Praxis 5206 Teaching Reading K-12

What is the difference between an appositive and participles?

A participle is an -ed or -ing verb that's used as an adjective to describe a noun. ... An appositive is a second noun, presented as a non-essential element, that gives more description/information about the first noun.

What instructional methods help teachers to demonstrate how source material can be represented in multiple mediums and can have more than one interpretation or version?

Ask students to evaluate what is effective in the different representation of a scene or subject. Understanding and analyzing the various texts and source material an author uses when constructing a text gives students a deeper and more thorough interpretation of the text

What are the stages of reading development?

Emergent Readers, Early Readers, and Fluent Readers

What is guided writing?

Guided writing is a framework where the teacher supplies whatever assistance for students in order for them to read and write a selection successfully

What are mentor texts?

Mentor texts are pieces of literature that you — both teacher and student — can return to and reread for many different purposes; texts to be studied and imitated; texts that students can relate to and can even read independently or with some support

What is morphological analysis?

Morphology relates to the segmenting of words into affixes (prefixes and suffixes) and roots or base words, and the origins of words. Understanding that words connected by meaning can be connected by spelling can be critical to expanding a student's vocabulary

What multisensory approaches are used for supporting student recognition of non-decodable/irregularly spelled words (e.g., "was," "listen," "through," "the," "once")?

Multi-sensory instruction combines listening, speaking, reading, and a tactile or kinesthetic activity

What 5 topics is this test centered around?

Phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension

What are some instructional methods to support writing development for English language learners?

Process writing focuses on allowing students—especially young learners—to write with plenty of room left for error. Standard correction begins slowly, and children are encouraged to communicate through writing, despite limited understanding of structure

What instructional methods are used for teaching morphological analysis?

affixes, roots, and base words

What are the types of writing?

basic expository, descriptive, narrative, and persuasive/argumentative writing

What is word relatedness?

between two words it refers to the degree of how much one word has to do with another word

What instructional methods are used for teaching the structure of written language?

conventions of grammar and mechanics (parallel structure, phrases, clauses, punctuation)

What is the difference between narrative and expository genres?

difference between the two writing styles lies in how the ideas and information are presented. Narrative nonfiction tells a story or conveys an experience, whereas expository nonfiction explains, describes, or informs in a clear, accessible fashion

What are some instructional methods to teach beginning readers the concepts about print?

directionality, return sweep, parts of a book, form and function of print

What is the difference between formative and summative evaluations and assessments?

formative assessments are quizzes and tests that evaluate how someone is learning material throughout a course. Summative assessments are quizzes and tests that evaluate how MUCH someone has learned throughout a course

What is one way to support active learning and research across content areas?

foster digital literacy

What are responsive instructional methods to build students' understanding and use of the writing process?

handwriting (penmanship), genre, rules (language)

What are examples of genre text structure?

poetry, prose, drama, biography, how-to, story elements, description, cause and effect

What are the stages of writing?

prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

What are phonemes?

speech sounds

What are systematic instructional methods to build students' understanding and use of the writing process?

1) work as partners or groups to produce and organize ideas; 2) create drafts and share ideas with peers for feedback; and 3) learn and practice revision, editing, proofreading, and publishing

What is the difference between graphemes and phonemes?

Phoneme - The smallest unit of sound that can be put together to make words. Grapheme - A way of writing down a phoneme. Graphemes can be made up from 1 letter e.g. p, 2 letters e.g. sh, 3 letters e.g. tch or 4 letters e.g ough.

What is phonemic awareness?

a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of meaning.

What are some strategies to support readers as they construct literal and inferential meaning?

author's use of language and rhetoric

What word types are best taught through direct instruction?

common, contextual, content-specific, connotation, multiple-meaning words

What is an explicit approach to spelling development?

intentional presentation of orthographic (spelling) knowledge from the teacher to the students

What is taught to help students to understand authors' word choices, format/style, text structure, and visual representations to create a desired effect?

meaning, tone, mood, etc.

What is schema theory?

people mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds

What can a teacher use to integrate speaking and active-listening skills into the reading process to scaffold understanding?

probing, discussions, questioning, and responding

What is a systematic approach to spelling development?

sound and spell helps students identify patterns like cvc and cvvc or cvc with silent e

What's one factor that influences how a student interprets a text?

student's experiences

What leads a teacher to decide to modify or accommodate instruction for diverse learners?

the need to address learning disabilities, physical disabilities, or multilingual learners

What is an informal reading inventory?

(IRI) is an individually-administered diagnostic tool that assesses a student's reading comprehension and reading accuracy. The IRI measures three reading levels: independent, instructional and frustrational. At each grade level, there are two fiction and two non-fiction reading passages

What are some phonemic-awareness difficulties across ages and grade levels?

-not correctly completing blending activities; for example, put together sounds /k/ /i/ /ck/ to make the word "kick" -not correctly completing phoneme substitution activities; for example, change the /m/ in mate to /cr/ in order to make "crate" -has a hard time telling how many syllables there are in the word "paper" -has difficulty with rhyming, syllabication, or spelling a new word by its sound

What are formative assessments and how does a teacher monitor student progress with these assessments?

... by analyzing and interpreting formative assessment data to inform instruction.

How does a student's listening comprehension relate to the student's reading comprehension?

Decoding and language (i.e., listening) comprehension ability are necessary for reading comprehension. If students lack decoding skills, they can still comprehend with strong listening comprehension ability - as long they can listen to text being read.

What is the impact of decoding skills on literacy development across grade levels?

Difficulty with phonics and letter-sound correspondences usually impedes reading and spelling

What is the best way to differentiate instruction, tasks, and materials (print and digital) that are appropriate and culturally responsive to all learners?

Empowering students to share thoughts, integrating diverse work and study practices, understanding student learning needs and styles, and emulating culturally-significant instruction styles, such as oral storytelling

How does a teacher model author's use of craft for effect to develop written language across grade levels?

Establishing a clear voice, incorporating a useful organization, choosing precise words, and fashioning effective sentences; teachers can model organization of different types of informational text structures, such as cause/effect, problem/solution, question/answer, comparison, and chronology

How do you match an instructional method to word complexity?

Find the student's Instructional Level of text (with 95% reading comprehension accuracy) and scaffold for harder texts. Do not stay in the Frustration level for too long- this might turn off readers

How are fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension interrelated?

Fluency: Ability to read text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression. Fluency provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension. Vocabulary: Refers to all of the words of our language. One must know words to communicate effectively.

What is phonics instruction?

Helps children learn the relationship between letters of written language (graphemes) and sounds of spoken language (phonemes).

How do mentor texts motivate and support students throughout the writing process?

Mentor texts are written pieces that serve as an example of good writing for student writers. The texts are read for the purpose of studying the author's craft, or the way the author uses words and structures the writing.

What are norm and criterion referenced tests?

Norm-referenced measures compare a person's knowledge or skills to the knowledge or skills of the norm group and Criterion-referenced tests compare a person's knowledge or skills against a predetermined standard, learning goal, performance level, or other criterion.

How do grammatical functions and punctuation affect fluency and the meaning of text?

Prosody (reading with expression) can affect fluency and reading comprehension if reader doesn't know what the marks and structure indicate. Must understand the emphasis (expression) that accompanies expressive reading

What are some instructional methods used to build, expand, and use expressive and receptive vocabulary systematically, explicitly, and through repeated exposures in multiple contexts?

Providing instruction over an extended period of time encourages students to use vocabulary in different contexts - both in spoken and written communication. Also, repeated and constant exposure in isolation and in a variety of contexts, increase engagement through dialogue and teaching specific words before reading

How do graphic and semantic organizers help support student comprehension?

Semantic maps, also known as graphic organizers are maps or webs. The purpose of the map is to visually display the connections between words, phrases, or concepts. Semantic maps help students identify, understand, and recall information when they read in a text

What do teachers use to teach the recognition and understanding of literary and informational text (including genre text structure and text features)?

Strategies like monitoring comprehension (Students who are good at monitoring their comprehension know when they understand what they read and when they do not.) metacognition, graphic and semantic organizers, answering questions, generating questions, recognizing story structure, and summarizing

What instructional methods are used for teaching phonological awareness and phonemic awareness?

Syllables and onset and rime, phoneme segmenting, blending, deletion, and substitution

What instructional methods are used to teach phonics and decoding systemically, explicitly, and recursively across grade levels?

The hallmark of a systematic phonics approach or program is that a sequential set of phonics elements is delineated and these elements are taught along a dimension of explicitness depending on the type of phonics method employed; with incidental phonics instruction, the teacher does not follow a planned sequence of phonics elements to guide instruction but highlights particular elements opportunistically when they appear in text.

What are explicit instructional methods to build students' understanding and use of the writing process?

The writing process must begin with how to write a paragraph, using transitions, and other writing techniques; students also need to have an authentic purpose for the writing

What can a teacher use to model editing and revising to refine a piece of writing?

Think-alouds would allow the teacher to explain the revising process explicitly: provide specific, meaningful goals for the revision and/or clearly identify the audience. Teachers can also provide guided practice with feedback

What are methods of support for fluent reading behaviors at the letter name/sound, word, phrase, sentence, and passage level?

Use concrete manipulatives; sing alphabet song; say the letter sound aloud every time letter is identified; sight word lists; repeated and monitored oral reading or "repeated reading," explicit and systematic instruction in phonics,

What is expository text?

Usually nonfiction, informational text. This type of is not organized around a story‑like structure but is instead organized based on the purposes and goals of the author or by content. Examples include news articles, informational books, instruction manuals, or textbooks

How does child and adolescent development affect the teaching of literary and informational texts?

With regards to development, including identifying and expressing feelings, there are strategies to help the mind & brain, including earning & problem-solving, school concepts, creative thinking skills, language & literacy, and moral development

What is a recursive process that supports self-evaluation, expression, analysis, and inquiry?

Writing. It is recursive. "Recursive" simply means that each step you take in your writing process will feed into other steps

What is a rhetorical question?

a question intended to provoke thought rather than elicit an answer

What is a cloze assessment?

a quick informal reading assessment. It assesses the students independent reading level, instructional reading level and frustration reading level

What is structural analysis?

a strategy that is used to facilitate decoding as students become more proficient readers. These advanced decoding strategies help students learn parts of words so they can more easily decode unknown multi-‐syllabic words. In structural analysis, students are taught to read prefixes and suffixes

What are CVC patterns?

a three-letter word that follows the spelling pattern of a consonant, then a vowel, and then another consonant. Reading and spelling of CVC words are two key skills to learn for early readers. These important phonic skills reinforce spelling patterns of CVC words and encourage students to blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable words.

What are some instructional methods used to foster students' fluency?

accuracy, automaticity, prosody, and self-efficacy

What instructional methods can a teacher use to integrate reading and writing in varied contexts and across grade levels and disciplinary domains?

activities helping children realize that print represents spoken language; activities highlighting the uses, production, and meanings of print in classroom directions, notes, posters, calendars, labels, and signs; activities in handling books and other print sources

What is a multisensory approach to spelling development?

all learning modalities - see it (visual), feel it (tactile), hear it (auditory) and move with it (kinesthetic)

What are high frequency words?

also called sight words, they are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, so that they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use any strategies to decode

What metacognitive strategies support students to self-monitor their understanding of text?

analyze, synthesize, evaluate

What are the levels of comprehension?

appreciative, inferential, literal, evaluative

In what way(s) can a teacher direct students to draw inferences from text(s) and cite relevant textual evidence to support comprehension and text analysis?

by modelling answers yourself and by 'thinking aloud' to show your students how you arrived at your conclusions. When students are engaged in making their own inferences, encourage them by asking inference-generating questions that will propel them along the path.

What are multiple instructional methods for vocabulary instruction of English language learners?

cognates, figurative language, idioms

What are some instructional methods to support student use of multiple print and digital tools for communication, collaboration, research, and all steps of the writing process?

connections to the Internet provided scaffolding for many classroom topics, thus building background knowledge; increased student engagement in wireless classrooms as students participated in more diverse writing activities, analysis of reading, and use of media-production software; students gained control of reading on the page as well as the screen.

What are some instructional methods that are used for teaching common phonics patterns and rules?

consonant digraphs, blends, diphthongs, schwa sound, syllable types, word families

What are two approaches to teach word-solving strategies?

context clues and structural analysis

Which factors may have an impact on literacy development?

cultural, environmental, and linguistic factors

How does a student decode pseudowords?

decoding involves sounding out the word and since the student cannot depend on familiarity, s/he must sound out the nonsense word when reading aloud

What are examples of literary devices?

figurative language, connotation, nuance of words, rhetoric, appositives, and alliteration

How does a teacher embed and apply formal and informal methods for assessing all essential elements of literacy instruction?

formative and summative evaluations

What are diverse learners?

gifted, English language learners, struggling readers and writers, students with learning disabilities

What are some instructional strategies to help emergent readers fluently identify letter names and sounds?

letter formation (sand, flour, play dough), letter bingo, letter books, alphabet flash cards, and letter recognition fluency games like hungry mouse, alphabet arc, tap stack, speed letter stamping, and match it (upper and lower case)

How does a student decode multisyllabic words?

locate and see if they can identify the vowel graphemes in the word by underlining them. (Vowel teams are one sound); box any familiar suffixes; circle familiar prefixes.; use knowledge of syllables to decode the vowel sounds; say the whole word and see if it makes sense; use a pencil to scoop under each syllable, blending left to right; check the context for clarification: Does it make sense?

What instructional methods connect decoding and encoding as reciprocal skills?

phoneme blending- combine the phonemes to form a word by blending the individual sounds together; break a spoken word into its separate sounds, phonemes, you spell the word (this process is used when you spell a word phonetically)

What are the receptive and expressive components associated with oral language development?

phonological skills, pragmatics, syntax, morphological skills, and vocabulary (semantics)

What are some language structures in text that aid in comprehension?

phrase, sentence, paragraph

What are some defining characteristics, purpose, appropriate audience, and instructional methods for teaching the types of writing?

purposes includes Persuade, Inform, Entertain, Explain, or Describe; writing styles differ from their intended purpose to their structure to the level of emotional appeal; determine their audience types by considering: Who they are (age, sex, education, economic status, political/social/religious beliefs); What Level of Information they have about the subject (novice, general reader, specialist or expert); The Context in which they will be reading a piece of writing (in a newspaper, textbook, popular magazine, specialized journal, on the Internet, and so forth).

Which measures of text complexity help the teacher to select appropriate texts for instruction and to guide students in self-selecting texts to increase motivation and engagement in literacy development?

qualitative, quantitative, reader, and task

What is used to teach students how to properly quote and cite textual evidence in the writing process?

quotation, paraphrase, and summary should be explicitly taught using anchor charts (reference sheets), sentence starters (for quotations), and color coding (textual evidence)

What various approaches help develop a student's comprehension skills from simple to complex?

retelling, summarizing, understanding thesis, and understanding complex arguments

What instructional methods are used for teaching syllable types when decoding multisyllabic words?

syllable division and structural analysis

How does a teacher help students develop skills in selecting and using credible and accurate sources?

talk with students about the multiple dimensions of critical evaluation: Relevance, Accuracy, Bias/Perspective, and Reliability

What helps support a student's ability to critically examine online resources?

teacher's use of technology

How does a teacher activate and scaffold students' background knowledge to increase comprehension?

teachers can provide simplified texts addressing topics or themes similar to the ones in the complex text as a way to build background knowledge. Providing ELLs in advance with texts or videos in their home language can be another way to promote background knowledge

What are some ways that a teacher can integrate digital tools into the assessment process?

technology-enabled assessments (Google, Blackboard, etc.) can help reduce the time, resources, and disruption to learning required for the administration of paper assessments1Assessments delivered using technology also can provide a more complete and nuanced picture of student needs

What are examples of text features?

text boxes, images and figures, graphs, technical language

What is phonological awareness?

the foundation for learning to read. It's the ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language

What is the alphabetic principle?

the notion that letters making a word have corresponding sounds thus letters and sounds can be placed together to build words

What is decoding?

the process the receiver goes through in trying to interpret the exact meaning of a message

What is one way a teacher can use data?

to differentiate instruction for whole class, groups, and individuals

What are digraphs?

two letters that make one sound. The digraph can be made up of vowels or consonants. The 4 most common digraphs are sh, ch, th, and wh

What is a recursive approach to spelling development?

using letter (tiles) to build old words with identifiable patterns alongside new words