pragmatics

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inference

a conclusion that a person is reasonably entitled to draw based on a set of circumstances

context

a set of circumstances in which an utterance is uttered

utterance

a speech event: a particular occurrence of a person speaking or signing; the content-words, phrases, or sentences-of what is said; represented by the use of quotation marks

speech acts

actions that are performed only through using language: a term that describes the use of speech emphasizing the speaker's intention or goal in producing an utterance

infelicitous

an utterance that is inappropriate in some way

felicitous

an utterance that is situationally appropriate, one that is appropriate relative to the context in which it is uttered

maxims of quantity

concern how much information it is appropriate for a speaker to give in a discourse

performative verbs

denote purely linguistic actions

maxims of relevance

expected to make contributions that pertain to the subject of the conversation; also help us figure out what others mean by a particular utterance

maxims of manner

have nothing to do with the information itself, rather instruct speakers in how they should go about giving that information

entailment

indicates a commitment from the speaker's point of view; allows a conclusion to be drawn very confidently; relationship based on literal meaning

pragmaticists

job is to investigate the relationship between context and meaning

maxims

one of a set of conversational rules that regulate conversation by enforcing compliance with the Cooperative Principle

Cooperative Principle

principle formulated by the philosopher HP Grice, stating that underlying a conversation is the understanding that what one says is intended to contribute to the purposes of the conversation

implying

sending the message without saying it directly

performative speech act

shows that we consider speech action just as legitimate as any other physical action

pragmatics

study of the ways people use language in actual conversation

social context

the aspect of an utterance's context that includes information about the social relationships between participants in the discourse, what their status is relative to each other, and so on

situational context

the aspect of an utterance's context that includes such information as where the speakers are, who is speaking, what is going on around them, and what is going on in the world that all speakers can reasonably be expected to be aware of

felicity conditions

the circumstances required to render a particular variety of speech act felicitous

satisfied presupposition

the participants in the discourse must believe that the presupposed information is true before the sentence containing the presuppositions is uttered

existence presuppositions

the presupposition that an item referred to in discourse exists

presupposition accommodation

the process by which participants in a discourse decide to accept (and not question) information that is presupposed by a sentence uttered in the discourse, even though the presupposition was not satisfied prior to the utterance

maxims of quality

those which solve the aforementioned problem that conversation would never work if we were to tell lies in some haphazard way

flouting

to break one of the maxims, intentionally in order to convey a particular message that is often counter to or seemingly unrelated to what is actually said

presupposition

underlying assumption that must be satisfied in order for an utterance to make sense or for it to be debatable

direct speech acts

utterance that performs its function in a direct and literal manner

indirect speech acts

utterance that performs its function in an indirect and nonliteral manner

linguistic context

what preceded a particular utterance in a discourse

implicature

when a speaker implies something using language, the utterance contains this

deictic

word or expression that takes its meaning relative to the time, place, and speaker of the utterance

presupposition triggers

words or phrases who's use in a sentence often indicates the presence of a presupposition


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