Practice Praxis Questions

A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round, 21-25-mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as A.indirect laryngoscopy. B.direct laryngoscopy. C.endoscopy. D.videostroboscopy.

A. indirect laryngoscopy.

At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand and use agent-action relationships? A.18-24 months B.24-48 months C.48-64 months D.After 64 months

A.18-24 months

A speech-language pathologist in a hospital was explaining to Jorge, a 55-year-old cancer survivor, that if physicians control aspiration by reconstructing a narrow gap between the vocal folds, the airway becomes compromised and the only way to eliminate the potential of aspiration is: A.A permanent tracheostomy B.Temporary vocal fold augmentation C. A temporary tracheostomy D.Electrolarynx

A.A permanent tracheostomy

Language disorders are often identified through multidisciplinary assessment. A speech-language pathologist may perform a comprehensive language evaluation that includes interviews, observations, questionnaires, surveys, and formal tests. There are two types of standardized tests that a clinician may use during an assessment: norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. Which of the following statements is true about criterion-referenced tests? A.Criterion-referenced tests identify what a client can and cannot do compared to a performance standard. B.Criterion-referenced tests are rarely used to assess clients for fluency and voice disorders. C.Criterion-referenced tests allow a comparison of an individual's performance to the performance of a large group. D.Results of a criterion-referenced test are typically reported as a percentile ranking.

A.Criterion-referenced tests identify what a client can and cannot do compared to a performance standard.

Which of the following muscles is considered a laryngeal elevator? A.Digastric B.Thyrohyoid C.Omohyoid D.Sternothyroid

A.Digastric

What are the first two elements of a malpractice lawsuit? A.Duty and breach B.Tort and liability C.Tort and duty D.Liability and breach

A.Duty and breach

During vocal fold vibration, what are the two forces needed for vibration? A.Elasticity and inertia B.Elasticity and energy C.Inertia and power D.Power and energy

A.Elasticity and inertia

In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes which of the following? A.Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling B.Expansion C.Cooing D.Phonation

A.Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling

A client is being instructed by a clinician to use breathy onsets when speaking during a therapy session. This is an appropriate phonation approach specific to what type of dysarthria? A.Spastic B.Hypokinetic C.Ataxic D.Unilateral upper motor neuron

A.Spastic

In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would A. not be concerned about screening the patient for concrete and abstract language comprehension, because it would provide irrelevant information. B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures. C. restrict the patient's food choices to limit potential aspiration. D. not consider literacy skills, because they are irrelevant to swallowing assessment. Your Answer : D

B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures.

Select the false statement about African American English (AAE). A. It is influenced by languages of West Africa. B. It is a substandard form of Mainstream American English. C. If children speak AAE, they can become bidialectal through learning to use both AAE and Mainstream American English. D. If children speak AAE, it is best to assess their language skills using alternative forms of assessment such as language sampling.

B. It is a substandard form of Mainstream American English.

A clinician is conducting an in-service in a hospital and is recommending treatment designed for patients with severe aphasia and apraxia whose repetition abilities are severely impaired. The clinician mentions that the purpose of this approach is to shape a variety of utterances that may eventually be used volitionally. She is referring to the following approach to therapy: A.Script training B.Multiple input phoneme therapy (MIPT) C.Prompts for reconstructing oral muscular phonetic targets (PROMPT) D.Melodic intonation therapy (MIT)

B. Multiple input phoneme therapy (MIPT)

A patient with end-stage cancer was experiencing loss of weight, fatigue, weakness, and a significant reduction in appetite. The oncologist mentioned to the speech-language pathologist that even though the patient was not actively trying to lose weight, his loss of body mass would be difficult to reverse nutritionally because he had aggressive cancer. This condition of weight loss that is a common complication associated with cancer is called A. gluconeogenesis. B. cachexia. C. anorexia. D. lipolysis.

B. cachexia.

A father is at home with his baby daughter Meghan. He is trying to stimulate her language skills, and has read some literature about how to do this. When he sees Meghan looking at the family cat, he looks at the cat along with her and comments about it. This father has just: A. used child-directed speech B. followed his baby daughter's line of regard C. engaged in a joint action routine D. engaged in a turntaking activity

B. followed his baby daughter's line of regard

The goal of structured contexts in articulatory therapy is to preserve the accuracy of target sound production within: A.contexts of words. B.phrases and sentences. C.structured conversations. D.multiple vowel contexts.

B. phrases and sentences

Anthony, a 40-year-old, has been diagnosed with Wallenberg syndrome after suffering from a cerebral vascular accident. Based on the diagnosis, you should expect Anthony to have damage to which part of his brain? A.Frontal lobe B.Brainstem C.Temporal lobe D.Cerebellum

B.Brainstem

Brandon, a 72-year-old client with aphasia, can indicate his needs by pointing to items and objects. He does not initiate communication and requires extra support in routine conversation. What type of communicator will he be considered? A. Augmented-input communicator B.Controlled-situation communicator C.Comprehensive communicator D.Basic-choice communicator

B.Controlled-situation communicator

Shamim, your 74-year-old patient, has just been diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The patient's disability seems mild to moderate; however, there is unsteadiness as she turns or when pushed from a stable standing position with her feet together and eyes closed. On the Parkinson's Disease Disability Scale, how would you categorize Shamim's disability? A. Bilateral or midline involvement B. First sign of impaired righting reflexes C. Unilateral involvement only D. Fully developed, severely disabling disease

B.First sign of impaired righting reflexes

You receive a referral to assess Beth, who is a 76-year-old resident in a nursing home. The certified nursing assistants who work with her on a daily basis tell you that Beth has been experiencing changes in behavior. During group activities she makes inappropriate comments and appears impulsive and distractible. The certified nursing assistants also note that she has decreased energy and motivation. You notice she is having mild problems with language as well. Which of the following forms of dementia is Beth displaying? A.Vascular dementia B.Frontotemporal dementia C.Lewy body dementia D.Alzheimer's disease

B.Frontotemporal dementia

Dermatomyositis and polymyositis are considered which type of muscle disorder? A.Congenital B.Inflammatory C.Familial or metabolic D.Endocrine

B.Inflammatory

You are evaluating Claudia, a 4-year-old preschooler. She presents with several speech sound disorders during the evaluation including gliding, lateralized production of the /s/ phoneme, distortion of the /r/ phoneme, and interdental production of /θ/ and /ð/. What would be the most appropriate goal to address first in therapy? A.Gliding B.Lateralized /s/ C.Distortion of /r/ D.Interdental [θ, ð]

B.Lateralized /s/

Your client's father has a goal for his daughter to produce the word daddy, but is unable to elicit a response through modeling. You explain that the target may need to be broken down into smaller components taught sequentially. You work on achieving placement, a vocal response, and single phonemes prior to finally targeting the whole word. This procedure is called: A.Prompting B.Shaping C.Fading D.Modeling

B.Shaping

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect. A.The thyroarytenoids are divided into two muscle masses. B.The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors. C.The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. D.The cricothyroid muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.

B.The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors.

Resonance and standing waves include constrictions at an antinode or node that may have an effect on formant frequencies. Which of the following statements is true? A. Constriction at a node or antinode always lowers formant frequencies. B. Constriction at an antinode raises the formant frequencies. C. Constriction at a node raises the formant frequencies. D. Constriction at a node lowers the formant frequencies.

C. Constriction at a node raises the formant frequencies.

The two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain are the A. levator tympani and stapedius muscle. B. auditory meatus and levator tympani. C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle. D. buccinator tympani and risorius.

C. tensor tympani and stapedius muscle.

There are two broad levels of human communication: verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication uses words as symbols to exchange ideas. Nonverbal communication includes many behaviors that communicate with or without the associated production of symbols. Which of the following is not an example of verbal communication? A.American Sign Language B.Written language C.Extralinguistic communication D.Pictographic communication

C.Extralinguistic communication

The treatment of auditory comprehension problems is most effective when completed in a specific order. What is the correct sequence to treat a client with auditory comprehension problems? · A. spoken directions · B. discourse · C. spoken sentences · D. single words · E. spoken questions

D, C, E, A, B

To select an appropriate language production test for a 5-year-old male child, you examine several test manuals. You come across a manual that claims that the test meets the theoretical expectation that sampled language skills are higher at progressively higher age levels. You then correctly conclude that the manual claims that the test has which of the following? A. Content validity B. Acceptable reliabiltiy C. Consistency of scores at progressively higher age levels D. Construct validity

D. Construct validity

Research has indicated that in a longitudinal study of 36 children who stuttered and 34 controls, Garnett et al. (2018) found that in persistent development stuttering, there was strong evidence of a primary deficit in the left hemisphere in the ________________ A. posterior parietal cortex. B. primary somatosensory cortex. C. supplementary motor area and the secondary motor cortex. D. lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex.

D. lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex.

Immigrants who come to the U.S. can show several patterns of adjustment to U.S. culture. Which one of the following is FALSE? A. Acculturation refers to the process by which immigrants assume American cultural attributes (e.g., cultural norms and values). B. Assimilation is the process of immigrants' incorporation into the cultural and social networks of the host society. C. Immigrants who are bicultural are fully involved in both their own and the host cultures. They are comfortable going back and forth between the two cultures. D. Marginally incorporated immigrants are those who are only in the U.S. temporarily and plan to return to their countries of origin.

Marginally incorporated immigrants are those who are only in the U.S. temporarily and plan to return to their countries of origin.

You have a patient who has a weak pharyngeal swallow with very minimal laryngeal elevation and excursion following stimulation, causing her to aspirate frequently and making it unsafe for her to have a regular diet. She was initially given a nasogastric tube to provide nutrition; however, she consistently removes it due to discomfort. The following is another potential option to provide the patient with adequate nutrition: A. Gastrostomy tube B. Jejunal feeding tube C. Initiate a puree diet with pudding-thick liquids D. Pharyngostomy

A. Gastrostomy tube

The following syndrome is a form of aphasia that causes a gradual or sudden loss of receptive and expressive language skills in children between the ages of 3-7: A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome B. Pierre-Robin syndrome C. Moebius syndrome D. Prader-Willi syndrome

A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome

Standing waves are constructive interference. There will be standing waves at particular frequencies by the volume velocity (U) or pressure (P). At the closed end of the tube, U is at a minimum (P is at a maximum). At the open end, U is at the maximum (P is at a minimum). What does this imply? A. When volume velocity is high, the pressure will be low. B. When volume velocity is high, the pressure will be high. C. When volume velocity is low, the pressure will be low. D. Volume velocity always starts at maximum.

A. When volume velocity is high, the pressure will be low.

Case-Study A 4-year-old-child, Abby, is referred by her pediatrician to a multidisciplinary clinic where speech-language pathologists and audiologists work with a variety of other health care professionals. The pediatrician is concerned because Abby has had many middle ear infections and several sets of pressure equalizing (PE) tubes. At her preschool, the teacher says that she "tunes out" and has difficulty following directions. Her mother says that, at home, Abby always requests that music and TV be turned up louder. Thus, the pediatrician wants Abby to have a thorough evaluation of her hearing. He wants, among other things, to determine Abby's speech reception threshold, which is a term that indicates A. the lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Abby correctly identifies 50% of words presented. B. how well Abby discriminates between words heard at a comfortable loudness level, as assessed by having her repeat monosyllabic words such as fun, cap, day. C. Abby's ability to perform well on dichotic listening tasks. D. the minimum level of intensity that sounds need to reach before Abby can hear them.

A. the lowest hearing level (in dB) at which Abby correctly identifies 50% of words presented.

What type of training is appropriate when treatment does not resolve impairments that interfere with the daily life activities of an adult with traumatic brain injury? A. Compensatory treatment B. Orientation training C. Restorative treatment D. Behavioral training

A. Compensatory treatment

You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would be helpful to use in this situation? A.Sig symbols B.Premack-type symbols C.Blissymbols D.Picsyms

A. Sig symbols

Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is an aphasia treatment program for clients with nonfluent aphasia who have good auditory comprehension. The treatment has three levels and uses musical intonation, continuous voicing, and rhythmic tapping. Which of the following is a characteristic of MIT Level III? A.Tap and intone and let the client intone the phrase after a 6 second delay, while providing tapping assistance. B.Show a picture and say the target item. C.Intone in unison with the client and tap. D.Fade prompts halfway through the phrase.

A.Tap and intone and let the client intone the phrase after a 6 second delay, while providing tapping assistance.

The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include A.delayed or absent swallowing reflex. B.anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue. C.difficulty in forming and holding the bolus. D.premature swallow and aspiration before swallow.

A.delayed or absent swallowing reflex.

A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube A.may restrict laryngeal elevation. B.will not restrict laryngeal elevation. C.will not inhibit a patient relearning to swallow. D.will not place pressure on the esophagus via the common posterior wall between the esophagus and the trachea.

A.may restrict laryngeal elevation.

In research, the _________ hypothesis states that two variables are not related. A.null B.alternative C.correlational D.coefficient

A.null

External validity of a study may be threatened by A.the Hawthorne effect. B.statistical regression. C.maturation. D.attrition.

A.the Hawthorne effect.

A new client comes to your office with severe allergies as one of the medical conditions listed on his case history form. Which of the following statements best describes why this piece of information would be important to you as a speech-language pathologist? A. Allergies are not important because of their high prevalence but they should still be listed on his case history form for other professionals such as physicians. B.They can have potential implications for the development of a speech and language disorder. C.Allergies cause a fluid buildup in the middle ear, which results in a hearing loss and speech and language difficulties. D.Allergies result in airway inflammation, which hurts the sound quality of the voice.

B.They can have potential implications for the development of a speech and language disorder.

The description of the different phases of normal swallow suggest that A.swallowing consists of a series of discrete actions described in terms of the oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. B.in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process. C.the oral preparatory phase is not linked to the oral phase. D.the pharyngeal phase, because it consists of reflex actions, is not closely related to the oral phase.

B.in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process.

You are working in therapy with a child who has challenging behaviors. You decide to use negative reinforcement, which A.reduces the response rate. B.strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events. C.is comparable to punishment in its effects. D.is involved in differential reinforcement of other behaviors.

B.strengthens (increases) responses that terminate or postpone aversive events.

You are evaluating a 3-year-old child whose parents have concerns about his social aspects of communication, frequent echolalia, and perseverations. His parents mentioned that he frequently talks to himself, has anxiety, and displays hyperactive behavior. These concerns are evident throughout your evaluation. You notice that he has difficulty attending to tasks and has limited eye contact. Upon observation, his facial features are characterized by a high forehead, large jaw, and a poorly formed pinna. Following your evaluation, you refer this child and his family to a geneticist to rule out the possibility of a genetic syndrome. The patient most likely presents with: A.Down syndrome B.Pierre-Robin syndrome C.Fragile X syndrome D.Prader-Willi syndrome

C.Fragile X syndrome

Intracranial arteritis is a vascular etiology that is rarely or never a possible cause for what type of motor speech disorder? A.Spastic dysarthria B.Ataxic dysarthria C.Hypokinetic dysarthria D.Apraxia of speech

C.Hypokinetic dysarthria

__________ validity is the accuracy with which a measure predicts future performance on a related task. A.Construct B.Concurrent C.Predictive D.Content

C.Predictive

Select the statement that is not true. A.Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B.Excessive or even stress on syllables is a part of ataxic dysarthria. C.Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D.Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.

C.Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria.

You have been referred an 8-year-old boy because the teacher suspects that he stutters. Before rendering a diagnosis, you wish to determine the different kinds of disfluencies he exhibits. You have taken an extended speech sample, and you are now counting the different forms of disfluencies. Select the following statement that is correct in measuring the types and the number of disfluencies in specified utterances. A.The utterance "I went-went-went to uh p-p-play videogames with my ffffriend on SSSSS well um Sa-Sa-Sa-Saturday" contains three word repetitions, two interjections, and two syllable prolongations. B.The utterance "I-I-I could not do-do-do it because I was af-af-afraid of it" contains two sound repetitions and one word repetition. C.The utterance "I wanted to-I wanted to-I wanted to ssssssee what um my mmmmmom was d-d-d-doing" contains one phrase repetition, two sound prolongations, one sound interjection, and one part-word (sound) repetition. D.The utterance "He-he-he didn't tell me anything be[silence]fore he [silence] before he d-d—decided to do it" contains one word repetition, two pauses, and one sound repetition.

C.The utterance "I wanted to-I wanted to-I wanted to ssssssee what um my mmmmmom was d-d-d-doing" contains one phrase repetition, two sound prolongations, one sound interjection, and one part-word (sound) repetition.

With regard to human communication, which of the following viewpoints studies the process of sending and receiving messages? A.Behavioral B.Analytical C.Theoretical D.Linguistic

C.Theoretical

You are working in a skilled nursing facility with elderly residents and their families. Many family members are distressed by the problems experienced by these patients secondary to stroke, and you find yourself spending time counseling family members and clients. You mainly use the ______ approach, wherein the clients freely express their emotions while you listen and provide unconditional warm positive regard toward clients. The clients control the direction and pace of therapy and you serve as the facilitator. A.clinician-centered B.directive clinician-centered C.nondirective client-centered D.nondirective clinician-centered

C.nondirective client-centered

You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your private practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have? A. A class I malocclusion accompanied by underjet B. A class II malocclusion accompanied by underjet C. A class III malocclusion accompanied by overjet D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet

D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet

A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Korean, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you not expect to find in a student who speaks Korean? A. Substitution of a/ae (e.g., bock/back) B. Final consonant deletion (e.g., be-/bed) C. Confusion of r/l (e.g., glow/grow, lay/ray) D. Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)

D. Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)

A 68-year-old man experienced a stroke and had problems with reading; however, other language related skills like auditory comprehension, naming, writing, or oral repetition were not affected. This condition referred to as pure word blindness or alexia without agraphia is also called: A.Phoneme alexia B.Neglect alexia C.Visual alexia D.Pure alexia

D.Pure alexia

Different aphasia types share common features of communication impairments. Therefore, a clinician who is interested in making a typological diagnosis needs to fully understand the unique features of each type. Among the following statements, which correctly helps distinguish the two types contrasted? A.Auditory comprehension in patients with conduction aphasia is poor, whereas it is excellent in patients with transcortical sensory aphasia. B.Mixed transcortical is the most severe form of aphasia, whereas global aphasia affects only word output. C.Grammatical structures are impaired in patients with Wernicke's aphasia, whereas they are intact in patients with Broca's aphasia. D.Transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech.

D.Transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech.

A patient comes to an ENT physician complaining of a lump in the throat, hoarseness, frequent throat clearing, sore throat, and heartburn. After completing all tests, the physician indicates that the patient's condition is caused by a backflow of stomach acids into the laryngopharynx. The physician suggests that the patient take Alka-Seltzer or Tums about 30 to 60 minutes after each meal and at bedtime. She also suggests that the patient take small meals in the evening, avoid coffee and spicy foods, and sleep several hours after eating. The patient has A.vocal fold atypia. B.Reinke's edema. C.recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. D. reflux laryngitis.

D.reflux laryngitis.

A _________ develops when a blood clot occurs in a blood vessel and blood flow through the vessel reduces. A.hematoma B.pulmonary embolism C.hemorrhage D.thrombosis

D.thrombosis