Praxis Elementary Education reading and language arts

In the passage below, main character Charlie Gordon records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why but he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my birthday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today. —Daniel Keyes, from "Flowers for Algernon" Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence?

"Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart."

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by any single letter?

"crying" and "kindle"

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 1. Based on his actions in the passage, which word best describes Charlie? 2. Which THREE words from the passage best communicate Charlie's feelings about the events? 3. Which of the following inferences about Charlie's family is best supported by the information in the passage?

1. Appreciative 2. special, great, marvelous 3. His family is not wealthy.

Select whether each of the following sentences is complex or compound-complex. 1. Before leaving for the movie, you need to make sure you have your ticket. 2. You will need to walk to school today because the car is in the repair shop. 3. The posters in the main hallway fell down, but we were able to put them back up, since we had stronger tape.

1. Complex 2. Complex 3. Compound-Complex

Consider the examples of student writing pieces listed below. Identify the type of writing that best suits each example. Narrative, Informational, Argumentative. 1. A feature article in the school newspaper about a recent choir concert 2. A letter to the mayor about the need for a community youth center 3. A short story about a family who rescues a stray dog

1. Informational 2. Argumentative 3. Narrative

(1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it. 1. Which of the following revisions best corrects the punctuation error in sentence 2 ? 2. Select the adverb in sentence 3.

1. Inserting a period between "lawn" and "it" 2. "Really"

Match each description with the collaborative strategy it describes. Fishbowl, Think-pair-share, Literature circle. 1. Students are each given a role such as recorder or facilitator that guides their participation in a small-group discussion. 2. Students first write down their own ideas and then discuss with a partner before discussing with the whole class. 3. Students seated in an inner circle participate in a discussion while other students in an outer circle actively listen and evaluate the arguments.

1. Literature circle 2. Think-pair-share 3. Fishbowl

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. 1. Which of the following statements best describes the central idea of the passage? 2. Which of the following statements best describes how ideas are presented in the passage? 3. The highlighted sentence best supports which of the following statements about the author's point of view? 4. Which TWO of the following sentences from the passage best support the claim that many resources were consulted in developing a plan of government?

1. Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for the convention and made it more efficient. 2. Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions. 3. The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. 4. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. 4b. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help.

Match each phonemic awareness concept with the teacher question that best assesses it. Phoneme categorization, phoneme segmentation, phoneme deletion, phoneme identification. 1. What sound isthe same in "bat,""ball," and "boy"? 2. How many soundsare in the word"feet"? 3. Which word doesnot belong: "net,""nut," "pot"? 4. What is "band"without the /dd, as in the word dog/,?

1. Phoneme identification 2. Phoneme segmentation 3. Phoneme categorization 4. Phoneme deletion

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. 1. Which of the following revisions most improves word choice and tone in the student draft? 2. Which of the following revisions best corrects the error in sentence 6? 3. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the second paragraph? 4. The student wants the writing to appeal to readers' emotions. Which of the following sentences should the student add to best meet the goal?

1. Replacing the word "brainy" with the word "intelligent" in sentence 4 2. Eliminating the second instance of the phrase "I've heard some people say" 3. The writer introduces a counterargument and then seeks to refute it using supporting evidence. 4. It's not hard to picture the tears of frustration running down the faces of the youngest kids as they struggle to finish homework without the right kind of support.

Match each description with the structural element of poetry it best exemplifies. Rhythm, Foot, Rhyme scheme, Stanza 1. A series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines 2. A pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line 3. A sound pattern or beat of a poem created through accented syllables 4. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables

1. Stanza 2. Rhyme scheme 3. Rhythm 4. Foot

For each of the following word lists, select whether it is more appropriate for sight word instruction or decoding instruction. 1. Think, hand, clock 2. Could, there, was 3. Cat, hat, bat, sat 4. Who, what, when

1. Think, hand, clock: decoding Instruction 2. Could, there, was: sight Word Instruction 3. Cat, hat, bat, sat: decoding Instruction 4. Who, what, when: sight Word Instruction

Students are working in groups to prepare an oral presentation for the class. Which of the following digital tools best helps students to collaborate as individual groups during the planning stage of the presentation?

A Web-based discussion board

A properly structured haiku must include which of the following elements?

A defined number of syllables per line

Which of the following is a primary source of information for a research paper about the First World War?

A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush?

A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858

The following paragraph is a student's introduction to an oral presentation on the atmosphere. Did you know that Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere? The atmosphere allows humans to exist because, without it, Earth would be burned by the intense heat of the Sun during the day or frozen by the very low temperatures at night. It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth. Which TWO of the following elements of effective introductions did the student include in the oral presentation?

A thesis for the speech Some background information

Select the correct part of speech for each of the following words. noun, pronoun, conjunction, adverb. And They Extremely Happiness

And: conjunction They: Pronoun Extremely: Adverb Happiness: Noun

In most cases, different terms are used to identify male and female animals of the same species. In a zoo, male and female animals are grouped together in exhibits. Male elephants are called bulls, while female elephants are cows. Chickens are known as roosters if they are male and hens if they are female. Sheep are either rams or ewes, and pigs are boars or sows. Antelope and deer are bucks or does. There are also different names for specific breeds of animals. Which of the following statements best summarizes the central idea of the excerpt?

Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names.

Which of the following strategies will most help improve a student's ability to summarize an informational text?

Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text

Choosing a topic, conducting research, developing ideas, assessing evidence, and taking a stance on the topic are all components of which of the following types of writing?

Argumentative

Which TWO of the following factors should a student look for to best determine if a particular Web site is credible and reliable for research?

Citation of the author's sources Accurate spelling and grammar

The following is an excerpt from a student draft. Before long, my family recieved the message that Aunt Marie would not be coming to the party. We were upset. However, we knew that her trip to Chicago was very important. She would be acepting an award for her achievements in architecture. To help the student correct the errors in the draft, it is most appropriate for a teacher to focus on which of the following?

Common spelling rules

Julie knew she would need to put in countless hours of practice and hard work if she was going to vie for the only open spot on the team. In the sentence, the word "vie" means which of the following?

Compete

After choosing a topic for a research paper, a student should do which of the following as a next step?

Determine subtopics through preliminary research

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more information about a particular word or example within the text?

Hyperlink

Which of the following text features is unique to digital texts?

Hyperlinks

During circle time, a teacher goes around the circle and has the class clap to each child's name ("Su-sa-na," "Ri-car-do," etc.). Which of the following best categorizes the phonological awareness skill the teacher is practicing with the students?

Identifying syllables

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the impact of fluency on reading comprehension?

In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read

Which of the following words contains a Latin root meaning "beneath"?

Infrastructure

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the role of phonics in literacy development?

Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do

As much as I druther you stuck to pickin' your guitar, Chuck Wagon, the fact is all of us here are set in our ways. You can't teach an old cowpoke new tricks. But a dog—that's another story. In no time at all a good dog'll be behavin' just the way you want 'im to—herdin' cattle, chasin' off bobcats and mountain lions . . . —John Frank, from The Toughest Cowboy or How the Wild West Was Tamed Which of the following best identifies the impact of the colloquial language in the passage?

It adds authenticity and meaning to the story.

Time dragged on toward Thanksgiving, but winter came fast. The clouds swept down and hung all day over the land and brushed the hilltops, and the winds blew shrilly at night. All day the dry oak leaves drifted down from the trees until they covered the ground, and yet the trees were unchanged. —John Steinbeck, from The Red Pony Which of the following statements best explains how the description of the setting affects the passage?

It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons.

During a class discussion about a novel, a teacher gives each student three tickets to use in exchange for a turn to talk. Which of the following best describes a primary benefit of this strategy?

It helps dominant students learn to allow others to speak.

Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of a wiki?

Multiple writers can collaborate and make revisions or edits to the same document

By the way, let me give you some good advice. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying—"I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. —Jeff Kinney, from Diary of a Wimpy Kid A student says, "The narrator must not like the two kids he sits between." Which TWO of the following phrases from the excerpt best support the inference?

On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me.

A teacher reads a list of words aloud and asks a student to identify the initial consonant sound of each word as it is read. Which of the following concepts is the teacher assessing?

Onsets

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word "sun." Place each example with the aspect of phonological awareness it best exemplifies. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny /s/ s-u-n /un/

Phoneme Segmentation- s-u-n Onset- /s/ Rime- /un/ Syllable Segmentation- sun, sun-shine, sun-ny

Which of the following words is best classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word?

Predict

The ocean is full of organisms—both plant and animal life—some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, and reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime. Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage?

Problem/solution

Which of the following strategies is best characterized as an effective way to engage the audience at the beginning of a speech?

Providing an interesting or humorous anecdote to build rapport with the audience

Which of the following best describes automaticity?

Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from a narrative book?

Realistic illustrations

Which TWO of the following are considered quantitative measures of text complexity?

Sentence length Frequency of unfamiliar words

Which of the following words contains two open syllables?

Shiny

Which of the following words are accurately grouped by their phonics pattern?

Silk, past, mart

Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the book title My Dog is as Smelly as Dirty Socks by Hanoch Piven?

Simile

Some time in the night I got up, tiptoed to my window, and looked out at my doghouse. It looked so lonely and empty sitting there in the moonlight. I could see that the door was slightly ajar. I thought of the many times I had lain in my bed and listened to the squeaking of the door as my dogs went in and out. I didn't know I was crying until I felt the tears roll down my cheeks. —Wilson Rawls, from Where the Red Fern Grows Which of the following student responses is the most supportable inference drawn from the passage?

Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone.

Which THREE of the following literacy skills are most directly influenced by phonological awareness?

Spelling Syllabification Decoding

Before a whole-class discussion, a teacher writes the following list of sentence starters for student responses on the board. "I agree with ___blank because..." "I see it differently because..." "And to add to what ___blank said..." "So to put that another way..." Which THREE of the following are primary benefits of the strategy?

Students are provided with scaffolding for expressing their ideas. Students are required to actively listen to their classmates. Students are encouraged to analyze multiple perspectives.

Which THREE of the following activities most effectively utilize a graphic novel during instruction?

Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects.

A writhing horror twisted itself across his features, like a snake gliding swiftly over them, and making one little pause, with all its wreathed intervolutions in open sight. —Nathaniel Hawthorne, from The Scarlet Letter Which of the following best interprets the figurative language used in the sentence?

The character's face briefly displayed strong emotion.

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities?

The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following?

The various levels of meaning in the passage The language conventionality of the excerpt

A student studying root words and affixes places the word "script" at the base of a word-tree sorting board. Which THREE of the following words are most appropriate to be added to the branches of the student's word tree?

Transcript Description Manuscript

An early-elementary student writes, "I hav a pet dog. I lik to pla bal wif him." The student reads it back to the teacher as, "I have a pet dog. I like to play ball with him." The student's writing is best categorized as which of the following developmental writing stages?

Transitional

Waiting in her closet of a room, Turtle stared at the white-weighted branches of the maple tree on the hill. A twig snapped in silence, a flurry speckled across the crusted snow. Sometimes when her mother was too busy to do her hair she sent Angela in, but today no one came. They had forgotten about her. Brush and comb clutched in her fists like weapons, she stormed into apartment 2C. "Do you know how to braid hair?" —Ellen Raskin, from The Westing Game Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Turtle is upset about being neglected.

A student reads the following sentence in a text. Our family had a wonderful time helping Aunt Sue celebrate becoming a centenarian. Which of the following student strategies is most appropriate to determine the meaning of the word "centenarian"?

Using knowledge of the root word "cent"

Which of the following student reading behaviors best exemplifies proficiency in prosody?

Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing

Which THREE of the following are elements of an effective oral presentation?

Using voice modulation to signal important points, Making eye contact to connect with the audience, Using strong posture to communicate confidence

Which of the following is most appropriate to include in an expository essay?

Verifiable facts

Students in an elementary class are reading an illustrated story. Which of the following multimedia activities will most support comprehension?

Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant?

Whistle

A teacher is working with a group of students to help them achieve greater phonological awareness. The teacher writes the following on a whiteboard to begin a discussion. Which of the following concepts is the teacher demonstrating for the students?

Working with rimes to create new words

Which of the following best describes a student in the semiphonetic stage of writing?

Writes one or more letters to represent every word

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to

avoid reading through punctuation

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable?

bat, top

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset?

bl-ueberry

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to

decode multisyllable words in a text

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage?

discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction Second person Third-person limited

Star light, star bright,First star I see tonight,I wish I may, I wish I might,Have this wish I wish tonight. The highlighted words could be best used in a phonics lesson on

irregular vowel families

The smallest single unit of sound in a language is a

phoneme

A student has just finished revising a piece of narrative writing. The next step for the student will most likely be to

proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors

A teacher has compiled a list of grade-appropriate, high-frequency sight words. To best promote recognition of the words on the list, the teacher should

provide repeated readings of books containing the words

Which of the following groups lists words that are best categorized as kindergarten sight words?

Am, to, the, on

When gathering information for a research paper, which of the following sources should be excluded due to its biased nature?

An editorial article in a well-known newspaper

Which of the following bibliographic entries is the best example of correct MLA citation?

Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print.

Which of the following teacher questions will best help students to make a text-to-self connection when reading a text?

Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story?

Which of the following instructional activities best helps to foster and improve articulation skills?

Having students recite rhymes and riddles, first through choral reading and then individually

A teacher is using the following passage during a lesson on paraphrasing. The Einsteins had been married for two and a half years before Albert arrived. Pauline Koch was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the youngest of four children. She was just 18 years old when she wed Hermann Einstein, who was 11 years older. They were married on August 8, 1876, in the town of Cannstatt, where Pauline had grown up. After the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. —Jerome Pohlen, from Albert Einstein and Relativity for Kids Which of the following best exemplifies an appropriate paraphrase of information from the passage?

Albert Einstein was born two and half years after his parents were wed in Cannstatt, Germany.

A teacher writes the following sentences on the board. The dog slept on the porch. The dog ate on the porch. The dog pretty much lived on the porch. The dog ate on the porch, slept on the porch, and pretty much lived on the porch. Which of the following language features do the sentences best demonstrate?

Sentence fluency

Which of the following key word lists best exemplifies a compare and contrast text structure?

Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to

Which of the following multisyllabic words is correctly segmented into its phonemes?

C-are-f-u-ll-y

After reading two different informational texts on sharks, students are asked to complete a Venn diagram that includes facts from both texts. Which of the following best identifies the lesson's objective?

Enhancing understanding through comparison

When a teacher is working with an English Learner, which of the following approaches is most effective in establishing sight word connections between languages?

Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages

Which THREE of the following behaviors best exemplify active listening?

Focusing on the specific words and feelings of the speaker Making appropriate eye contact with the speaker Asking the speaker questions to clarify certain points

Which of the following text features will best support a student with defining a word in a domain-specific textbook?

Glossary

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of flexible grouping?

Groups are assigned or altered based on assessment results as well as learning objectives. Groups are temporary and may be reconfigured by the teacher as indicated by students' individual needs.

Star light, star bright,First star I see tonight,I wish I may, I wish I might,Have this wish I wish tonight. Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules?

Have

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten?

It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s."

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story?

It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. It reinforces understanding of major plot points.

Star light, star bright,First star I see tonight,I wish I may, I wish I might,Have this wish I wish tonight. A first-grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the students say it. Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity?

Modeling automaticity and prosody

Which THREE of the following teacher strategies are most effective for promoting reading fluency?

Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text Encouraging repeated readings of a text Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text

During which of the following steps of the writing process are students most likely to utilize a writer's checklist to assess their work?

Revising

The following is an excerpt from a student writing sample. Once upon a time there was an athletic squirrel named Victor and there was an intelligent hamster named Clyde, they lived in a small town in Alabama. They got bored so they went to New Orleans and they joined a baseball team and they won seven games in a row. Victor broke his foot. Clyde was smart and knew first aid, he bandaged Victor up and signed his cast. They moved to New York to join a professional baseball team. Victor was a good pitcher and Clyde was a phenomenal catcher and that's how they helped their team win a championship. Life was certainly never boring again! Mini-lessons in which TWO of the following areas will best help the student improve the writing sample?

Revising run-on sentences Using transition words to sequence events

Which of the following terms best identifies the part of a syllable that consists of a vowel and any consonant sounds that follow the vowel?

Rime

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read?

SWBST chart

Place the following developmental stages of writing in the chart to show the order in which they occur. Invented spelling Scribbling Letter-like symbols Letter strings

Scribbling Letter-like symbols Letter strings Invented spelling

Which of the following is considered a best practice for using visual aids during a presentation?

Selecting clear and targeted visual aids that reinforce or exemplify specific points discussed

Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. The two passages are most similar in Which of the following text headings would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B?

the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas Eating in Space