
The model of public relations that believes communication should be on-going so that both the client and the public can mutually adjust for the benefit of all involved is the:
Symmetrical Model
Ethics do not just come from philosophers and academics, everyday people also make ethical decisions.
True
Rationality refers to any goal oriented behavior even Murder.
True
Social Harmony may be considered the moral purpose of public relations.
True
Strongly held religious convictions are insufficient as a guide for making ethical decisions.
True
