Praxis 2 reading and language artst

Noun Pronoun Conjunction Adverb And They Extremely Happiness

conjunction, pronoun, adverb, noun "And" is a conjunction because it joins phrases or clauses. "They" is a pronoun because it can be used in place of a noun. "Extremely" is an adverb because it can modify a verb or adjective. "Happiness" is a noun because it is an idea

For each of the following word lists, select whether it is more appropriate for sight word instruction or decoding instruction. For each row, select one type of instruction. Word List --Sight Word Instruction or Decoding Instruction think, hand, clock could, there, was cat, hat, bat, sat who, what, when

Correct Answer: 2, 3, 6, 7 decode, sight word, decode, sight word The first and third rows contain words that can be decoded regularly, as there is direct letter-sound correspondence. The second and fourth rows contain words that cannot be decoded regularly but are used commonly and should therefore be taught as sight words.

Which of the following is a primary source of information for a research paper about the First World War? A.A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home B.An entry from an online encyclopedia about the First World War C.A nonfiction book about the First World War D.A magazine article about how the First World War changed America

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A letter from a First World War soldier provides a firsthand account of life during the war

Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of a wiki? A.Multiple writers can collaborate and make revisions or edits to the same document. B.Multiple authors, usually from a list of contributors, post discrete public entries. C.Single authors privately share written communication and reflections with one recipient. D.Single authors can access and edit private documents from many locations or devices.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A wiki is a collaborative digital tool in which multiple users can add and update information.

Choosing a topic, conducting research, developing ideas, assessing evidence, and taking a stance on the topic are all components of which of the following types of writing? A.Argumentative B.Narrative C.Expository D.Descriptive

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Argumentative writing requires in-depth research to form an opinion on a topic and present evidence to support that opinion.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the role of phonics in literacy development? A.Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do. B.Instruction is most effective if single letter sounds are taught before letter names in order to avoid confusing the two. C.Instruction should focus primarily on teaching students to differentiate sounds when listening to words. D.Instruction of letter-sound correspondence must be complete before focus is turned to comprehension.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. As proven by research, explicit instruction in phonics yields better results than indirect methods.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US The highlighted sentence best supports which of the following statements about the author's point of view? A.The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. B.The author believes that the effort put forth at the convention was not worth the time spent there. C.The author believes that the individuals present at the convention were not equipped to deal with the challenges there. D.The author believes that the plan brought to the convention would ultimately prove to be unsuccessful in attaining its goal.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By commenting that a swifter process would be appreciated, the author indicates a belief that the work was difficult and slow.

Which of the following is most appropriate to include in an expository essay? A.Verifiable facts B.Lively descriptions C.Emotional appeals D.Personal experiences

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Providing relevant, verifiable facts that are on‑topic is a key characteristic of expository writing.

A teacher has compiled a list of grade-appropriate, high-frequency sight words. To best promote recognition of the words on the list, the teacher should A.provide repeated readings of books containing the words B.model how to segment the words into individual phonemes C.have students categorize the words based on long and short vowel patterns D.use a picture sort to help students identify the beginning and ending sounds of the words

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Repeated reading of and exposure to sight words increases the automaticity of recognizing these words.

Time dragged on toward Thanksgiving, but winter came fast. The clouds swept down and hung all day over the land and brushed the hilltops, and the winds blew shrilly at night. All day the dry oak leaves drifted down from the trees until they covered the ground, and yet the trees were unchanged. —John Steinbeck, from The Red Pony Which of the following statements best explains how the description of the setting affects the passage? A.It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons. B.It details an exact time and place so the reader will understand what will happen next. C.It clarifies the actions of the characters in the story by identifying the location. D.It creates a personal connection with the reader by describing a natural setting.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The changing of fall to winter is symbolic of preparing for an end or decline.

Which THREE of the following literacy skills are most directly influenced by phonological awareness? A.Spelling B.Comprehension C.Reading rate D.Syllabification E.Decoding

Correct Answer: A, D, E Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. Spelling is correct because hearing and identifying different sounds is helpful in encoding. Syllabification is correct because awareness of the internal structure of language helps in understanding syllables. Decoding is correct because phonological awareness builds accuracy and strength in decoding.

A properly structured haiku must include which of the following elements? A.Five lines with an aabbaa a b b a rhyme scheme B.A defined number of syllables per line C.A theme involving unrequited love D.A sequence of events

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A haiku must have five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the second line, and five syllables in the third line.

A teacher reads a list of words aloud and asks a student to identify the initial consonant sound of each word as it is read. Which of the following concepts is the teacher assessing? A.Syllables B.Onsets C.Rimes D.Morphemes

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. An onset is the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word.

Which of the following student reading behaviors best exemplifies proficiency in prosody? A.Recognizing words quickly without conscious thought B.Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing C.Reading at an appropriate and natural speed consistently D.Decoding words correctly and monitoring occasional miscues

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Prosody encompasses pitch, stress, and timing when reading aloud, so a student reading with inflection and phrasing is reading with prosody.

The following is an excerpt from a student draft. Before long, my family recievedspelled r e c i e v e d the message that Aunt Marie would not be coming to the party. We were upset. However, we knew that her trip to Chicago was very important. She would be aceptingspelled a c e p t i n g an award for her acheivementsspelled a c h e i v e m e n t s in architecture. To help the student correct the errors in the draft, it is most appropriate for a teacher to focus on which of the following? A.Subject-verb agreement B.Common spelling rules C.Pronoun-antecedent agreement D.Proper noun capitalization rules

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The student made several mistakes with common spelling rules such as i-before-e ("recievedspelled r e c i e v e d " and "acheivementsspelled a c h e i v e m e n t s ") and double consonants ("aceptingspelled a c e p t i n g ").

a Invented spelling b Scribbling c Letter-like symbols d Letter strings Place the following developmental stages of writing in the chart to show the order in which they occur.

Correct Answer: B, C, D, A According to the developmental stages of writing, students will first be able to scribble, then create letter-like symbols, then write strings of letters, and then invent spellings based on sounds.

Which THREE of the following teacher strategies are most effective for promoting reading fluency? A.Demonstrating how to determine meanings of unknown words in a text B.Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text C.Encouraging repeated readings of a text D.Providing less challenging texts to prevent student frustration E.Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Read-alouds allow a teacher to model prosodic reading and decoding strategies. Repeated reading promotes word recognition and increases automaticity. A balance of silent and oral reading promotes accuracy and confidence in reading skills.

After reading two different informational texts on sharks, students are asked to complete a Venn diagram that includes facts from both texts. Which of the following best identifies the lesson's objective? A.Assessing comprehensive understanding of nonfiction B.Identifying text features of similar texts C.Enhancing understanding through comparison D.Identifying the cause-and-effect structure of texts

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A Venn diagram is used to enhance understanding through comparison by having students record differences and similarities between two topics or texts.

The smallest single unit of sound in a language is a A.grapheme B.syllable C.phoneme D.morpheme

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in any given language.

When gathering information for a research paper, which of the following sources should be excluded due to its biased nature? A.A peer-reviewed article in an online journal B.A printed flyer providing statistics from a government Web site C.An editorial article in a well-known newspaper D.An edited excerpt from a research book

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. An editorial article is opinionated and does not provide reliable, unbiased information.

When a teacher is working with an English Learner, which of the following approaches is most effective in establishing sight word connections between languages? A.Pre-teaching vocabulary using drawings to represent new words B.Asking students to repeat each new word three times when reading it C.Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages D.Teaching students to use a dictionary to look up definitions of common words

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Focusing on cognates has a significant impact on ELE L who already know certain sight words in their native language. Except for the less common false cognates, students are able to identify sight words readily because of the similar spellings and letter patterns (such as between the English word "family" and the Spanish word "familia").

Which of the following text features is unique to digital texts? A.Headings B.Sidebars C.Hyperlinks D.Captions

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Hyperlinks are a digital feature only and can be used to take the reader to other pages to find more information.

Which of the following text features will best support a student with defining a word in a domain-specific textbook? A.Index B.Table of Contents C.Glossary D.Headings

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The glossary contains the meaning of all important and content-specific vocabulary words within a textbook.

s much as I druther you stuck to pickin' your guitar, Chuck Wagon, the fact is all of us here are set in our ways. You can't teach an old cowpoke new tricks. But a dog—that's another story. In no time at all a good dog'll be behavin' just the way you want 'im to—herdin' cattle, chasin' off bobcats and mountain lions . . . —John Frank, from The Toughest Cowboy or How the Wild West Was Tamed Which of the following best identifies the impact of the colloquial language in the passage? A.It implies that the character is different from others. B.It makes the character seem old-fashioned. C.It complements the setting of the story. D.It adds authenticity and meaning to the story.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Using a dialect within the work adds a level of authenticity and meaning to the story. The reader can hear the character as the book is being read.

match to the example A. Phoneme categorization B. Phoneme segmentation C. Phoneme deletion D. Phoneme identification What sound is the same in "bat," "ball," and "boy"? How many sounds are in the word "feet"? Which word does not belong: "net," "nut," "pot"? What is "band" without the /d/,?

Correct Answer: D, B, A, C The correct order is "phoneme identification," "phoneme segmentation," "phoneme categorization," and "phoneme deletion." This order is correct because when assessing phoneme identification, a student should be able to recognize the same sounds in different words. When assessing phoneme segmentation, a student should be able to break a word into its separate sounds. When assessing phoneme categorization, a student should be able to recognize a word in the set that is the odd one out. When assessing phoneme deletion, a student should be able to identify what a word would sound like if one sound was omitted.

(1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it.

Correct Answer: Really "Really" is an adverb because it modifies the verb "looked" and the adjective "good."

Select whether each of the following sentences is complex (1),or compound-complex(2). Before leaving for the movie, you need to make sure you have your ticket. You will need to walk to school today because the car is in the repair shop. The posters in the main hallway fell down, but we were able to put them back up, since we had stronger tape.

1,1,2 The first and second rows are both complex because they each have one independent clause and one dependent clause. The third row is compound-complex because it has two independent clauses and one dependent clause.

Which of the following strategies is best characterized as an effective way to engage the audience at the beginning of a speech? A.Providing an interesting or humorous anecdote to build rapport with the audience B.Handing out hard copies of the presentation so the audience can follow along C.Choosing a specific audience member to make eye contact with for the whole presentation D.Presenting a single slide listing each topic to be covered and reading the list aloud

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Beginning with an interesting or humorous story will both get the attention of the audience and also put them at ease.

Which of the following strategies will most help improve a student's ability to summarize an informational text? A.Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text B.Completing a choral reading of a selection from the text C.Highlighting unfamiliar words and phrases in the text D.Sharing opinions about the text with a partner

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Carefully selected guided questions provided by the teacher would most help a student understand and summarize the main ideas in an informational text.

During circle time, a teacher goes around the circle and has the class clap to each child's name ("Su-sa-na," "Ri-car-do," etcetcetera.). Which of the following best categorizes the phonological awareness skill the teacher is practicing with the students? A.Identifying syllables B.Hearing phonemes C.Creating rhymes D.Identifying onsets

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The name is divided into parts, and each part of the name contains a vowel.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which of the following statements best describes the central idea of the passage? A.Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for the convention and made it more efficient. B.Edmund Randolph's presence at the convention was important to the successful presentation of the Virginia Plan. C.Ideas about government from diverse times and places were part of the discussions at the convention. D.Agreement to approve a new government was the result of the collaboration that occurred at the convention.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The passage discusses the background knowledge and skills of Madison, which culminated in his bringing a plan to the table to ensure the convention moved along efficiently.

A teacher is using the following passage during a lesson on paraphrasing. The Einsteins had been married for two and a half years before Albert arrived. Pauline Koch was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the youngest of four children. She was just 18 years old when she wed Hermann Einstein, who was 11 years older. They were married on August 8, 1876, in the town of Cannstatt, where Pauline had grown up. After the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. —Jerome Pohlen, from Albert Einstein and Relativity for Kids Which of the following best exemplifies an appropriate paraphrase of information from the passage? A.Albert Einstein was born two and half years after his parents were wed in Cannstatt, Germany. B.Pohlen explains that after the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. C.Albert's mother Pauline was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the younges of four children. D.There was a significant age difference between Einstein's parents, which was not uncommon in those days.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The sentence is an appropriate paraphrase because it rephrases information from the source in the writer's own words.

A writhing horror twisted itself across his features, like a snake gliding swiftly over them, and making one little pause, with all its wreathed intervolutions in open sight. —Nathaniel Hawthorne, from The Scarlet Letter Which of the following best interprets the figurative language used in the sentence? A.The character's face briefly displayed strong emotion. B.The character felt ill, like he was spinning around too fast. C.The character's vision was diminished for a short time. D.The character sidled away, trying to avoid being in full view.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The simile uses the image of a snake pausing during its hurried movement to describe a look of horror on the character's face.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which TWO of the following sentences from the passage best support the claim that many resources were consulted in developing a plan of government? A.He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. B.Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. C.By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. D.Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. E.They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention.

Correct Answer: A, B Options (A) and (B) are correct. Reading about other governments and consulting Thomas Jefferson helped Madison to develop ideas about a plan for government.

Which THREE of the following are elements of an effective oral presentation? A.Using voice modulation to signal important points B.Making eye contact to connect with the audience C.Using strong posture to communicate confidence D.Speaking rapidly to keep the audience's attention E.Reading from note cards to stay focused on the topic

Correct Answer: A, B, C Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. Voice modulation and speaking with clarity and inflection are effective ways to grab the attention of an audience. Eye contact and good posture command attention and assert credibility.

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of flexible grouping? A.Groups are assigned or altered based on assessment results as well as learning objectives. B.Students are given a choice of activity, and groups are formed based on their preferences. C.Groups are temporary and may be reconfigured by the teacher as indicated by students' individual needs. D.Students choose their own groups and work together to design a list of agreed-upon rules. E.Students are grouped by the teacher but are given the freedom to change groups as they feel necessary.

Correct Answer: A, C Options (A) and (C) are correct. Flexible grouping is done by the teacher according to assessment data and the needs of the students. It involves creating temporary groups that can change depending on the activity and learning outcome.

Which TWO of the following are considered quantitative measures of text complexity? A.Sentence length B.Student interest C.Frequency of unfamiliar words D.Prevalence of figurative language E.Sophistication of text structure

Correct Answer: A, C Options (A) and (C) are correct. Sentence length and frequency of unfamiliar words are both easily measurable elements and therefore are quantitative measures of text complexity.

The following paragraph is a student's introduction to an oral presentation on the atmosphere. Did you know that Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere? The atmosphere allows humans to exist because, without it, Earth would be burned by the intense heat of the Sun during the day or frozen by the very low temperatures at night. It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth. Which TWO of the following elements of effective introductions did the student include in the oral presentation? A.A thesis for the speech B.His qualifications on the topic C.Some background information D.The type of presentation being given E.The procedure for the presentation

Correct Answer: A, C Options (A) and (C) are correct. The student includes a thesis by stating, "It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth," and the second sentence of the introduction provides background information.

Before a whole-class discussion, a teacher writes the following list of sentence starters for student responses on the board. "I agree with ___blank because..." "I see it differently because..." "And to add to what ___blank said..." "So to put that another way..." Which THREE of the following are primary benefits of the strategy? A.Students are provided with scaffolding for expressing their ideas. B.Students are more inclined to balance speaking and listening. C.Students are required to actively listen to their classmates. D.Students are encouraged to analyze multiple perspectives. E.Students are encouraged to argue with each other.

Correct Answer: A, C, D Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Sentence starters provide scaffolding to help students enter into the discussion without the pressure of thinking about how to formulate a response. Also, students are encouraged to actively listen and analyze their classmates' ideas or opposing viewpoints.

Which THREE of the following behaviors best exemplify active listening? A.Focusing on the specific words and feelings of the speaker B.Concentrating on formulating a response to give to the speaker C.Making appropriate eye contact with the speaker D.Helping the speaker finish a sentence E.Asking the speaker questions to clarify certain points

Correct Answer: A, C, E Options (A), (C), and (E) are correct. An active listener demonstrates attention by focusing on the words and feelings of the speaker, making appropriate eye contact with the speaker, and asking the speaker clarifying questions.

A student studying root words and affixes places the word "script" at the base of a word-tree sorting board. Which THREE of the following words are most appropriate to be added to the branches of the student's word tree? A.Transcript B.Writing C.Cursive D.Description E.Manuscript

Correct Answer: A, D, E Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. "Transcript," "Description," and "Manuscript" all contain the root word "script."

Which of the following words is best classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word? A.Same B.Predict C.Tectonic D.Diameter

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. "Predict" is a word that is used across content areas, and is therefore a Tier 2 word.

Which of the following words are accurately grouped by their phonics pattern? A.Chop, tap, last B.Silk, past, mart C.Fang, trap, boy D.Bent, rant, stun

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. "Silk," "past," and "mart" all contain the CVCC pattern.

Students are working in groups to prepare an oral presentation for the class. Which of the following digital tools best helps students to collaborate as individual groups during the planning stage of the presentation? A.An online slide show application B.A Web-based discussion board C.A podcast-creation program D.An interactive whiteboard

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A Web-based discussion board helps students plan the presentation while working together because different users can be logged in at the same time and work collaboratively.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. The student wants the writing to appeal to readers' emotions. Which of the following sentences should the student add to best meet the goal? A.According to our school's policy, students should get 30 minutes of homework per night, but most spend a lot more time than that on their assignments. B.It's not hard to picture the tears of frustration running down the faces of the youngest kids as they struggle to finish homework without the right kind of support. C.As a student myself, I can say that I know I would benefit more from my teacher's expert knowledge than from a busy parent's help. D.Teachers should want to help students because it reflects better on them if the students succeed.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. By evoking the image of crying children, the writer creates an emotional appeal.

Which of the following words contains two open syllables? A.Rotate B.Shiny C.Chosen D.Lying

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The syllables "shi-" and "-ny" both end in a vowel sound, making them open syllables

During a class discussion about a novel, a teacher gives each student three tickets to use in exchange for a turn to talk. Which of the following best describes a primary benefit of this strategy? A.It gives students an incentive to participate in the discussion. B.It helps dominant students learn to allow others to speak. C.It gives students a model of how to frame a response. D.It helps students to keep the discussion on the topic.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Using the "ticket" method in a discussion is a positive way to balance participation between the dominant students and those that are less inclined to participate.

taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned, and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Which THREE words from the passage best communicate Charlie's feelings about the events? A.taste B.special C.great D.small E.marvelous F.owned

Correct Answer: B, C, E "Special," "great," and "marvelous" are correct. These words describe the day as Charlie saw it.

Which THREE of the following activities most effectively utilize a graphic novel during instruction? A.A teacher reads a graphic novel aloud to the class for the purpose of entertaining the students. B.Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. C.Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. D.Students use a graphic novel as the only text source so they do not get frustrated with the challenging language that articles and literature may present. E.Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects.

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Using graphic novels to support comprehension is beneficial, as not only do graphic novels engage struggling readers, but all students can use them as a secondary reference for meaningful learning. Using graphic novels to identify the components of the story is helpful because graphic novels are illustrated and written in the same structure as a short story or novel. Finally, using graphic novels can lead to the development of other nonprose creative writing projects.

By the way, let me give you some good advice. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying—"I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. —Jeff Kinney, from Diary of a Wimpy Kid A student says, "The narrator must not like the two kids he sits between." Which TWO of the following phrases from the excerpt best support the inference? A.By the way, let me give you some good advice. B.On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. C.You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying— D."I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." E.So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me.

Correct Answer: B, E Options (B) and (E) are correct. The narrator says, "you've got to be real careful where you sit," and he also says he was "stuck with" the two peers, which implies that he does not like where he sits.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Based on his actions in the passage, which word best describes Charlie? A.Stubborn B.Generous C.Appreciative D.Prideful

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Charlie "carefully" handles the chocolate and "treasure(s) it as though it were a bar of solid gold." These lines depict Charlie as being appreciative for the special gift.

Students in an elementary class are reading an illustrated story. Which of the following multimedia activities will most support comprehension? A.Accessing the author's Web site and downloading the coloring pages found there B.Finding online reviews of the story so that they can read and discuss other children's opinions C.Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet D.Viewing pictures of the illustrations on a projector screen after the story has been read

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Creating a literacy center where students can watch the familiar story read aloud on a tablet will enhance their learning by modeling good fluency, making the story familiar, and teaching new vocabulary through context and multiple rereads. It will also allow the students to independently connect to the story in a fun way.

An early-elementary student writes, "I hav a pet dog. I lik to pla bal wif him." The student reads it back to the teacher as, "I have a pet dog. I like to play ball with him." The student's writing is best categorized as which of the following developmental writing stages? A.Preliterate B.Emergent C.Transitional D.Fluent

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. In the transitional writing stage, a student should be able to identify most consonant sounds and vowel sounds but often still uses invented spellings.

Which of the following key word lists best exemplifies a compare and contrast text structure? A.Because, so, therefore, consequently B.For example, such as, to illustrate, for instance C.Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to D.First, second, prior to, subsequently

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Key words such as "both" and "as opposed to" show comparison and contrast.

Which of the following best describes a student in the semiphonetic stage of writing? A.Draws a recognizable picture to match an invented narrative B.Correctly spells most high-frequency words in sentences C.Writes one or more letters to represent every word D.Composes two or more sentences with correct punctuation

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Students in the semiphonetic stage are able to assign basic phonetic concepts to words as they express themselves in writing. Each word in this stage often has one or more letters to match each word the student is trying to write. Unlike the phonetic stage, students in the semiphonetic stage often do not include vowels in their words, but they can spell some high-frequency words correctly.

Julie knew she would need to put in countless hours of practice and hard work if she was going to vie for the only open spot on the team. In the sentence, the word "vie" means which of the following? A.Request B.Yearn C.Compete D.Settle

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The context clues suggest that Julie will have to work hard for the one spot on the team. Therefore, she is competing.

Some time in the night I got up, tiptoed to my window, and looked out at my doghouse. It looked so lonely and empty sitting there in the moonlight. I could see that the door was slightly ajar. I thought of the many times I had lain in my bed and listened to the squeaking of the door as my dogs went in and out. I didn't know I was crying until I felt the tears roll down my cheeks. —Wilson Rawls, from Where the Red Fern Grows Which of the following student responses is the most supportable inference drawn from the passage? A.The narrator is crying at his window at night. B.The dogs are sleeping in the house instead of outside. C.Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone. D.The narrator is afraid of the sounds he is hearing from outside.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The narrator is looking at his empty doghouse and remembering the sounds his dogs made, and he is sad, implying that the dogs are now gone

Which of the following teacher questions will best help students to make a text-to-self connection when reading a text? A.Are there things in the story that are similar to things going on in the world? B.Does this story remind you of another story or book you have read? C.Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story? D.Do any of the characters in the story remind you of a character in a movie you have seen?

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question asks the student to empathize with the character, which is a text-to-self connection.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Which of the following inferences about Charlie's family is best supported by the information in the passage? A.His family works long hours. B.His family has many members. C.His family is not wealthy. D.His family dislikes chocolate.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The reader learns that Charlie only gets chocolate once a year and that all the members of his family had to chip in to buy it. The reader can use these details to infer that Charlie's family does not have a lot of money.

A student reads the following sentence in a text. Our family had a wonderful time helping Aunt Sue celebrate becoming a centenarian. Which of the following student strategies is most appropriate to determine the meaning of the word "centenarian"? A.Looking in a thesaurus for a synonym B.Analyzing the word placement in the sentence C.Using knowledge of the root word "cent" D.Thinking about examples of celebration

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The root word "cent," which the student is most likely familiar with, means 100.

Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the book title My Dog is as Smelly as Dirty Socks by Hanoch Piven? A.Idiom B.Onomatopoeia C.Simile D.Allusion

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The title is comparing the smelly dog to dirty socks, which is showing similarities between two different things using "as."

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Which of the following revisions best corrects the error in sentence 6? A.Replacing the word "spend" with the word "spent" B.Inserting a period between the word "work" and the word "and" C.Eliminating the second instance of the phrase "I've heard some people say" D.Replacing the word "too" with the word "to"

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The use of the repeated phrase in the second independent clause is unnecessary and adds additional words and bulk to the sentence.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Which of the following revisions most improves word choice and tone in the student draft? A.Replacing "you forgot everything" with "you failed to remember anything" in sentence 1 B.Replacing the word "excellent" with the word "extraordinary" in sentence 2 C.Replacing the word "brainy" with the word "intelligent" in sentence 4 D.Replacing the word "important" with the word "necessary" in sentence 5

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The word "brainy" is informal and does not fit the serious argument being made in the sentence.

Which of the following is considered a best practice for using visual aids during a presentation? A.Using visual aids abundantly to support each point and keep the audience engaged B.Providing complex and detailed visual aids that repeat or restate the information presented C.Selecting clear and targeted visual aids that reinforce or exemplify specific points discussed D.Presenting visual aids briefly and unexpectedly to excite the audience and build anticipation

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Visual aids should be clear in purpose and should be supplemental to the presentation but should not contain all of the information in the presentation.

(1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it. Which of the following revisions best corrects the punctuation error in sentence 2 ? A.Removing the comma after "word" B.Inserting a period between "mowed" and "but" C.Inserting a period between "lawn" and "it" D.Removing the comma after "mowed"

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Without the period, the sentence is a run-on sentence.

During which of the following steps of the writing process are students most likely to utilize a writer's checklist to assess their work? A.Brainstorming B.Drafting C.Revising D.Planning

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Writer's checklists are most often used by students during the revision stage of the writing process to ensure that they have completed the requirements for the assignment.

The following is an excerpt from a student writing sample. Once upon a time there was an athletic squirrel named Victor and there was an intelligent hamster named Clyde, they lived in a small town in Alabama. They got bored so they went to New Orleans and they joined a baseball team and they won seven games in a row. Victor broke his foot. Clyde was smart and knew first aid, he bandaged Victor up and signed his cast. They moved to New York to join a professional baseball team. Victor was a good pitcher and Clyde was a phenomenal catcher and that's how they helped their team win a championship. Life was certainly never boring again! Mini-lessons in which TWO of the following areas will best help the student improve the writing sample? A.Varying sentence structure B.Introducing the problem and solution C.Revising run-on sentences D.Using transition words to sequence events E.Developing character traits

Correct Answer: C, D Options (C) and (D) are correct. The student has multiple run-on sentences and does not use transition words between sentences.

Which TWO of the following factors should a student look for to best determine if a particular Web site is credible and reliable for research? A.Web site address that ends in .com B.Links to other sites for additional information C.Citation of the author's sources D.Strong and passionate opinions E.Accurate spelling and grammar

Correct Answer: C, E Options (C) and (E) are correct. Cited sources can be cross-referenced to verify information, and spelling and grammar should be accurate on any credible Web site.

A. A series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines B. A pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line C. A sound pattern or beat of a poem created through accented syllables D. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables Rhythm Foot Rhyme scheme Stanza

Correct Answer: C,D,B,A Rhythm is a sound or beat of a poem created through accented syllables. A foot is a unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. Rhyme scheme is a pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line. A stanza is a series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines.

Which of the following terms best identifies the part of a syllable that consists of a vowel and any consonant sounds that follow the vowel? A.Phoneme B.Morpheme C.Onset D.Rime

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows the vowel.

A student has just finished revising a piece of narrative writing. The next step for the student will most likely be to A.brainstorm ideas for the setting of the story B.ensure that the ideas in the story are well organized C.publish the story using digital resources D.proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. After making major revisions, the next step in the writing process is to edit for spelling and grammar.

After choosing a topic for a research paper, a student should do which of the following as a next step? A.Take notes from multiple scholarly sources B.Write a detailed first draft of the paper to work from C.Create an in-depth outline of the paper's structure D.Determine subtopics through preliminary research

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Creating subtopics through preliminary research will help focus the paper and make further research more efficient and effective.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the impact of fluency on reading comprehension? A.For most students, fluency has the greatest effect on reading comprehension between third grade and eighth grade. B.The role of fluency diminishes in the secondary grades, where instruction should focus primarily on discrete comprehension skills. C.The ability to remember details about what is read is enhanced with fluency, though fluency does not improve word recognition skills. D.In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Fluency supports both reading comprehension and word recognition skills.

Which of the following instructional activities best helps to foster and improve articulation skills? A.Saying a letter sound and having students point to an object in the classroom that begins with the letter B.Giving students cards containing words and instructing them to use the words to build a sentence C.Selecting passages that contain dialogue and having students read them independently D.Having students recite rhymes and riddles, first through choral reading and then individually

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Rhymes and riddles are easy to read and help build sound awareness and promote articulation.

Which of the following bibliographic entries is the best example of correct MLAM L A citation? A.Roald Dahl, The Witches. Farrar Straus Giroux: New York, 1983. Print. B.Dahl, Roald. Farrar Straus Giroux. The Witches. New York: 1983. Print. C.The Witches, Dahl, Roald. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print. D.Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The current MLAM L A guideline requires the author's name first (last, first), then the book title in italics, the city, followed by a colon, the publisher, the year of publication, then "Print."

A teacher writes the following sentences on the board. The dog slept on the porch. The dog ate on the porch. The dog pretty much lived on the porch. The dog ate on the porch, slept on the porch, and pretty much lived on the porch. Which of the following language features do the sentences best demonstrate? A.Voice B.Word choice C.Conventions D.Sentence fluency

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The teacher converted three choppy to sentences to one flowing sentence.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which of the following statements best describes how ideas are presented in the passage? A.The events that occurred at the Constitutional Convention are recounted in sequential order. B.Information about the work of several people is presented, followed by a discussion of their contributions at the convention. C.The obstacles to creating a government are introduced, followed by solutions that were discussed. D.Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The work of James Madison to gather resources and ideas is discussed, followed by a narrative recounting the beginning of the convention and a description of how Madison's contributions made the proceedings more efficient.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the second paragraph? A.The writer introduces another idea that supports the overall thesis and then elaborates on the idea with details. B.The writer uses a cause-and-effect structure to demonstrate the main idea. C.The writer uses order-of-importance structure to emphasize the strength of the claim. D.The writer introduces a counterargument and then seeks to refute it using supporting evidence.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The writer introduces a counterclaim about reasons that some people believe a homework club is not needed and then provides supporting details to refute these reasons.