Praxis Exam

1-Plot 2-Plot structure

1-Sequence of events in a story; what the characters do, the action. Focus on cause and effect relationships. 2-is the way the author arranges the events of a narrative.

Guided Practice

During guided practice, students complete tasks one at a time with the teacher providing help and guidance, pausing after students complete each task in order to go over correct responses and to plan for a re-teach as needed.

Eastern New England Dialect

Eastern New England English encompasses Boston and Maine accents, and, according to some sources, the distinct Rhode Island accent. All Eastern New England English is famous for non-rhoticity, meaning it drops the r sound everywhere except before a vowel: thus, in words like car, card, fear, and chowder

Making notes

Helps readers to monitor their understanding and help writers and speakers to organize information and clarify their thinking. Purpose • Provide strategies for remembering what one reads. • Provide a tool for summarizing information and ideas, making connections, and seeing patterns and trends in course-related materials.

Grammar guide

Helps with the proper construction of sentences and proper use of words

Style Manuals- 1-APA 2-MLA 3-Chicago 4-Turabian

guidebooks for general language usage and documentation of sources within a written document, anthology, or field of study. 1-American Psychological Association-used within education, psychology, and other social sciences. 2-Modern Language Association Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing-used for arts, humanities, and literature. 3- The Chicago Manual of Style- used for sciences, history, literature, and art. 4-A Manual for Writers of Reaserch Papers, Theses, and Disseertations by Kate Turabian-used for history and theological studies.

closed form poetry

has an established pattern, whether with length, meter, rhyme, imagery, syntax, or stanzas. Examples: blank verse, couplets, the villanelle, the quatrain, the sonnet, and the ballad.

American Post-modernist Period/Contemporary Literature (1950-present)

have challenged traditional values and structures and shown heightened concerns for social issues. Absurdity and coincidence, people observe life as the media presents it, popular culture saturates people's lives (e.g., Vonnegut, Ellis, Heller, Pynchon, Wake).

C.S. Lewis

was an Ireland novelist, poet. He wrote The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe; a fantasy novel for children Published in 1950, it is the original book of The Chronicles of Narnia. (best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005).

Technical writers train to create

websites

falling action

when the main conflict is resolved; wraps up the narrative, resolves its loose ends, and leads toward the closure.

British Postmodernist Period

1945-onward: Metafiction and fragmented poetry, the unreliable narrator, reaction against Modernism, the world impossible to understand/define (e.g., Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Fowles)

100 Years of Solitude

1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía family, whose patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founded the town of Macondo, a fictitious town in the country of Colombia.

George Orwell

1984 It presents the type of government where even the head of the government is unknown to the public. This theme serves as a warning to the people because such regime unleashes propaganda to make people believe in the lies presented by the government.

Maya Angelou (1928-2014)

20th century African-American writer, poet, and activist. Best-known for her work "I Know Why A Caged Bird Sings"(a memoir; resistance to racism and debilitating displacement) and "On the pulse of morning" (Poem that isn't afraid to look back into darker times before pushing on forward into a future full of hope.). Literary movements: Civil Rights (black feminist)

Robert Frost

20th century poet. The Modern Period. The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Walls,

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

relative clause

A clause introduced by a relative pronoun, such as WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, WHOM or by a relative adverb, such as WHERE, WHEN, WHY. pg.59

Responding to Text

A collaborative learning strategy that can be used before or after an assigned reading. Purpose • Provide an opportunity for students to make a personal connection to a topic or unit of work by expressing their opinions, demonstrating their understanding of the assigned text, and making connections to their prior knowledge and experience.

comma splice/comma fault (common sentence errors)

A comma splice occurs when two separate sentences are joined with a comma rather than a conjunction, period, colon, or semicolon. Writers often create comma splices when using transitional words, such as however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, or furthermore. Example 1: Incorrect: My intention was to take her out to dinner, however I decided not to invite her after all. Correct: My intention was to take her out to dinner; however, I decided not to invite her after all.

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

A teacher asks students in a class to each generate a topic for a research paper. Which of the following student products can the teacher best use to determine whether the topic chosen by a given student is either too broad or too narrow in focus?

A concept web about the importance of the chosen topic. Submitting a concept web about each student's chosen topic will allow the teacher to see whether the student has selected a topic that is too narrow or too broad.

Theme

an idea about some aspect of life or human nature; a universal message.

Inference

an idea that is drawn from a text. It is based on the details found in a text and the reader's knowledge of the topic of the text. Must use their knowledge to read in between the lines.

essay

are a short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.

Schemas

are cognitive connections that are molded in an individual's mind over time and shape a person's worldview. Knowledge is stored as a complex web of schemas; learning occurs when new information links to existing schematic networks.

transitional phrases

as a result, nevertheless, moreover, (look all of them up and their usage)

Constructivism theory

as students become involved with a text, they construct meaning through an active process of integrating what they are reading with their own reactions, knowledge, beliefs, and ideas. Constructivists are interested in the thinking processes readers use to comprehend and interpret text. The constructivist perspective emphasizes reading and conferring with others.

false cause fallacy

assumes that because one event precedes another, it caused the other event. Implementing this policy would result in nothing but negative consequences for students who participate in our district's greatest sources of pride: our athletic programs. Changes in scheduling have a direct effect on how our teams perform. We all remember that our football team lost every game after the school lunch time was changed. Changing the time of the school day would be just as disastrous. The student is offering a false cause by correlating the change in the school's lunch schedule with the football team's losses.

compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses

Anthropomorphism

attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification)

Holistic Evaluation

based on the premise that the overall impact of an essay depends on the integration of different elements of writing, such as organization, development, sentence structure, word choice, and mechanics. Holistic evaluations assign a single score to a student essay based on the total effect to which these elements contribute.

Appendix

defined as the section at the end of a book that gives additional information on the topic explored in the contents of the text. An example of an appendix is pages at the end of a book containing other informational texts about the topic.

Evidence Relevancy

depends on how closely the evidence is related to the argument and how recently the information was established

Word Wall

Are alphabetically arranged high-frequency words displayed in a manner to allow easy visual access to all students in a room

Harper Lee

To Kill a Mockingbird (1960); childhood innocence, scathing moral condemnation of racial prejudice, the affirmation that human goodness can withstand the assault of evil

autobiography

gives the history of a person's life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person's life.

tall tale

"Tall tales" are stories that are told as if they were true but contain exaggerated or unbelievable parts. Some tall tales are exaggerations of real events, while others are completely make-believe. Tall tales are usually very funny because the exaggerations in the story tend to be the main focus of the whole story.

legends

is a story, sometimes of a real national or folk hero. Unverifiable stories that seem to have a degree of realism about them. Ex. King Arthur.

American naturalistic period

(1880-1915): 19th Century - term used to describe the literary movement based on the belief that human beings do not have a soul or any life apart from their physical existence. Naturalistic works tend to emphasize the darker side of life, including such things as poverty, disease, and injustice. A literary movement that claimed to portray life exactly as if it were being examined through a scientist's microscope. Writers: Frank Norris, John Steinbeck, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Ellen Glasgow and Jack London.

subordinate clause

(A dependent clause) A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

point of view

-1st person, subjective: "I" "we" and tells what only he/she feels. are inherently biased. They will only tell readers what they want them to know, which is why it's ripe territory for an outright unreliable narrator: a narrator who cannot be trusted to tell a story truthfully, whether it's because he or she is biased, forgetful, or outright deceitful. -1st person, objective: "me" "us", unbiased narrator would simply report the events as they occur and allow the readers to interpret what they mean. -1st person, possessive: "my/mine" "our/ours" -2nd person: the audience is made a character. This is done with the use of second-person pronouns like you. The narrator may be addressing the audience directly, but more often the second-person referent of these stories is a character within the story. -3rd person, objective: When the narrator only knows what the characters do and say. It's like a "camera view" of the story. -3rd person, limited: the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character. All other characters are described using pronouns, such as 'they', 'he', and 'she'. -3rd person, omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story. It's an all-knowing narrator who can reveal anything that is happening, has happened, or will happen in the world of the story.

Strategies to activate students' prior knowledge

-Introduce vocabulary before content (help them recall familiar topics within given content) -Use graphic organizers, outlines, and diagrams (visual aid to organize information can help potentially recall prior knowledge.) -Brainstorm ideas about the topic or content (helps generate connections) -Ask questions about the content or topic and things related to it

Think-Pair-Share

-Teacher asks the question. -Students think about the answer to the question. -students turn to a partner to discuss their individual answers. -teacher then asks students to share what the partners came up with.

how do text features contribute to the central idea of an informational text.

-Title: Quickly tells the reader what information they will learn about. -Table of contents: Shows students the different chapter or section titles and where they are located. -Index: Directs students where to go in the text to find specific information on a topic, word, or person. -Glossary: Identifies important vocabulary words for students and gives their definitions. A glossary may help to clarify and ensure the correct use of terms related to the topic at hand. -Headings or subtitles: Help the reader identify the main idea for that section of text. -Sidebars: Are set apart from the main text, (usually located on the side or bottom of the page) and elaborate on a detail mentioned in the text. -Pictures and Captions: Show an important object or idea from the text. -Labeled Diagrams: Allow readers to see detailed depictions of an object from the text with labels that teach the important components. -Charts and graphs: Represent and show data related to, or elaborate on, something in the main body of text. -Maps: Help a reader locate a place in the world that is related to text. -Cutaways and cross sections: Allow readers to see inside something by dissolving part of a wall or to see all the layers of an object by bisecting it for viewing. -Inset photos: Can show either a faraway view of something or a close-up shot of minute detail. http://www.readingrockets.org/article/guiding-students-through-expository-text-text-feature-walks

American Modernist Period (1910-1945) Lost generation (1920-1950)

-Writers wrote about the World Wars(loss of innocence), alienation, the Roaring Twenties, the Depression, and the changing world. Economic crisis and wounds from war; Power human beings have to create and reshape their environment with the aid of scientific technology and experimentation, progressive and optimistic (e.g., Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor, lost generation authors such as Fitzgerald, Steinbeck, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Faulkner, Harlem Renaissance and Jazz, Ezra Pound). Also contains the Harlem Renaissance. The young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were "lost" because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into a settled life. Gertrude Stein is usually credited with popularizing the expression.

-Lingua franca

-a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Formal outline for a written essay should include:

-an introduction, -a thesis statement (one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question.), -main points in grammatically similar structure, -sub-points in grammatically similar structure, -active voice, -action verbs, -a restatement of the thesis, and -a conclusion. Consistency is always important in written documents. To explain means to interpret a complex process.

metacognitive awareness- During reading questions

-do I understand what I am reading? -if not, what can I do to help myself? -what do I already know that I can connect this info to? -do I need to change my pace? -what are the important ideas? Strategies: annotating (VISA: making note of interesting VOCABULARY, important INFERENCES, helpful SUMMARIES, and brief ANALYSIS)

-cognitive strategies 5 types of strategies to aid students in their learning:

-help students remember and organize both content and language learning information. (pg. 93) 1-Comprehension strategies-help students understand and remember content; using text structure, summarizing, elaborating, and explaining) 2-Writing Strategies-help students complete unstructured tasks. Teaches students the importance of planning in order to conceive and organize ideas. 3- Problem-solving strategies- help students to see ways in which they can achieve a specific goal. Teach students to understand the problem, then to develop a plan for solving it. They carry out the plan and look back to see what can be learned from their process and their solution. 4-Reasoning strategies-help students determine what they believe to be true or false, correct or incorrect. Successful reasoning involves the creation of arguments and counterarguments, fair evaluations of evidence, and consideration of sources. 5-Self-regulation strategies-help students monitor their behaviors. Students will be capable of self-monitoring and evaluations, time management, and goal setting. These skills will help them in their metacognitive process and focus.

metacognitive awareness- After reading questions

-how did I do? -did the reading meet my expectation? -did I understand? -do I need to revisit any part of the text? Strategies: make summaries to ensure comprehension, reflect on their experiences of the text and compose responses, return to the guiding question and synthesize their understanding, make connections (to self, world, other literature), and encourage the usage of text evidence

-Communicative competence It's broken down into four distinct areas 1-Linguistic/Grammatical competence 2-Sociolinguistic competence 3-Discourse competence 4-Strategic/Pragmatic competence

-means being able to speak a language both appropriately in a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure. 1-refers to knowledge of the linguistic components of a language such as syntax, semantics, and so on. 2-means using the language in a socially appropriate way and includes understanding register (degrees of formality, differences in setting, appropriate context and so on.) 3-deals with the knowledge of how to construct smaller units of language like phrases and sentence into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles. 4-Understanding what is NOT being said, or what is meant but not actually said; The role of context in interpretation. is the ability to recognize and repair instances of "communication breakdown" by strategic planning and/or redirecting.

-Consonance -Assonance page 30

-repetitive sounds produced by consonants at the end of a stressed syllable, but following different vowel sounds, in words that are fairly close together, such as in "whoSe woodS theSe are I think I know." -the inclusion of words with the same vowel sounds within one or two lines of poetry, such as "thE only other sound's the swEEp/of EasY wind and downY flake." It lends a musicality to the language of the poem.

-Informational texts are written for one of three reasons: -The most common purposes for writing are to:

-to inform, to argue, or to persuade -to entertain, to inform, or to persuade.

REGULAR VERBS AND THEIR ENDINGS Simple present: sit, set, lie, lay, rise, raise Present Participle: sitting, setting, lying, laying, rising, raising Simple Past: sat, set, lay, laid, rose, raised Past Participle: (have) sat, (have) set, (have) lain, (have) laid, (have) risen, (have) raised.

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Verb tense indicates the time of the action; STUDY PAGE 62

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1-Metaphor 2-Extended Metaphor

1-A comparison without using like or as 2-refers to a comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph, or lines in a poem.

Research-based strategies for writing instruction: 1-Writing Workshop 2-Modeling 3-Collaborative Writing 4-Process Writing

1-A framework or model for teaching writing that includes a mini-lesson designed to improve specific skills, a writing time when students are engaged in authentic writing, a conference time when students meet with the teacher individually and a sharing time when students read or listen to the sharing of a student's written selection. A writer's workshop should consist of scaffolds for authentic teaching purposes that arise in writing. 2-exemplary examples of writing, which the teacher uses to highlight certain qualities or characteristics. When first introducing a new skill, teacher may also model a skill by demonstrating/practicing a skill, along with the thought process, in front of their class. 3-Instructional approach in which students work together to plan, draft, revise, and edit compositions. Refers to projects where written works are created by multiple people together (collaboratively) rather than individually. Helps with confidence, providing feedback, and sharing ideas. (Includes peer review and peer writing) 4-involves instructing students in the use of a clear process for writing and in the use of techniques and strategies for completing each part of the process. Focuses the writing process which includes planning, drafting, revising, and editing

1-stanza 2-quatrains

1-A group of lines in a poem 2-a stanza of four lines, especially one having alternate rhymes.

1-coordinating conjunction 2-correlative conjunction 3-subordinating conjunction

1-FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 2-whether/or, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and 3-a conjunction (like 'since' or 'that' or 'who') that introduces a dependent clause(typically an adverbial clause). look at page 64. TIME, MANNER, CAUSE, CONDITION, PURPOSE, COMPARISON

1-Text that includes literary elements and devices usually associated with fiction to report on actual persons, places, or events. Examples include nature and travel text, biography, memoir and the essay. 2-Literary journalism is a form of nonfiction that combines factual reporting with some of the narrative techniques and stylistic strategies traditionally associated with fiction. Also called narrative journalism.

1-Literary Nonfiction (also known as Creative Nonfiction or Narrative Nonfiction) 2-Literary Journalism

1-Details that a writer can use to support his/her main idea: 2-WHich writing element/strategy directs the entire research process for a writer? 3-Which element shapes each paragraph in a writing task? 4-What results when a writer focuses the content of each paragraph on a single idea?

1-RENNS Reasons, Examples, Names, Numbers, and Senses 2-the research question. 3-the topic sentence: introduces the idea that the paragraph will discuss. 4- Unity

Figures of Speech 1-Alliteration 2-Euphemism 3-Euphony 4-Oxymoron 5-Paradox 6-Verbal Irony

1-Repetition of initial consonant sounds 2-A pleasant-sounding expression for words that might be unpleasant in meaning. "professional foul" is just a euphemism for cheating. 3-Words sound pleasant because of their letter sounds; mists, mellow, close, sun, bless, vines and eves all have a soothing quality to them and don't sound harsh or jarring. 4-Juxtaposition (the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect) of seemingly contradictory words. two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect; such as "cruel kindness," or "living death". However, the contrasting words/phrases are not always glued together. 5-A seemingly self-contradictory statement; is mostly used for expressing astonishment or disbelief at something unusual or unexpected. contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others." 6-The use of words that have an entirely different meaning from their literal interpretation; occurs when a speaker says one thing but means another.

1-Louis Lowry 2-Katherine Paterson 3-S.E. Hinton 4-H.G. Wells 5-William Golding 6-J.R.R. Tolkien 7-Cornelia Funke 8-Rick Riordan 9-Markus Zusak 10-Suzanne Collins 11-Wilson Rawls 12-Carl Hiaason 13-Victor Hugo 14- Madeline L'Engle

1-The Giver 2-Bridge to Terabithia 3-The Outsiders 4-The Time Machine 5-Lord of the Flies 6-The Hobbit 7-Inkheart 8-The Lightning Thief 9-The Book Thief 10-The Hunger Games 11-Where the Red Fern Grows 12-Hoot 13-The Hunchback of Notre Dame 14- A Wrinkle in Time

1-Suffix that means "more than one" 2- -phile

1-The suffix "‑a" forms the plural of the word "criterion." (Criteria) 2-lover of

1-cyberspace 2-artificial intelligence

1-The virtually shared universe of the world's computer network where learning takes place in a global space. 2-the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.

1-Thesauras 2-Glossary

1-Useful features to finding synonyms and antonyms for a word in your document. Can add creativity to the text. Helps avoid repetition of words when writing by listing suitable synonyms for particular words. 2-a list of words, definitions, and information about language usage and diction related to a specific subject, book, or field of study.

1-What is Visual Aids in text structure 2-Visual thinking maps 3-Visual aids for an oral activity

1-Visual Aids are pictures and graphics that are used to enhance a text. 2-are extremely effective for communicating a message in pictures. 3-page 115 for what to do and NOT to do with visual aids

1-science fiction 2-Dystopian

1-a category of fiction in which writers tell imaginative stories that are grounded in scientific and technological theories or realities. Often, this writing explores ideas involving the future of humanity and its relationship with the universe and technology. frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets. Ex. Frankenstein. 2-subcategory of science fiction in which authors explore social, cultural, and political structures in the context of a futuristic world. Ex. Hunger Games

1-Refrain 2-Internal Rhyme 3-Rhyme scheme 4-Rhythm 5-Slant rhyme

1-a regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song 2-rhyming two or more words in the same line of poetry. 3-the arrangement of rhyming words at the end of each line in a stanza or poem. 4-the drumbeat or heartbeat of a poem; is it the pattern of accentuated sounds, which creates or heightens the emotional effect of the language. 5-rhyme in which either the vowels or the consonants of stressed syllables are identical, as in eyes, light; years, yours. (both the beginning and end consonant sounds are alike but the vowels are not: chitter/chatter

1-Allegory 2-Analogy

1-a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden/deeper meaning, typically a moral or political one. 2-a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

A writer may develop a text using different organizational patterns: 1-Spatial order 2-chronological order/structure 3-Compare and contrast 4-Cause and effect pattern 5-Problem and solution order

1-a text structure that shows where things are. Might give reader small view of situation or person and as it develops the reader learns more and more. 2-is employed when a writer organizes events in a text in the order in which they occurred. Also called sequence structure or chronological orde 3-organization starts by highlighting the similarities between two things and then addresses their differences. 4-organization begins by discussing the causes or reasons for a given phenomenon/idea and ends with the revelation of the effect/consequences. Action/Result 5-organization starts by introducing a problem and concludes by exploring solutions to that problem. a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

MAKE SURE YOU STUDY INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ON PAGE 61 1-personal pronoun 2-possessive pronouns 3-reflexive/intensive pronouns 4-relative pronouns 5-Interrogative pronouns 6-Demonstrative pronouns 7-Indefinite prounouns

1-act as subjects or objects in a sentence (SHE received a letter; I gave a letter to HER) 2-indicate possession. 3-intensify a noun or reflect back upon a noun. (I myself made the dessert. I made the dessert myself) 4-begin dependent clauses. Like other pronouns, they may appear in subject or object case, depending on the clause. (eg. page 59). In cases where a person is the object of a relative clause, the writer would use the relative pronoun whom. 5-begin questions. (WHO worked last evening?) 6-point out or draw attention to something or someone. They can also indicate proximity or distance (this, that, these, those) 7-simply replace nouns to avoid unnecessary repetition. Works well to replace a list of names or objects. (SEVERAL came to the party to see BOTH) common Indefinite pronouns pg. 61 plural: both, few, several, many singular or plural: some, none, any, all, most, more (these pronouns take their singularity or plurality from the object of the prepositions that follow: Some of the pies were eaten)

1-Feminist Literary Theory 2-Queer Theory 3-Deconstructionist literary criticism (page. 38) 4-Semiotic analysis (pg. 38-39) 5-Marxist Theory

1-an approach to literature that seeks to correct or supplement what may be regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness. Feminists maintain that as students are confronted by feminist criticism, they will begin to recognize biases in their own thinking and in popular culture, making them more equipped to evaluate and challenge traditional gender roles. 2-similar to Feminist theory, it investigates texts by asking questions about both gender and sexuality. Involves recognizing and challenging all cultural assumptions related to sex and gender, especially those related to identity. 3-focuses on dissecting and uncovering the writer's assumptions about what is true and false, good and bad. reveals the author's contradictions. 4-the study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures. In semiotics, a sign system is a set of behaviors or things which are analyzed as if they are symbols that represent ideas. 5-focuses on the economic systems that structure society and the ways human behavior is motivated by a desire for economic power. Life can only be understood in terms of the concrete, actual conditions that people experience. Marxist literary theorists examine how experiences of and relationships between characters are influenced by socioeconomic class, and the ways oppression and liberation play out. Free will is a question

Dependent clauses can be grouped by type: adverb, noun, adjective 1-Adverb clauses 2-noun clauses 3-Adjective clauses

1-are introduced by subordinating conjunctions; they modify the independent clauses they are attached to by answering adverb questions. e.g. She moved to the city AFTER HER CAR BROKE DOWN COMPLETELY. 2-are introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs. They play a vital role in the sentence by filling the position of subject, object of a preposition, or direct object. They do not modify 3-are introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs. They play a describing or modifying role by following-and providing more information about-a noun or pronoun in the sentence. e.g. The restaurant WHERE WE ATE serves salmon (modifies restaurant)

1-heroic couplet 2-truism

1-is a pair of rhyming lines written in iambic pentameter, and is also usually closed, meaning that both lines are end-stopped (by some type of punctuation), and the lines are a self-contained grammatical unit. 2-First coined by Jonathan Swift, a truism is a self-evident truth, or a statement that is so obviously true that it doesn't require discussion. Truisms are frequently used in rhetorical and literary contexts because they are so easily understood by audiences. (clichés) The apple never falls far from the tree. A fool and his money are soon parted. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

1-Non-technical Language 2-Technical language

1-language that does not require specialized knowledge 2-language associated with a particular profession, activity, or field of study

1-poetry 2-Epigrams

1-poetry is a form of text that follows a meter and rhythm, with each line and syllable. It is further subdivided into different genres, such as epic poem, narrative, romantic, dramatic, and lyric. Dramatic poetry includes melodrama, tragedy, and comedy, while other poems includes ode, sonnet, elegy, ballad, song, and epic. 2-is a brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement.

Verbs: 1-indicative verbs 2-Subjunctive verbs 3-Conditional 4-Imperative verbs

1-state facts 2-make a statement of speculation or wish. It's formed with words like "that". 3-sentences, which use the auxiliaries would, could, and should, use the subjunctive. Contains the -if clause 4-state a command

1-Language Objectives 2-Content objectives 3-Content area standards

1-tell how students will learn and/or demonstrate their mastery of materials by listening, speaking, reading, or writing. The objective states what students will be expected to do, what materials they will use, and what kind of language they will be expected to use. 2-identify what students should be able to do at the end of a content area lesson. 3-identify what students are supposed to learn throughout a given time period in a specific subject area.

1-progressive tense 2-perfect tense 3-perfect progressive tense

1-tells the reader if the action was, is, or will be progressing (she is smiling; she was smiling; she will be smiling) 2-tells the reader if the action has been or will be completed. (He had eaten his food; he has eaten his food; he will have eaten his food) 3-They had been eating their food; they have been eating their food; they will have been eating their food.

1-Setting 2-Context

1-the geographical (place) and chronological location (time period). 2-the historical and cultural time the text was written.

1-Syntax 2-phrase

1-the study of how words are combined to create sentences. 2-a group of words that communicates a partial idea and lacks either a subject or a predicate(verb) e.g. -Noun phrase consists of a noun and its modifiers (the large bridge), -Infinitive phrase is a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and begin with the word "to" (to eat the fish), Note-all introductory infinitive phrases are adverbial. -Prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with an object of prep. When and where. (on the wharf) -Verb phrase is composed of the main verb along with its helping verbs. (would have created) -Appositive phrases (nouns) rename the word or group of words that precede them (My dad, A CLOCK MAKER, loves antiques) -Gerund phrase is a phrase that begins with a word that would normally act as a verb but insteead filling another role within the sentence. (verbs ending in -ing and acting as nouns) -Participial phrase acts as an adjective. Present participials end in -ing while past participials end in -ed, -d, -en, -t, or other endings. These sentences can be extracted from the sentence and the sentence will still make sense. -Absolute phrase usually follows a very simple pattern-noun plus participle-in which a participle follows the noun that it modifies. Acts as an adverb, answering "Under what conditions/circumstance?"

1-Litotes

1-understatement to weaken or soften a message. E.g. That's not bad. (instead of: That's good/great.)

1. Ambiguity 2. Archetype

1. Ambiguity, or fallacy of ambiguity, is a word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning. Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor. 2. is a typical character, an action, or a situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature. An archetype, also known as "universal symbol," may be a character, a theme, a symbol, or even a setting. Ex. Situation: Battle of Good and Evil - Good ultimately triumphs; Setting: The Garden - Symbolizes love and fertility; Symbol: Light - Hope or renewal; Character: The Bully - Intimidates others

Basic order of events in research writing:

1. Narrow down a topic and formulate a research question that will drive all of the research. 2. Gather credible source material-compiling significant ideas in the form of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. 3. Write source citation entries according to the appropriate writing style for a reference page, bibliography page, or works cited, and store them alphabetically. This step saves time when it comes time to finalize a document. 4. Formulate an outline with a thesis and main points. 5. Draft the project from the outline alone, NOT using any outside sources. This will ensure that the ideas in the essay will have as their foundation the author's own thoughts and conclusions. 6. Add transitional expressions within paragraphs and between paragraphs for coherence. 7. Integrate summaries, paraphrases, and quotations from the research that support and enhance the points that the author is trying to make. 8. Revise the essay for clarity, coherence, and organization. 9. Edit the paper using an extensive editing checklist. 10. Proofread the final product for typographical errors.

Aspects/characteristics of clear and coherent writing

1. What are the aspects of clear/coherent writing? Development & Organization, How an Essay is Written (Word choice, Tone, Syntax), Proper Grammar, Focus

Visualizing

A crucial skill for students because if they can get the picture, often they've got the concept. Can help students to focus, remember, and apply their learning in new and creative situations. An invaluable skill in subjects such as Math, Science, and Design & Technology, where understanding spatial relationships can be a key to solving complex problems. Purpose • Promote comprehension of the ideas in written texts by forming pictures in the mind from the words on the page.

Dysphemism

A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one

Chicano English

A dialect of English spoken by some bilingual Mexican Americans in the western and southwestern United States. The bilingual nature of many Chicano English speakers leads them to often pronounce the "v" in English words much like the English "b."

fallacy

A fallacy is an erroneous argument dependent upon an unsound or illogical contention. A logical fallacy is an error or breakdown in logical reasoning. Appeal to Ignorance It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true. Appeal to Authority Also known as Ipse Dixit; the arguer will attempt to append their argument to an individual of power/authority, in an effort to give trustworthiness to their argument when in reality the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument. Appeal to Popular Opinion also known as Ad populum is a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it, often concisely encapsulated as: "If many believe so, it is so." Association Fallacy Sometimes called "guilt by affiliation," this happens when somebody connects a particular thought or issue to something or somebody negative, so as to infer blame on another individual. Attacking the Person/Ad Hominem Also regarded as "argumentum ad hominem" (argument against the man), this is a common fallacy used during debates, where an individual substitutes a rebuttal with a personal insult attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument. Appeal to Pity These fallacies occur when someone seeks to gain acceptance by pointing out an unfortunate consequence that befalls them/or try to make someone do something by feeling pitty ex. pictures of orphans telling you to donate. Begging the Question The conclusion of a dispute is accepted as a statement of the inquiry itself. Begging the question is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. Circular Argument This error is committed when an argument takes its evidence from an element inside the argument itself, instead of from an outside source. The statement lacks reasoning, so the argument is made without any reasoning at all. Relationship Implies Causation Also called "post hoc ergo propter hoc," (Latin: "after this, therefore because of this") is an informal fallacy that states "Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X." It is often shortened simply to post hoc fallacy. this fallacy is a deception in which the individual making the contention joins two occasions that happen consecutively and accepts that one created or caused the other. False Dilemma/Dichotomy/Eiether-Or this sort of error happens when somebody presents their argument in such a way that there are just two conceivable alternatives left. Illogical Conclusion This is a fallacy wherein somebody attests a conclusion that does not follow from the suggestions or facts. (Teen pregnancy is up this year! Then we neeed to get rid of sex education classes) Slippery Slope This error occurs when someone assumes a very small action will lead to extreme outcomes. Syllogism Fallacy This fallacy may also be used to form incorrect conclusions that are odd. Syllogism fallacy is a false argument, as it implies an incorrect conclusion. (All shark are fish. All salmon are fish. All salmon are sharks.) Red Herring These fallacies occur when someone uses irrelevant information to distract from the argument. Bringing up an unrelated issue. Straw Man Fallacy These fallacies occur when someone appears to be refuting the original point made, but is actually arguing a point that wasn't initially made. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man." Sweeping Generalization is applying a general rule to a specific instance (without proper evidence).Generally "you get what you pay for" might be a good rule, but it certainly does not apply to all situations, and attempting to make it fit to all situations without proper consideration (or evidence) is fallacious. Hasty Generalization A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person without considering all of the other facts. Frank is not a good lawyer because it took him two tries to pass the bar exam. This argument regarding a lawyer's skill being determined by the number of times it took the lawyer to pass the bar is a hasty generalization because it is an example of stereotyping (also superstition is shown). Band Wagon These fallacies occur when a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so. Equivocation Fallacy resulting from the use of a particular word/expression in multiple senses throughout an argument leading to a false conclusion. (Trees have barks. All dog barks. Therefore, every dog is a tree.) Genetic Fallacy genetic fallacy is a fallacy of irrelevance that is based solely on someone's or something's history, origin, or source rather than its current meaning or context. Cherry-picking When only select evidence is presented in order to persuade the audience to accept a position, and evidence that would go against the position is withheld. The stronger the withheld evidence, the more fallacious the argument. Ad baculum "appeal to the stick" is the fallacy committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. Tu quoque (also known as: "you too" fallacy, hypocrisy, personal inconsistency) Claiming the argument is flawed by pointing out that the one making the argument is not acting consistently with the claims of the argument. Relativist/subjectavist Fallacy is claiming that something is true for one person but not true for someone else. The fallacy is supposed to rest on the law of noncontradiction. Claiming something is true for one person, but not for someone else when, in fact, it is true for everyone (objective) as demonstrated by empirical evidence. Person 1 claims that Y is true. Person 2 claims that Y is true for some people, but not for everyone (even though empirical evidence demonstrates otherwise). Example #1: Jane: You know, smoking might not be the most healthy habit to start. Terry: Smoking is unhealthy for most people, but not for me. Explanation: Sorry Terry, smoking is unhealthy for everyone -- you are no different. Non Sequitor ("It does not follow") a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement.. Loaded Question Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered without appearing guilty. Embodies an assumption that, if answered, indicates an implied agreement.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. E.g. The land belongs to the crown. (crown = king / queen / royal family / monarchy)

Bloom's Taxonomy

A framework for understanding how humans learn. 6-Create: combining parts to make a new whole. 5-Evaluate: Judging the value of information or ideas. 4-Analyze: Breaking down information into component parts. 3-Apply: Applying the facts, rule, concepts, and ideas. 2-Understand: understanding what the facts mean. 1-Remember: recognizing and recalling facts. cubing: Is a technique for considering a subject from six points of view. Remember it Understand it Apply it Analyze it Evaluate it Create it. (There are 6 letters in cubing) RUAAEC

Stanza

A group of lines in a poem. In poetry, a stanza is a division of four or more lines having a fixed length, meter, or rhyming scheme. ... Both stanzas and paragraphs include connected thoughts, and are set off by a space.

Clauses

A group of words in a sentence that contains a subject and a verb (predicate).

jigsaw

A jigsaw activity is a cooperative small group activity. Each group completes a different part of the assignment, and all groups share their part with the class, creating a composite understanding analogous to solving a puzzle. In the jigsaw discussion method, students first meet in expert groups to conduct an activity, such as reading or discussing a topic. Students then break into new heterogeneous groups, with one representative from each group sharing the expert group information./Each group reads and discusses an informational article about a different topic. The students then form new groups, each of which is made up of one representative from each original group. Students in each new group then take turns sharing what they learned in their original groups. Small group discussion strategy

epic poem romantic poem

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds. Popular examples of epic poems include Paradise Lost, by John Milton, The Iliad and The Odyssey, by Homer. Romantic poetry is one of the heart and the emotions, exploring the 'truth of the imagination' rather than scientific truth. The importance of self-expression and individual feeling. The 'I' voice is central; it is the poet's perceptions and feelings that matter.Examples of romantic poems include Red Red Rose, by Robert Burns. All these poetic forms share specific features, such as they do not follow paragraphs or sentences; they use stanzas and lines instead.

epic poem and romantic poem

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds. Popular examples of epic poems include Paradise Lost, by John Milton, The Iliad and The Odyssey, by Homer. Romantic poetry is one of the heart and the emotions, exploring the 'truth of the imagination' rather than scientific truth. The importance of self-expression and individual feeling. The 'I' voice is central; it is the poet's perceptions and feelings that matter.Examples of romantic poems include Red Red Rose, by Robert Burns. All these poetic forms share specific features, such as they do not follow paragraphs or sentences; they use stanzas and lines instead.

Monologue

A long speech made by one performer discussing his feelings directed to another character onstage.

Foreshadowing

A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.

Caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. It may be a comma, a tick, or two lines, either slashed or upright. In time value this break may vary between the slightest perception of silence all the way up to a full pause.

details that develop/support a main idea

A paragraph contains facts, statements, examples-specifics which guide us to a full understanding of the main idea. RENNS (reasons, examples, names, numbers, senses)

Pindaric Ode

A poem in praise of a remarkable individual; in Pindar, usually a sporting victor, but the form is adapted by English poets to celebrate all kinds of people/events abb acc ddeeff

Vague Pronoun Reference

A pronoun can replace a noun, and its antecedent should be the person, place, or thing to which the pronoun refers. A vague pronoun reference (including words such as it, that, this, and which) can leave the reader confused about what or to whom the pronoun refers. Example 1: Incorrect: When Jonathan finally found his dog, he was so happy. (The dog or Jonathan?) Correct: Jonathan was so happy when he finally found his dog.

Proverbs

A proverb is a simple, concrete, traditional saying that expresses a truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic language. Collectively, they form a genre of folklore.

Motif

A recurring theme, subject, or idea. In a literary work, a motif can be seen as an image, sound, action, or other figure that has a symbolic significance, and contributes toward the development of a theme. Motif and theme are linked in a literary work, but there is a difference between them. In a literary piece, a motif is a recurrent image, idea, or symbol that develops or explains a theme, while a theme is a central idea or message. (the black veil)

Run-On/Fused Sentence (common sentence errors)

A run-on sentence occurs when you connect two main clauses with no punctuation. Example 1: Incorrect: She tried to sneak out of the house her mother saw her leaving. Correct: She tried to sneak out of the house, but her mother saw her leaving.

Satire vs. Realism

A satire criticizes human/society misconduct through humor or irony. Realism presents reality in specific detail - how the world really is.

complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause

concept map

A shape-bound words or phrases radiating from a central figure that represents the main idea or concept. visually illustrates the relationships between concepts and ideas. Often represented in circles or boxes, concepts are linked by words and phrases that explain the connection between the ideas, helping students organize and structure their thoughts to further understand information and discover new relationships. Most concept maps represent a hierarchical structure, with the overall, broad concept first with connected sub-topics, more specific concepts, following. A way to visually organize your understanding of information. It is hierarchical in nature, beginning with the subject or topic at the top or side of the page, and then branching into sub- topics and details. Purpose • Record ideas during reading. • See the relationships among ideas, and distinguish between main ideas and supporting details. A teacher presents a new vocabulary word and its definition to students, who write them down. The students then write down examples and nonexamples of the word, a sentence using the word correctly, and a personal hint. A concept map is a visual organizer that enables students to think about a new vocabulary word in several ways, which helps to deepen understanding and comprehension.

pidgin language

A simplified language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. Began with trade.

rhyme royal

A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines (iambic pentameter), rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Chaucer.

Understatement

A statement that says less than what is meant. Note that understatement is a common feature of the English language used in everyday-life situations. e.g. I know a little about running a company. (a successful businessman might modestly say.)

Semantic Feature Analysis

A strategy that helps teachers focus students' attention on vocabulary and increase their sensitivity to language, technique that can help children understand the uniqueness of a word as well as its relationship to other words. A strategy for categorizing terms by characteristics. Set in columns of characteristics. Rows of words or themes and put a + or - sign if they fall into the column characteristics. Ex: grid of vocabulary and then use a + or - to see what the students know about that word.

proposition-support (informational text)

A text structure that proposes an idea and offers reasons to support the idea.

questioning the author (QTA)

A text-based strategy that invites the reader to interact with the info and build meaning from the content by analyzing the authors purpose.

terza rima

A verse form composed of iambic tercets (3-line grouping). interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. Often end in a single rhyming couplet aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee Dante used this in divine comedy

Extending Vocabulary

A wall, chalkboard or bulletin board listing key words that will appear often in a new unit of study, printed on card stock and taped or pinned to the wall/board, usually organized alphabetically. Purpose • Identify unfamiliar vocabulary and create a visible reference in the classroom for words that will appear often in a topic or unit of study

Regionalism

A word or phrase used by a population in a particular region.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents. e.g. The lion roared.

Spenserian Sonnet

ABAB BCBC CDCD EE

Shakespearean sonnet

ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

to comprehend new vocabulary:

Activate prior knowledge, examining new vocabulary in context, and providing opportunities for students to practice its function using new vocabulary words. Context clues are the syntactic (structural) and semantic (meaning) clues that help readers. Context helps students learn the connotation (implied meanings) of words.

Reading Strategies to support comprehension

Activating prior knowledge; metacognition, predicting (requires students to constantly be aware of what's going on and what the author is foreshadowing) or asking questions; visualizing/organizing (GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS); drawing inferences; determining important ideas; synthesizing information; repairing understanding; confirming; using parts of a book; reflecting

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

allusion vs. illusion

Allusion refers to implying or referring to something, especially in literature. "She's alluding towards the ides of..." Illusion refers to a misleading image, object, or idea that does not exist as it appears

Willa Cather (1873-1947)

American novelist who wrote DEATH COMES FOR THE ARCHBISHOP (1927), My Ántonia (1918), O Pioneers! (1913), The Song of the Lark (1915) Literary movement: Regionalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example (Father) of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Authentic Assessment

An authentic assessment is one that allows students to demonstrate skills in a real-world situation, such as writing an editorial for publication in a newspaper.

split infinitive

An infinitive is the word "to" with a verb. A split infinitive separates the word "to" and the verb with another word (often an adverb). Example 1: Incorrect: She tried to quickly finish the book before she had to leave. Correct: She tried to finish the book quickly before she had to leave.

Book Pass

An instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest. https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plans/teaching-content/book-pass/

self-regulated strategy development (SRSD)

An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modeling a strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until students can use it independently. (annotation)

fishbowl

An interchange between an inner circle debating an issue and an outer circle of observers. Individuals occasionally move from one circle to the other.

Wiki

An online tool for collaboratively creating and editing content.

introduction-body-conclusion strategy (IBC)

An organizational method of ensuring that students have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

anecdote

Anecdotal writing is narrative writing—storytelling, no matter how brief.; a short and interesting story, or an amusing event, often proposed to support or demonstrate some point, and to make the audience laugh. Their primary purpose is to stir up laughter, to disclose a truth in a general way, or to describe a feature of a character in such a way that it becomes humorous, and at the same time gives us a better understanding of the character. Anecdotes may also serve to caution, persuade/inspire, to reminisce, bring cheer. Cautions:Writers tell their readers about the possibilities of future happenings, in case they do not follow particular processes and techniques.

Analytic Rubric

Articulated level of performance for each criterion so the teacher can assess students performance on each criterion. Most detailed feedback for oral presentations. More useful when it comes to highlighting areas of improvement for students.

Credibility of a print or digital source

As a general rule, all .gov websites are credible because they have the weight of governmental institutions behind them. Websites that end in .com and .org are sometimes credible, but sometimes not. In these cases, you need to look at the institution or organization that is producing the information. A private individual does not have the credibility needed for academic work; however, a large, established organization like the American Medical Association or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do. Websites that end in .edu also fall into the category of "sometimes credible." Individual faculty often provide course websites that include information pertinent to classes they teach. These sites may include lecture materials and interpretation of sources. While faculty at a university are reputable, this information does not go through the "peer-review" process discussed earlier. As such, you should be more cautious with it. If at all possible, look for that same information from a peer-reviewed source, rather than a professor's personal .edu source. An extensive bibliography indicates reliability if the sources are peeer reviewed or academic.

A teacher wants to help students improve their visualization skills. Which of the following strategies best meets the goal?

Asking students to describe the setting of a story the teacher read aloud. The teacher asks the students to describe, and thus visualize, the setting.

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

drawing conclusion

Based on the ideas and information that they read from one or more sources. Also, providing a graphic organizer before reading helps students to organize their thinking during reading in order to analyze, make inferences and draw conclusions after reading. Read "in between the lines" and students use the information they know from experience and from the text to draw conclusions. Purpose • Actively use prior knowledge and experiences when reading. • Read and respond to the important concepts and issues in the course, making inferences and drawing conclusions

psychoanalytic criticism theory

Based on the theories of Freud, this criticism centers on the psychology of the characters and analyzes character motivation, behavior and actions. If you can figure out the protagonist's psychology, then you can use that to interpret the text. The theory is also used to analyze the author's state of mind to explain narrative mysteries and develop new concepts.

Harlem Renaissance (1920-1930)

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen

Kairos

Builds a sense of urgency

K-W-L Chart K:What I KNOW W: What I WONDER L: What I LEARNED

Can be used to document: what students know, what they want to know, and what they learned. An effective way of collecting data on students' prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives and the needs of individual students.

The Yellow Wallpaper

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1892, realism

Comedy

Comedy is a literary genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having a cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by creating comic effects, resulting in a happy or successful conclusion. Thus, the purpose of comedy is to amuse the audience. Comedy has multiple sub-genres depending upon the source of the humor, context in which an author delivers dialogues, and delivery methods, which include farce, satire, and burlesque. E.g. A midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare

Which of the following activities best encourages student communication and enhances process writing skills?

Completing a peer review of an assignment using shared online documents. Shared online documents are the most helpful for collaboration, and they focus on the writing process.

Fiction

Comprises some important elements such as plot, exposition, foreshadowing, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution, character, setting, and figurative language. Popular examples of literary fiction include James Joyce's novel A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man, Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. Folklore (fairy tales, fables, myths, legends), Science Fiction (dystopian fiction), Horror fiction (mysteries and thrillers), Realistic fiction, Historical Fiction.

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) to help readers imagine what is being described.

Descriptive issues Prescriptive issues

Descriptive issues address or describe how the world is. For example, "What makes grass grow?" Prescriptive issues deal with the way the world ought to be and often involve moral or ethical concerns such as "We should reduce our carbon footprint." The conclusion is usually the author's answer or solution to the issue.

order of importance

Details build from least important to most important or vice versa

metacognitive awareness- Before reading questions

Developing the plan - what is my purpose for reading? -what do I already know about this topic? -how long do I think it will take for me to read it? Strategies: previewing, set a purpose (use a guiding question or hypothetical situation), make predictions

Antithesis

Direct opposite. Contrast in parallel phrases or clauses. E.g. That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.

ESL/ELL Comfortable environment

Displaying teacher-made posters that depict the characters, settings, and imagery from the novel being discussed. Preparing teacher-made outlines of the chapters and then distribute to the class. Assigning students to text-to-self reflection journal to complete after reading chapters and refer to it during discussions.

Holistic Rubric

Does not list separate levels of performance for each criterion. It assigns a level of performance across multiple criteria as a whole. More efficient as grading tools and more reflective of how writing is assessed and evaluated in the real world.

elegy

Elegy is a form of literature that can be defined as a poem or song in the form of elegiac couplets, written in honor of someone deceased. It typically laments or mourns the death of the individual. elegies are identified by several characteristics of genre: Just like a classical epic, an elegy typically starts with the invocation of the muse, and then proceeds by referencing traditional mythology. It often involves a poet who knows how to phrase thoughts imaginatively in the first person. Questions are raised by the poet about destiny, justice, and fate. The poet associates the events of the deceased with events in his own life by drawing a subtle comparison. This kind of digression gives the poet space to go beyond the main or crude subject to a deeper level where the connotations might be metaphorical. Towards the end, the poet generally tries to provide comfort to ease the pain of the situation. Christian elegies usually proceed from sorrow and misery, to hope and happiness because they say that death is just a hindrance in the way of passing from the mortal state into the eternal state. An elegy is not always based on a plot.

interjections

Expresses strong emotions. Followed by an exclamation point or a comma depending on the strength of emotion. Can fall anywhere in the sentence. Examples: Wow!, Yuck!, Yes, Holy cow!

Ray Bradbury

Fahrenheit 451 (1953); Themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance. Science Fiction genre, Fantasy.

Lack Of Parallel Structure (faulty parallelism) non-parallel structure

Faulty parallelism occurs when two or more parts of a sentence are similar in meaning but not parallel (or grammatically similar) in form. It often occurs with paired constructions and items in a series. Example 1: Incorrect: He wanted to learn more about careers in programming, engineering, biochemist, and research scientist. Correct: He wanted to learn more about careers in programming, engineering, biochemistry, and research science.

haiku poem

Features of Haiku: -Full of metaphors and personifications. -It contains three lines. -It has 5 syllables in the first line, 7 in the second, and 5 in the last line. -It contains 17 syllables in total. -A Haiku poem does not rhyme. -Haiku poems frequently have seasonal references -Haiku poems are usually about nature or natural phenomena. -The poem has two juxtaposed subjects that are divided into two contrasting parts. -In English, this division between two parts can be shown by a colon or a dash.

Most/Least Important Ideas and Info

Find the main idea(s) in text by distinguishing between the most important and least important information. Students will: • become familiar with the text and make judgments about the content. • work collaboratively with a partner - using reading, note taking, and oral strategies - to make sense of the text.

Different genres have different roles.

For example, fiction and dramatic genres help students and writers learn and improve their communication skills. A poetic genre enhances the imaginative and emotional power of the readers. Non-fictional texts and essays help readers develop analytical and persuasive capabilities. However, the major function of genre is to establish a code of behavior between the writers and audience, and keep the readers informed about the topics discussed or the themes presented. Objectives for genre-studies lessons should integrate all levels of Bloom's Taxonomy with they goal of equipping studenets to understand, interpret, discuss, and create works in various genres.

Question-Answer Relationship (QAR)

Four types of questions are examined in the QAR: Right There Questions: Literal questions whose answers can be found in the text. Often the words used in the question are the same words found in the text. Think and Search Questions: Answers are gathered from several parts of the text and put together to make meaning. Author and You: These questions are based on information provided in the text but the student is required to relate it to their own experience. Although the answer does not lie directly in the text, the student must have read it in order to answer the question. On My Own: These questions do not require the student to have read the passage but he/she must use their background or prior knowledge to answer the question.

Jane Austen (1775-1817)

From England; English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Her plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of favorable social standing and economic security. Her use of biting irony, along with her realism and social commentary, have earned her acclaim among critics and scholars. Known for: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice (love, reputation, class, gender, integrity), Mansfield Park. LITERARY MOVEMENT: Realism (Did not conform to Romantic/Victorian sensibilities) The novel of manners is characterized by language using impersonal, standardized formulas; inhibited emotional expression; symbolic representation of some secure, established social order; and descriptions of whichever society it involves, including its defined codes of behavior. Some of the best examples of novels of manners are those by Jane Austen (e.g., Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey (coming-of-age story), Persuasion, etc.).

Inconsistent Verb Tense

General guideline: Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same. "I ate carrots, washed the dishes, and was studying today."

By extension, it came to designate the macabre, mysterious, fantastic, supernatural, and, again, the terrifying, especially the pleasurably terrifying, in literature more generally.

Gothic

graphic organizer

Graphic organizers guide learners' thinking as they fill in and build upon a visual map or diagram. Graphic organizers are some of the most effective visual learning strategies for students and are applied across the curriculum to enhance learning and understanding of subject matter content. In a variety of formats dependant upon the task, graphic organizers facilitate students' learning by helping them identify areas of focus within a broad topic, such as a novel or article. Because they help the learner make connections and structure thinking, students often turn to graphic organizers for writing projects. In addition to helping students organize their thinking and writing process, graphic organizers can act as instructional tools. Teachers can use graphic organizers to illustrate a student's knowledge about a topic or section of text showing areas for improvement.

Phrases

Groups of words without a subject or verb (predicate)

Countee Cullen (1903-1946)

Harlem Renaissance poet, one of the leading African American poets of his time, associated with the generation of black poets of the Harlem Renaissance. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/countee-cullen

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly

Harriet Beecher Stowe

A teacher is having students write expository essays based on research. Which of the following prewriting strategies will best promote precise and focused writing?

Having students practice summarizing a text by writing precise sentences; Summarizing teaches students how to clearly convey messages in precise language.

Which of the following teacher strategies will best help students synthesize multiple sources for a research paper?

Having students use an outline to organize ideas in categories related to each point. An outline is a very effective tool for synthesizing sources when planning a research paper. Synthesizing-or combine elements of several sources—to help you make a point. Think about the connections of sources you've gathered that help you understand the subject a little better, then look for connections in your personal database (prior knowledge). This will help you draw your own conclusions.

A teacher wants to use newspapers with English-language learners at various levels of language acquisition to aid in vocabulary development. Which of the following strategies will best support the goal?

Having students work in pairs to select an article to read and then give a report on it. This activity allows for reading, checks for comprehension, and gives an opportunity for improving language skills in the reporting.

Which of the following teacher strategies is most effective for getting students to engage in small-group discussions about a text?

Having students write answers to preliminary questions and highlight the text. The strategy allows all students to initiate and participate in effective oral communication.

Transitive verbs take an object (lay-to put, raise-to lift, set-to put); intransitive verbs do not and it is an action(lie-to recline, rise-to go up or get up, sit-to be seated).

Hint: the word transitive begins with a T, and it TAKES an object. These intransitive verbs have an i as the second letter and intransitive begins with an I.

source integration

How a resource is used effectively without overwhelming the writer's own voice and ideas. They should support the writer's ideas appropriately without overshadowing them or replacing them altogether. 3 types: quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

A teacher has a class of students who are struggling readers. The teacher is preparing to teach annotation skills to students using informational articles on timely topics. The objective is for students to apply annotation skills in order to gain a more nuanced understanding of current events. Which of the following questions will best guide the teacher in selecting topics to use in the lesson?

How much relevant prior knowledge do students have? Struggling readers often have very limited prior knowledge as a function of their difficulty accessing texts and poor vocabulary base. This makes accessing real-world information a unique challenge because they lack the schema needed to incorporate new information into prior knowledge. Considering how much prior knowledge students will have with any given current event topic will assist the teacher in anticipating how much scaffolding will be necessary. Familiarity with students' prior knowledge will also help the teacher choose which annotation skills will benefit the students most in unlocking the meaning of informational articles and gaining a better understanding of current events.

Venn Diagram

Identifies what is similar and what is different between two topics.

Sonnet

In poetry, a sonnet has 14 lines, and is written in iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables. It has a specific rhyme scheme, and a volta, or a specific turn. English/Shakespearean pattern has three stanzas of 4 lines (called quatrains) ending with a rhyming couplet (a concluding remark).

Structuralism (literary theory)

In literary theory, structuralism challenged the belief that a work of literature reflected a given reality; instead, a text was constituted of linguistic conventions and situated among other texts. Structuralist critics analyzed material by examining underlying structures, such as characterization or plot, and attempted to show how these patterns were universal (repetitive in other texts) and could thus be used to develop general conclusions about both individual works and the systems from which they emerged.

Villanelle

In literature, it is defined as a poetic device that which requires a poem to have 19 lines and a fixed form. It has five stanzas called tercets (first 15 lines), a quatrain (last four lines), and a couplet at the end of the quatrain. Important characteristics: -There is no well-organized meter or fixed numbers of syllables in a villanelle, but it has a set rhyme scheme. Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Media Influence

Refers to the impact media has on an audience's thinking and behavior. Read page 53

APA format

In-text citation: The general rend in.....(Tolman, 1902, p.159). If some citation information is in the text itself: Tolman (1902) called "soft pedagogy"...(p.159). References Page: alphabetized according to authors last name (or first significant word in the title if there's no author)- Tolman, A. (1902). The revival of English grammar. The School Review(italicized), 10(2), 157-165.

Chicago Style

In-text citation: use of footnotes and superscript- The power of the naval....underestimated. "So great was the.....shot."^1 the superscript (^1) would then correspond to a footnote at the bottom of the corresponding page to the quoted material. At the bottom of the page, an entry would appear with the publication information immediately at hand for the reader's convenience- ^1Toll, Ian W. Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (italicized). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006.

MLA format

In-text citations: follow the summary, paraphrase, or quotation- The popularity of fantasy opened up other worlds to readers: "He was a faun. And when he saw...." (Lewis 114). Lewis is authors last name and 114 is page number. If you state the name of the author to introduce the quotation, the parenthetical reference contains only the page number. Works Cited page: alphabetized according to authors last name (or first significant word in the title if there's no author)- Lewis, C.S. The Chronicles of Narnia (italicized). New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Print.

Formative Assessment

Includes both pre-assessment and ongoing assessments to judge what students know at a given point in time and what needs to be done next to help students achieve the standard. Provides information to adjust teaching and learning. Ex. Holding individual writing conferences with students to discuss their drafts. Student self-assessments Written Responses Exit Tickets Questioning Conferencing Observations Rubrics

Making judgements

Increases their understanding by reviewing what they have read, reflecting on what they have learned, and asking questions about the significance. Purpose • Assess different viewpoints or perspectives. • Make judgments about viewpoints or opinions.

Dante Alighieri

Inferno is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. Epic poetry.

self-assessment

Informal assessment Students develop internal standards and compare performance, behaviors, or thoughts to those standards. Reflective note taking, reflection logs, and process folios. Purpose- allows student to engage in reflective learning. Admin- students assess their own academic performance using an age-appropriate checklist of indicators.

Writing conferencing techniques

Informal assessment. Writing Conference helps each student improve his/her writing skills by highlighting individual strengths and honing in on areas of needed improvement. The process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece. Purpose- involves the student in direct feedback to the teacher in a one to one discussion. Admin- often scheduled by teacher at regular intervals to gauge progress in more complex academic behaviors such as reading comprehension.

portfolios

Informal useful self-assessment Purpose- provides evidence of a students academic growth through the collection of work samples. Admin- student and teacher select representative samples of student work display in a binder or other organizer.

Knowledge of the literary context of a text includes recognizing:

Intertextuality; is the influence of other contemporaneous or culturally relevant texts on the text in question.

Literature circles

Is a highly effective exercise in agendas where building relationships is important. Encourages one-on-one communication between students. Reader-response centered, small groups of students gather together to discuss a piece of literature in-depth, guided primarily by student insights and questions. the discussion is guided by the students' responses to what they have read

word web

Is an organizer that can be used for organizing and classifying. Helps students focus on a concept, theme, or topic

metalinguistic awareness

Is the ability to think and talk about language as language. Native speakers generally come by this naturally but still need to be taught. Ex: "can" has two meanings "Nail" has two meanings Example from study guide: The strategy of teaching Ella that words can have multiple meanings

Before students begin Internet research for an informational essay, a teacher recommends that they ask themselves who, what, where, when, and why questions about their topics. Which of the following is a primary benefit of answering these questions?

It helps students to identify keywords to use as search terms. Once the students have selected a broad topic, the questions will help them to identify more manageable subtopics to focus their research on. As students restrict their subtopics to particular points, they generate key words that they can use as search terms.

Repitition

Repeating a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect. e.g. Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! »I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?« she said aloud. [...] Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began talking again. [...]

webbing (concept organizer)

It is a brainstorming method that provides structure for ideas and facts, commonly used as a tool to help begin the writing process or a research assignment. Brainstorming webs provide students with a flexible framework for idea development, organizing and prioritizing information. Typically, major topics or central concepts are at the center of a brainstorming web. Links from the center connect supporting details or ideas with the core concept or topic.

Which of the following characteristics best distinguishes literary nonfiction from informational texts?

It organizes events and information into a chronological story. In literary nonfiction, the author presents events in the sequence in which the events occurred, or chronological order.

Narratology

Looking at the structure of the story and how it's put together (narrator, climax, plot structure, point of view)

Citing an electronic source with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier):

Kuh, G. (1999). How are we doing? Tracking the quality of the undergraduate experience, 1960s to the present. The Review of Higher Education (italicized), 22(2), 99-120. doi: 10.123/rhe.1999.0003

Adjectives

Like adverbs, adjective modify or describe, but they add to the meaning of nouns (FIVE THOUGHTFUL students came to work at the farm) and pronouns only (the idea from the committee proved a SMART one). Any word used to describe a noun or pronoun will be classified as an adjective. (HER dog barks until midnight) A, AND, and, THE are always limiting adjectives Adjectives typically answer the questions: What kind, Which one, How many, How much, Whose?

Emily Dickinson

Literary Content: Romantic Period. Poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

finding signal words

To link ideas and help the reader follow the flow of the information. Purpose • Preview the text structure. • Identify signal words and phrases, and their purposes. • Familiarize students with the organizational pattern of a text.

Exposition

Literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters, conflicts, or other elements of a work to the audience/readers.

Ode

Means to sing or chant; elaborate poem praising or glorifying an event/individual/idea (intellectually and emotionally). are usually rhyming poems with an irregular meter. They are broken into stanzas with ten lines each, sometimes following a rhyming pattern, although rhyme is not required for a poem to be classified as an ode. Usually, odes have three to five stanzas.

Socratic seminars support the development of students' communication skills by allowing them to practice which of the following?

Responding to open-ended questions.A Socratic seminar is a discussion in which students help one another develop an understanding of a text or topic by asking and responding to open-ended questions.

Melodrama

Melodrama is a subgenre of drama, which is an exaggerated form of this genre. Melodramas deal with sensational and romantic topics that appeal to the emotions of the common audience.

characteristics of effective delivery of speech or presentation pg. 113-114

Most important: Purpose and Audience eye contact, body language, tone, bias, conciseness, clarity, visual aids, excitement, confidence, feedback, poise, smile, concentrate on the core message, don't write too much on power points.

British Literature: -Old English Period/Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066 AD) -Medieval Period (1066-1485)/Middle English Period -British Renaissance Period (1484-1660)/British Neoclassical Period -Restoration Period (1660-1798) -British Romantic Period (1785-1830) -Victorian Period (1832-1900) -Modern Era (1900-1945)/British Modernist Period

OEP/ASP-People of this time shared epic poems about courageous heroes; their concern was morality and goodness. Example: Beowulf MP-focus on religion, romance, diversity, and chivalry. Morality plays and folk ballads were popular during this time. Example: Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, More's Utopia, Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, and the morality play Everyman. BRP-included the Elizabethan Age of great English drama and public theatres. People were interested in love and in the nature of human beings. Themes of humanism, religion vs. magic, exploration, math/science/tech, mythology and classic tradition. Emphasizes reason and logic and stresses harmony, stability, and wisdom. Writers: Marlow, Spenser, Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Daniel Defoe, John Dryden, and Jonathan Swift, Milton, Donne, Spenser, Wyatt. RP-comedies of manners, essays, and satires were popular. The period included the Age of Sensibility and is also referred to as the Enlightenment, a title that reflects the cultural emphasis on logic, reason and rules. The Age of Sensibility is also referred to as the Age of Johnson; faith and superstition, to enlighten others, and led to the expansion of many social, economic, and cultural areas including astronomy, politics, and medicine. Also includes the metaphysical poets. British Romantic P- as a reaction to this emphasis on rational thought, this period began. People believed truth was found in nature and unrestrained imaginative experiences. imaginative gothic horror novels. was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe. VP- was a time of social, religious, and economic turmoil. Printing technology was greatly improved and the growing middle class enjoyed the benefits of mass printing in the form of novels and magazines. Elegies were popular. Peace, prosperity, sensibility, self-confidence Major Writers: Dickens' "Great Expectations," Tennyson's "Poems," Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and "Jude the Obscure," and Browning's "Sonnets from the "Portuguese." ME- preferred novels related to social issues in which characters experienced epiphanies. Some novelists played with style by writing in a stream of consciousness. By the late 20th century, novelists became interested in psychology and close observation of human behaviors and relationships. It encouraged the questioning and dismanteling of institutions and concepts that were long thought to be stable (governement, church, social heirarchies). Individualism, age of isolation; Rejection of realistic representation through nature and spirituality. Free verse, stream of consciousness, disconnected images. Realism and disillusionment with World Wars (e.g., W.B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W.H. Auden, Virginia Woolf, T.E. Hulme, James Joyce, Eliot).

Fragments (common sentence errors)

Occurs when a group of words does not have both a subject and a verb as needed to construct a complete sentence or thought.

The Parable of the Sower

Octavia Butler

Metacognition

Often described as thinking about one's thinking; it is also being aware of what one knows and does not know. Students use these skills: -develop a plan of action -maintain/monitor the plan -evaluate the plan -revise the plan Students should be taught these strategies: -Identify what is known and what is not -plan -keep a thought journal -talk about thinking -self-evaluate -debrief (question)

Register

Particular styles of language determined by purpose, audience, and social context

Metaphysical Poets

Philosophical concerns are often the subject of metaphysical poetry. Applied to a group of 17th century poets; chiefly John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell who employed arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, direct manner, caustic humor, keenly felt awareness of mortality and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression. -noted for its play on words and complex ideas about the contradictions of life. uses paradox, puns, and everyday language.

The writing process involves:

Planning/pre-writting (mapping or brainstorming), Drafting (writing and constructing), Revising (moving, cutting, replacing, and adding), Editing (checking grammar and punctuation), and Proofreading (checking the final draft for typos) Publishing

Which of the following teacher strategies best supports a positive environment for a student who is sensitive to criticism on writing assignments?

Pointing out an error by writing a specific question in the margin of the student's paper so the student can identify the meaning of the criticism. This is constructive criticism and allows the student to understand the error in a way that caters to the student's sensitivity.

A teacher is planning to deliver a presentation about MLA formatting to a class that includes an English-language learner (ELL) who is at the intermediate level of language acquisition. Which of the following strategies will best support the ELL's understanding of the presentation?

Providing a handout with labels and explanations of the parts of a citation.Providing a handout with the parts of a citation labeled and explained will aid in the ELL's comprehension of the subject matter.

Mode vs. Tone

Readers experience the mode of a text; while reading, readers respond emotionally to the text and feel the mood. On the other hand, readers simply recognize the author's tone or attitude towards his/her subject as something that exists apart from them.

Realist Perspective

Realists assert that if a text is not about what is actual and verifiable, the reader can not relate to or gain meaningful insight from it.

sentence fragment

Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences that don't have one independent clause. A fragment may lack a subject, a complete verb, or both. Sometimes fragments depend on the proceeding sentence to give it meaning. Example 1: Incorrect: He gave his mother an extravagant gift after the argument. In spite of everything. Correct: In spite of everything, he gave his mother an extravagant gift after the argument.

Horatian Ode

Short lyric poem written in two or four-line stanzas, each with its the same metrical pattern, often addressed to a friend and deal with friendship, love and the practice of poetry. It is named after its creator, Horace. ABABCDECDE

expert opinion

Should have a title or credentials that clearly indicates the expert's knowledge and experience in the topic. -recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that are sometimes the basis of a group's decision-making process

what are the purposes of skimming, scanning, note-taking, using graphic organizers, semantic feature analysis, and pre-reading activities?

Skimming assists students in anticipating what they are about to read and aids them in making predictions. Using graphic organizers is effective in reading questions like (1) identifying the main idea, (2) finding the supporting details, (3) dealing with vocabulary and (4) fact and opinion & (5) making inferences. Note-taking: When you are reading or listening, taking notes helps you concentrate. As listening and reading are interactive tasks, taking notes help you make sense of the text. The semantic feature analysis strategy uses a grid to help kids explore how sets of things are related to one another. By completing and analyzing the grid, students are able to see connections, make predictions and master important concepts. This strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills.

Appalachian English

The Appalachian dialect uses the "a-" prefix and drops the "g" in "-ing" endings. We're a-fixin' to go to the store. Mountain folks

Realism/Realistic Period (1855-1900)

Sought to portray American life as it truly was and emphasized verisimilitude (likeness to life; the appearance of being true or real). This period included Civil War writers, Regionalists, and Naturalists. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Mary Cheestnut, Abraham Lincoln, Fredrick Douglass, Willa Cather, William Faulkner, Jack London, Katee Chopin, John Steinbeck.

students who are using nonverbal communication effectively during a persuasive oral presentation

Student B gestures toward key visual aids that support points. Student E's facial expression conveys concern in regards to the subject matter. (Drawing attention to visual aids can be helpful, especially when used for emphasis. Also, using one's facial expressions can convey emotion and meaning.)

T Chart (descriptive graphic organizer)

Student lists and examines two facets of a topic, like the pros and cons associated with it, its advantages and disadvantages, facts vs. opinions, etc.

Socratic Seminar

Student-led discussions that give all students the chance to share their thoughts about the novel. it also allows students to question the text; engages students in dialogues by responding to open-ended questions with questions, instead of just providing answers. Although it engages higher-order thinking, it can be a time consuming technique. Forces critical thinking and challenges their assumptions.

Learning Stations

Students are put into small groups. There will be stations around the room for the groups to go to. They will discuss at each station.

kinesthetic awareness

Students draw pictures to define the vocabulary words.

As part of a research project, a teacher presents lessons on digital source reliability. Which of the following would best allow the teacher to formatively assess students' understanding of the elements of a reliable source?

Students submit source selections that include rationales that reference source-reliability indicators. Because the assignment is low stakes and provides both the instructor and the students a chance to carefully consider sources, this option maintains the main objectives of formative assessments. The teacher is able to guide students away from problematic sources, but students are required to take a critical look at their own sources and provide a rationale according to lesson material.

A student is outlining the main points and defining the key terms in a chapter of a textbook. Which of the following strategies will most effectively support the student while completing this task?

Text features and text structure are useful for finding main points and key terms within the structure of a textbook.

text structure

Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. This strategy helps students understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects; and/or different views of a topic. 1-Spatial order 2-chronological order/structure 3-Compare and contrast 4-Cause and effect pattern 5-Problem and solution order 6-Description 7-Sequence 8-Argument

The Age of Revolution (1750-1815)

Texts centered on the colonies' quest for independence. The revolutionary period usually refers to writings that are politically motivated, either in support of British rule, in support of American patriotism and independence, or relating to the constitution. Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin

code switching

The ability to modify one's language according to audience and purpose. When teaching students about the importance of code-switching, the teacher should focus on helping students to choose the language style best suited to a task

Subject-Verb Disagreement

The bird, butterfly, and bee, though very different, all possesses the ability to fly.

general midwestern dialect

The coraline accent; Minnesota, Wisconsin. Flat/wide

vernacular language

The dialect, or normal spoken form of language of a specific population. English in the U.S.

peer review

The evaluation of work, with the guidance of a rubric or checklist, by one or more peers. Provides opportunities for students to read and respond to one another's writing. Learn how to gather and respond to feedback on their own work.

Academic writing

The expository/argumentative writing done in academic circles; examples include personal essays, research papers, criticism, analysis, and arguments. Not basic information. Anything written in an academic setting

the steps of the research process in order from first to last:

The first step in the research process is identifying the topic and developing a thesis. The following step is determining keywords and searching for information on the topic. The next step is evaluating the findings and synthesizing the information. The final step is documenting sources and citing references.

Fable

Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales. Intended to teach moral lessons. E.g. The Tortoise and the Hare

Greater pacific dialect (California)

Valley girl

The most important factors to consider when determining the format of a writing piece

The intended audience, the ways in which the audience expects to receive communications, the purpose, and task.

Which of the following best helps determine the credibility of an online research source?

The level of expertise of the source's author; The author's credentials affect the credibility of the source.

West Coast English Dialect

Valley girl; (goes to seattle and washington too)

Discipline-based Inquiry (inductive learning)

The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and investigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning, and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode. Students study example of the content, then make generalizations that lead to an understanding of a rule. RUAAEC

prosody

The range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloud, including rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns

Wrong Word Usage

There are a variety of words and phrases that are commonly confused and misused in sentences. Using them incorrectly can change the meaning of the sentence or simply reflect carelessness on the writer's part. There are hundreds of these commonly confused words, so when in doubt, always check the definition and correct spelling of the word. page 81-83 Example 1: Incorrect: She excepted his offer to drive her home. Correct: She accepted his offer to drive her home.

Subject-verb agreement error

The subject and verb of a sentence must agree with one another in number whether they are singular or plural. If the subject of the sentence is singular, its verb must also be singular; and if the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural. Example 1: Incorrect: An important part of my life have been the people who stood by me. Correct: An important part of my life has been the people who stood by me.

Snob Appeal

The suggestion that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious and glamorous lifestyle.

setting

The time and place of a story, cultural and social norms.

Reader-Response Theory

This approach views "literature" not as an object, like formalism does, but as a dynamic interaction between the text and reader. This theory holds that there are many different ways to interpret the text based on the reader's cultural, religious, economic, etc. background. In other words, readers bring their own thoughts, views, experiences and attitudes to the text and interpret the story through a personal lens. This critical theory is often used to discuss a text in a classroom setting where students are supposed to provide their own insights on the literature read.

Formalism/New Criticism

This approach views each piece of literature that possesses all of its meaning inside the text. Meaning does not exist outside the text. In other words, the history behind the text or its author's biography do not contribute to the text's theme or content. To analyze literature through formalism, you will focus on the style, structure, tone, imagery, etc. You will analyze how certain elements work together to create meaning within a text. Example: Tim O'Brien's story "The Things They Carry" (about his experience in the Vietnam War) is analyzed not by using his biography or history to interpret the story. Instead, you look at all elements inside the work: diction (use of language), character, plot, metaphor, and imagery.

avant-garde

This technique is the opposite of Bandwagon. Advertisers make it seem that the product is so new that you will be the first on the block to have it. The idea is that only super-cool people like you will even know about this product.

Prose

This type of written text is different from poetry in that it has complete sentences organized into paragraphs. Unlike poetry, prose focuses on characters and plot, rather than focusing on sounds. It includes short stories and novels, while fiction and non-fiction are its sub genres. Prose is further categorized into essays, speeches, sermons, and interpretations.

Tragedy

Tragedy is a type of drama that presents a serious subject matter about human suffering and corresponding terrible events in a dignified manner. A. Christopher Marlowe was the first English dramatist worthy of the tradition of Greek tragedy. The characters of his tragedies are the great men of history, who became victims of their own fate. Tamburlaine Doctor Faustus The Jew of Malta Edward III B. William Shakespeare, the most popular of all playwrights, knew the Greek tragedy style well and he used several Greek themes but modified them to his own purpose. He intentionally violates the unity of action and mixes tragic actions with comical. Examples of tragedy written by Shakespeare include: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth Antony and Cleopatra Troilus and Cressida

Summative Assessment

Used at the end of the learning period to check the "sum" of the learning that has taken place. Ex. State Assessments, Chapter Tests, Semesters Exams End of unit tests Final Exams Culminating Projects Portfolios

building background

Using connections in a student background.

Which of the following strategies should a teacher model and then have students practice to help them with their sentence fluency?

Using examples of previously written sentences to try to form similar structures in an essay.

Post-Colonial Criticism

Using this critical method, you will analyze issues that are caused by centuries colonialism, like England's economic role in India and Africa in the 1800 and 1900s. This theory includes the dynamics of racism and Third World politics. If you applied this theory to "The Things They Carried," you would research Vietnam as a former colony of France and how/why the United States, as a powerful and wealthy country, became involved in a civil war there.

An English-language learner who recently joined a class is attentive but has not spoken at all in English. Which of the following strategies for oral language development is most appropriate for a student in the beginning level of English language proficiency?

Using visuals and having the student point to pictures or act out vocabulary In the preproduction stage of language acquisition, when students are not speaking any English yet, this strategy will help build vocabulary without pushing them outside their comfort zone by asking them to verbalize what they understand.

Which of the following strategies should students use when delivering a speech to best engage the audience?

Varying tone and emphasizing key words to alert the audience to important information. Changing vocal tone to stress key words is an effective way to engage the interest of the audience.

Linking verbs

Verbs that don't show action. They link the subject to words or groups of words that identify or describe the subject. Examples: grew (large), tasted (delicious). look on page 62

Turabian Style

Very similar to Chicago style.The difference between them is that readers of Chicago style articles may have to reference other materials to fully understand what he/she is reading. The reader of Turabian style will find stand-alone information within the text itself. Overall, it's more comprehensive. (read page 105 for example of in-text citation) Bibliography Page: Hoekema, Anthony A. "Reformed Perspective." In (Five Views on Sanctification -italicized), ed. Stanley N. Gundry, 59-90. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987.

Vocabulary Development with a Concept Definition Map

What is it?(big idea) What is it like?(characteristics) examples? (Allows students to construct definitions instead of just memorizing them) Regular concept map: A concept map is a visual organizer that can enrich students' understanding of a new concept. Using a graphic organizer, students think about the concept in several ways. Most concept map organizers engage students in answering questions such as, "What is it? What is it like? What are some examples?" Concept maps deepen understanding and comprehension.

epitaph

When somebody from our family, or a friend dies, we want to commemorate his or her memory. For this, we use an epitaph, which is a brief writing or saying inscribed on a grave. Generally, it is a brief composition, having figurative sense in a verse or in prose form, written to pay tribute to a deceased person, or to remember a past event.

gain attention of the audience by

addressing them directly

Stephen Crane (1871-1900)

Writer who introduced grim realism to the American novel. He wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. His major work, The Red Badge of Courage (1895) is a psychological study of a Civil War soldier. Crane had never been near a war when he wrote it, but later he was a reporter in the Spanish-American War. Wrote The Open Boat (1897).

The Romantic Period (1800-1865) Transcendental Period (1830-1865)

Writers placed an emphasis on the power of imagination, the celebration of individualism, and a love of nature in an effort to break away from British literary traditions. Romantic themes often involve the death of a person in the throes of some great passion, the obsessive nature of a man or woman in love, or excessive grief one feels upon the loss of a loved one. A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. Henry David Thoreau American Renaissance: The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Trancendentalist movement including Whitman, Hawthorne, and Melville. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. A literary explosion during the 1840s inspired in part by Emerson's ideas on the liberation of the individual.

figurative language

Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. Short stories, in particular, rely heavily on figurative language -- such as similes, metaphors, hyperbole, and personification -- to make the characters and storylines come alive in the reader's mind.

Wordsplash/wordcloud

Writing several words on a piece of paper that are related in some way. They can be key words for a lesson and be used to introduce the lesson. Students can categorize the words or use them to write sentences.

encyclopedia

a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject and typically arranged alphabetically. Encyclopedia of philosophy. Encyclopedias provide a wealth of factual and biographical information about significant people throughout history.

Synecdoche

a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. e.g. Turning our long boat round [...] on the last morning required all hands on deck ... (hands = people)

Irony

a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. (saying "Good job" to someone who dropped their tray). It may also be a situation that ends up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated, called situational irony. (A fire station burns down. -This is unexpected because one would assume the fire chief would keep his own building safe.)

foil

a foil is a character that shows qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of another character.

Diagnostic Assessment

a form of pre-assessment that allows a teacher to determine students' individual strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction. It is primarily used to diagnose student difficulties and to guide lesson and curriculum planning. Initial writing prompts KWL charts Running Records Informal Reading Assessments Pre-tests Surveys Journals

Idiom

a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g., rain cats and dogs, see the light ).Before the movie began, I told the student to "hit the lights".

limerick poem

a humorous, frequently bawdy, verse of three long and two short lines rhyming aabba

mood

a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions.

Jargon

a literary term; the use of specific phrases and words in a particular situation, profession, or trade. These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. His novel THE GREAT GATSBY (1924) is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. The American Dream is destructive.

Ballad

a poem or song narrating a story in 4 stanzas and the rhyme scheme of ABCB (this can vary depending on the geographical origin). Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture. Ballads became especially popular in the Romantic movement of the eighteenth century with poets such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats.

affix 1-prefix 2-suffix

a prefix or suffix 1-beginning of a word 2-word ending

dictionary

a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them. Especially useful for ELLs. Writers should consult dictionaries for pronunciations, spelling, definitions, comparatives, superlatives, word origin, and syllabication.

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions and comma

folklore/folktale

a set of cultural beliefs and stories of a particular people, which are passed down through the generations. It comes in many forms including fables, fairy tales, myths, and legends.

Categorical Order (informational text)

allows the writer to explain one large group as a collection of subgroups

John Keats

an English Romantic poet in the 19th century. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Ode on a Grecian Urn (1820), To Autumn (1820)

sequential order (informational texts)

an arrangement of events in the order in which they occur, either in consecutive or logical order; before, in the beginning, to start, first, next, during, after, then, finally, last, in the middle, in the end

concentric circles

an effective way to encourage one-on-one communication between students. http://www.theteachertoolkit.com/index.php/tool/inside-outside-circles

vignette

a short, descriptive literary sketch; a small impressionistic scene, an illustration, a descriptive passage, a short essay, a fiction or nonfiction work focusing on one particular moment; or giving an impression about an idea, character, setting, mood, aspect, or object. Vignette is neither a plot nor a full narrative description, but a carefully crafted verbal sketch that might be part of some larger work, or a complete description in itself.

Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet

a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd

Creole language

a stable natural language developed (with grammatical rules) from the mixing of parent languages. A creole is an advanced form of a pidgin that is spoken as a native language. So if two languages mix, it forms a pidgin. When new generations of speakers learn this as their first language, it is now a creole.

satire

a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society, by using humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles. A writer in a satire uses fictional characters, which stand for real people, to expose and condemn their corruption. E.g. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (by Mark Twain), The Rape of the Lock (By Alexander Pope), Gulliver Travels (By Jonathan Swift)

Whole Language instruction

a way to teach reading that emphasizes understanding the meaning of words from the context in which they appear; an educational philosophy that teaches children to read by using strategies that show how language is a system of parts that work together to create meaning.

Misplaced Or Dangling Modifier

a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies or describes. Sentences with this error can sound awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Example 1: Incorrect: While walking on the sidewalk, Mary found a sparkly girl's bracelet. Correct: While walking on the sidewalk, Mary found a girl's sparkly bracelet.

research-based strategies for teaching reading

activating prior knowledge, modeling metacognitive practices, word study (pre-teach unknown vocab terms before reading) Scaffolding reading instruction models work for students who have demonstrated difficulties in reading comprehension. Involves a variety of teaching methods depending on the needs of the students and available resources. The phrase originates with the image of physical scaffolding - supportive structures designed to assist in the construction of a building. Similarly, scaffolding reading instruction is a means by which teachers can support a student as they develop fundamental reading skills, one by one. When teachers scaffold reading instruction, they break the reading activity down into smaller parts in order to facilitate comprehension. This can be done by focusing on context-based vocabulary, using graphic organizers, small group instruction, or by introducing background information. Once assistance in an area is no longer needed, the 'scaffolding,' or assistance, is removed, allowing the student to continue building more advanced skills on their own.

innuendo

can be defined as an indirect or a subtle observation about a thing or a person. Most often innuendos are veiled hints or allusions to immoral, sexual, or impolite comments. Innuendos provide speakers and writers with ways of saying things without actually saying it. Example:For an example of innuendo in prose, read this excerpt from Cassandra Clare's City of Bones: "The rat, huddled in the hollow of her palms, squeaked glumly. Delighted, she hugged him to her chest. "Oh poor baby," she crooned, almost as if he really were a pet. "Poor Simon, it'll be fine, I promise-" "I wouldn't feel too sorry for him," Jace said. "That's probably the closest he's ever gotten to second base." "Shutup!" Clary glared at Jace furiously, but she did loosen her grip on the rat." In this example, "second base" is a dirty innuendo. As if the rat were a man, Clary loosens her grip on the rat, showing that she is embarrassed by her friend's sexual joke. E.g. Hard Times (By Charles Dickens), The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (By T. S. Eliot), Oliver Twist (By Charles Dickens)

Differentiated instruction

can transform the language acquisition process from one that is rigid and unchanging to one that responds to individual student needs so that everyone can thrive. page 91 for list of techniques

text leveling

complexity of text as determined by quantitative measures, qualitative measures, and reader and task considerations. Qualitative measures are text attributes that can only be evaluated by a human reader. These include factors such as the author's purpose, the levels of meaning, structure of the text, language conventions, language clarity, knowledge demands, and the complexity and importance of visual devices. Quantitative measures are statistical measurements of text. These include factors such as average sentence length, number of syllables per word, and the total number of different words.

A primary purpose of an analytical essay is to

critique and respond to a text. An analytical essay is a critique of and an argument-based response to a specific text.

1-open learning

describes instructional systems that are under the control of the learner. a way of studying that allows people to learn where and when they want, and to receive and send written work by mail or email: Distance learning is a form of open learning in which tutors and learners are separated by geographical distance.

didactic poetry

didactic poetry separately refers to poems that contain a clear moral, message, or purpose to convey to its readers. John Milton's epic Paradise Lost and Alexander Pope's An Essay on Man are famous examples.

open form poetry

does not have restrictions; unique arrangements of words and lines that flow naturally or communicate a particular feeling; use lengths of lines to emphasize ideas

Card Stacking

emphasizing one side of an argument and repressing another. Telling half-truths to sell an idea or product.

Bandwagon

encourages people to join in a group and work together because everyone else is doing it.

Prefix

endo- inner hyper- over/above ambi- both dis- not, opposite of ecto-/ex- outer omni- every/all

Hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally; figure of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. E.g. I was so hungry, I could eat an elephant.

Fantasy

features mythical creatures like elves, fairies, dragons, etc. and magic can be an important component of a fantasy story, There are many elements in fantasy that are missing in fairy tales: Fantasy does not always have a straightforward moral message Fantasy is often concerned with an epic or saga not a single contained story Fantasy settings do not usually take place on a magical version of Earth, but on fantastical realms outside of it (think Middle-Earth, Narnia, or Earth-Sea) Fantasy stories often have deep histories, genealogies, and/or cultures attributed to characters, creatures, and peoples within their worlds Fantasy is often concerned with conflicts and stories that impact the whole of a civilization or world within the story rather than localized events (i.e. Cinderella's conflict with her stepmother and the fate of her status versus Frodo's conflict with Sauron and the fate of Middle-Earth)

Denotation

generally defined as literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings.

Planning oral communication exercise:

he/she must know the objective of the lesson, choose an appropriate and relevant topic for discussion, decide on a format (debate, speech, discussion, one-on-one, small group, whole class, think-pair-share, Socratic seminars), define appropriate student behavior, and determine accountability measures.

literal and figurative meanings of an informational text

https://macmillanmh.com/ccssreading/imagineit/grade6/ccslh_g6_ri_2_2b.html

muse

implies inspiration

plain folks appeal

implies that ordinary people are on "our side/just like them" or that a candidate is like an ordinary person

Hamlet was written

in Denmark during the Late Middle Ages

Rising Action/inciting incident

inciting incident introduces the antagonist and established the conflict. In a plot, rising action is a series of relevant incidents that create suspense, interest, and tension in a narrative. In literary works, a rising action includes all decisions, characters' flaws, and background circumstances that together create turns and twists leading to a climax.

realistic fiction

includes stories that are meant to be relatable for readers. Authors strive to create a degree of verisimilitude in their writing. Ex. The fault in our stars

technical and non-technical language in an informative text provides

insight into the author's intended purpose and audience.

Critical Thinking

involves asking questions about the quality of reasoning or the validity of a belief or an assumption. Rather than accepting information as necessarily true, students should be taught to ask questions and to formulate responses to arguments presented in any text.

Round Robin

is a brainstorming strategy where students are situated around a table in an academic discussion. Like other brainstorming sessions, students generate ideas on a specific topic or question. However, with this strategy, there is equal participation among students as well as multiple discussions taking place.

Analytical thinking

is a critical component of visual thinking that gives one the ability to solve problems quickly and effectively. It involves a methodical step-by-step approach to thinking that allows you to break down complex problems into single and manageable components. Analytical thinking is examining the parts of something to see how they contribute to the whole

mysteries and thrillers

is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown. May also arouse fear or paranoia, tend to be fast-paced and outcome-driven. They also tend to focus on human behavior or relationships.

non-fiction

is a genre of prose writing that is defined by the use of information that is, to the best of the author's knowledge, true and accurate. Nonfiction texts are written to inform, to reflect, and to entertain. Sometimes, non-fiction may tell a story, like an autobiography, or sometimes it may convey information to readers. Other examples include biographies, diaries, memoirs, journals, fantasies, mysteries, and romances, literary nonfiction/creative nonfiction, speech, essay, news article. Students should pay particular attention to voice and tone, texts structures, and thoughts and ideas.

thematic atlas

is a map that focuses on a specific theme or subject area. ... Thematic maps emphasize spatial variation of one or a small number of geographic distributions. These distributions may be physical phenomena such as climate or human characteristics such as population density and health issues.

Cliché

is a saying, image, character, or idea which has been used so much that it sounds terribly uncreative. A cliché may also refer to actions and events that are predictable because of some previous events. Writers of poetry should avoid using clichés because overused words and terms spoil the unique aspect of the poem.

Testimonial/Endorsement

is a statement about the quality or value of a person, idea, or thing. Uses a celebrity or someone with a good reputation making a claim; attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea

historical fiction

is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting. Example Charles Dickens "A Tale of Two Cities"

anticipation guide

is a strategy that is used before reading to activate students' prior knowledge and build curiosity about a new topic. Before reading a selection, students respond to several statements that challenge or support their preconceived ideas about key concepts in the text. Ex: a teacher prepares a list of statements about what constitutes a tragedy, and asks students to indicate whether they agree or disagree with each statement. After reading the play, the class will discuss what their misconceptions were and how they have revised their thinking. Purpose • Help students to activate their prior knowledge and experience and think about the ideas they will be reading. • Encourage students to make a personal connection with a topic or unit of work so that they can integrate new knowledge with their background experience and prior knowledge.

Previewing a Text

is a strategy that readers use to recall prior knowledge and set a purpose for reading. It calls for readers to skim a text before reading, looking for various features and information that will help as they return to read it in detail later. Previewing a text involves taking time to identify the author, genre, general subject matter of the work, reading heading and chapter titles, examining related graphics, researching the author and the context of the work, and anticipating the author's purpose.

myth

is a traditional narrative. Stories, often involving gods, demigods, or supernatural humans, that attempt to explain certain practices or phenomena. They play a fundamental role in society. Ex. Poseidon: Natural disasters still leave us flummoxed, even today. So, how could earthquakes be explained in ancient times? An angry god who shook the earth is one way.

biography

is a written account of another person's life.

simple subject

is just one word, without any modifiers, usually a noun or pronoun example: Kate is a thin girl.

compound subject

is made up of more than one subject element. example: Paul and Tommy joined the soccer team at the same time.

Climax

is that particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point. It is a structural part of a plot, and is at times referred to as a "crisis." It is a decisive moment or a turning point in a storyline.

drama

is the genre of literature that's subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.

didactic teaching

is the pedagogy of instruction and immutable facts, of authority and telling, and of right and wrong answers - it is teacher-centered and values learners who sit still and listen quietly and attentively, passively accepting the teacher as the knower and expert, both the source of knowledge and judge-jury of knowing. involves the teacher lecturing or asking questions while students passively receive information.

complete subject

is the simple subject plus all modifiers. example: Jeffrey's poem about his mother made the class cry.

Sociolinguistics and why it's important

is the study of language and its relation to society and culture. Important: Sociocultural factors determine language policy (what a government does to regulate what languages are spoken and where and when in a country), regional and social dialect (varieties of a language that people in a certain region or social group speak)

Colloquialism

is the use of informal words, phrases, or even slang in a piece of writing. They tend to sneak in as writers, being part of a society, are influenced by the way people speak in that society. Naturally, they are bound to add colloquial expressions to their vocabulary. However, writers use such expressions intentionally too, as it gives their works a sense of realism. For instance, in a fiction story depicting American society, a greeting "what's up?" between friends will seem more real and appropriate than the formal "How are you?" or "How do you do?" Bamboozle - to deceive Bo bananas, or go nuts - go insane or be very angry Wanna - want to Gonna - going to Y'all - you all Be blue - to be sad Buzz off - go away

Characterization/Character Development

is used step-by-step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story. It is in the initial stage in which the writer introduces the character with noticeable emergence. After introducing the character, the writer often talks about his behavior; then, as the story progresses, the thought-processes of the character. The next stage involves the character expressing his opinions and ideas, and getting into conversations with the rest of the characters. The final part shows how others in the story respond to the character's personality. Authors can use 2 approaches to deliver information about a character & build an image of it: -Direct or explicit characterization This kind of characterization takes a direct approach towards building the character. It uses another character, narrator, or the protagonist himself to tell the readers or audience about the subject. -Indirect or implicit characterization This is a more subtle way of introducing the character to the audience. The audience has to deduce for themselves the characteristics of the character by observing his/her thought process, behavior, speech, way of talking, appearance, and manner of communication with other characters, as well as by discerning the response of other characters. Remember STEAL: Speech, Thoughts, Effect of others toward the character, Actions, Looks E.g. The Great Gatsby (By F. Scott Fitzgerald)

Literary Theory

is using a set of principles or a system of ideas to interpret literature from a unique angle. page 37

Zeugma/Syllepsis

literary device that uses one word to refer to two or more different things, in more than one way; will either confuse the reader or inspire them to think more deeply. "Yet time and her aunt moved slowly-and her patience and her ideas were nearly worn our before the tete-a-tete was over." - Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen "They tugged and tore at each other's hair and clothes, punched and scratched each other's nose, and covered themselves with dust and glory." - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain All over Ireland the farmers grew potatoes, barley, and bored.

didactic literature

literature (verse or prose) intended to instruct or educate

Resolution

means the unfolding or solution of a complicated issue in a story. Technically, resolution is also known as a "denouement."

Performance-based assessment

measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. Typically, the task challenges students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process.

free form poetry/free verse

no specific rules of rhyme, meter, or length.

simple sentence

one independent clause. must have subject and verb.

fairy tale

or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures such as elves, usually for children. Ex. Cinderella, Ugly Duckling

unethical research practices

page 103

concrete poem

poetry in which the poet's intent is conveyed by graphic patterns of letters, words, or symbols rather than by the meaning of words in conventional arrangement. ... Max Bill and Eugen Gomringer were among the early practitioners of concrete poetry.

Glittering Generalities

positive connotations; Using emotionally appealing but vague words associated with highly valued concepts and beliefs i.e.: love of country; home; peace; freedom; glory; honor..."Woah it sounds really good. If they say it's beautiful, then it must be!"

To encourage note taking as a means of promoting active listening during a slide-show presentation, a teacher should

provide a minimal outline for students to fill in the missing information. Having students fill in the information forces them to actively listen and take notes if they want a complete outline to study later.

Hypophora

raising a question then proceeding to answer it. E.g. Why is it better to love than be loved? It is surer.

Responsive teaching means

recognizing the unique backgrounds, strengths, and needs of each student and being able to differentiate instruction and assessment in a way that allows each student to fulfill his/her potential.

Connotation

refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. For instance, "Wall Street" literally means a street situated in Lower Manhattan, but connotatively it refers to wealth and power. ;is an important aspect of poetry because it combines the dictionary meaning of a word with the experience of the poet and the experience of the reader. The emotional meaning.

Recipricol teaching

refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: question generating, clarifying (the meaning of unfamiliar words), summarizing (finding the main idea), and predicting. It's designed to improve reading comprehension.

Coherence

refers to the logical progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs. It is important to write as clearly as possible to allow the reader to follow the logical and progress of the text. page 99 Overwriting is the biggest detriment to coherence.

To be designated as literary text--literature--a text must

reflect some universal aspect of life.

scoring rubrics

rules that are used to determine the quality of a student's performance. Students understand what is expected of them in an assignment.

prepositions

set up relationships in time (AFTER the party) or space (UNDER the cushion) within a sentence. A preposition will always function as part of a prepositional phrase-the preposition along with the object of the preposition which answers WHAT? about the preposition. If the word is standing alone, it's likely an adverb (She hid UNDERNEATH.) PAGE 64-65 Its function is to show the relationship between an object and another word. A phrase that contains a noun and is used to modify another word in a sentence.

epilogue

short speech spoken directly at the audience at the conclusion of dramatic work. An epilogue is most commonly an anecdotal reflection on the happenings and plot of a novel and is most commonly accomplished through a narrative style of writing.

Analyzing Features of a Text

students go beyond previewing to examine and analyze a textbook and determine how the features will help them to find and use the information for learning. Familiarize students with the main features of the texts they will be using in the classroom, so that they can find and use information more efficiently. Purpose: • Identify patterns in longer texts. • Create a template that describes the main features of the texts, and post it in the classroom so that students can refer to it.

Diction

style of speaking or writing, determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer. Diction often separates good writing from bad writing. Formal diction - formal words are used in formal situations, such as press conferences and presentations. Informal diction - uses informal words and conversation, such as writing or talking to friends. Colloquial diction - uses words common in everyday speech, which may be different in different regions or communities. Slang diction - is the use of words that are newly coined, or even impolite

A student is preparing a digital slide show presentation to accompany a persuasive speech. To most effectively reinforce the claim, the slides should

summarize the evidence; Since the goal is to reinforce the claim, the most important supporting evidence will be most effective to include.

Rhetorical support 1-Ethos 2-Logos 3-Pathos

support generalizations, claims, and arguments with examples, details, and other evidence. (logos, pathos, ethos) 1-credibility, reliability, tone/style to convey authority 2-Appeal to logic, reason, facts 3-Appeal to emotion

Adverbs

take on a modifying or describing role. These parts of speech describe the verb (he QUICKLY ran to the house) adjectives (her VERY effective speech earned her a new job.), other adverbs (several puppies arrived RATHER happily after they had eaten dog treats), and entire sentences (INSTEAD, the owner kept his shop). Adverbs typically answer the questions: Where, When, Why, How, How often, To what extent, Under what condition?

Predicate

tells what the subject is or does. The predicate expresses action or being within the sentence. The simple predicate contains the verb and can also contain modifying words, phrases, or clauses. A simple predicate is the basic word or words that explain what specific action the subject of the sentence is doing. The man / builds a house.

literacy skills to support active reading

text-to-self/world/text, predictions, summarizing, visualizing, making connections between what they know and what they are learning/experiencing, set a purpose for reading, textual evidence

American Colonial period (1620-1750):

texts about the early colonists, who wrote about exploration, Native American relations, religion, life after death, and life in the New World. Colonial writers: William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, Jonathan Edwards, Olaudah Equiano

style

the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work; in writing can be defined as the way (mode of expression) a writer writes. It is the technique that an individual author uses in his writing. It varies from author to author, and depends upon one's syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be described as a "voice" that readers listen to when they read the work of a writer. Expository or Argumentative writing style is a subject-oriented style. The focus of the writer for Expository style is to tell the readers about a specific subject or topic, and in the end the author leaves out his own opinion about that topic. The ultimate aim argumentative essay is always to convince or persuade a given group of audience to understand the other side of the argument to support a new belief or idea and leaves out his own opinion. Heavily relies on logical reasoning, supporting evidence, and involves disproving/countering opposing arguments. Argumentative research papers are considered academic writing. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests. Examples: Textbooks How-to articles Recipes News stories (not editorials or Op-Eds) Business, technical, or scientific writing Descriptive writing style: It is a style of writing that focuses on describing or painting a picture in words of a character, an event, or a place in great detail. The author might employ metaphor or other literary devices in order to describe the author's impressions via their five senses (what they hear, see, smell, taste, or touch). But the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene - merely describe things as they are. Examples: Poetry Journal/diary writing Descriptions of Nature Fictional novels or plays Persuasive style: the writer tries to give reasons and justification to convince the readers to believe/agree with his point of view. Does no rely as heavily on logical reasoning and evidentiary support. It relies on rhetoric, language chosen specifically for its effect to persuade and convince the readers. Contains opinions and bias. Examples: Cover letters Op-Eds and Editorial newspaper articles (intended to be read by a large audience) Reviews of items Letters of complaint Advertisements Letters of recommendation Narrative writing is used in almost every longer piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfiction. Authors are not just trying to impart information, they are trying to construct and communicate a story, complete with characters, conflict, and settings. Examples: Oral histories Novels/Novellas Poetry (especially epic sagas or poems) Short Stories Anecdotes Biographies Informative/Explanatory Writing: requires you to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately. The purpose of this type of writing is to demonstrate comprehension of a topic, concept, process, or procedure; to educate the reader.

Writing task is

the individual writing assignment

Dialect/Slang

the language used by the people of a specific area, class, district, or any other group of people. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them. Ex. Southern English, African American English, or standard English.

Amplification

the repetition of a word or expression for emphasis.

Anaphora and Epiphora/epistrophe/antistrophe -Symploce is a combination of both

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. E.g. Every child must be taught these principles. Every citizen must uphold them. And every immigrant, by embracing these ideals, makes our country more, not less, American. whereas in an epiphora repetition happens in the last part of successive clauses and sentences. Epiphora also is known as epistrophe, is a stylistic device in which a word or a phrase is reiterated at the ends of successive clauses. Examples of epiphora are found in literary pieces, debates, and persuasive writing.

Parallelism

the similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. e.g. We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interest, and teach us what it means to be citizens.

Symbolism

the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.

voice

the voice expresses the narrator or author's emotions, attitude, tone and point of view through artful, well thought out use of word choice and diction.

dichotomous thinking

thinking in which things are perceived as "either/or"—for example, "good or bad," "big or small," "right or wrong." In argumentation, it's considered fallacious because it simplifies a complex problem to the degree that only two options are possible. Readers are led to believe that there are no other options.

Infinitive

to + verb

Juxtaposition

two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem, for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts. e.g. John Milton's Paradise Lost, Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet

Using colons

used to show a relationship between two clauses and, moreover, to highlight the information contained in the second clause (usually a list, definition, or clarification). The clause preceding the colon must be an independent clause; the clause that follows doesn't have to be.

blank verse

verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter. Paradise Lost by John Milton

Anne Frank

wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany.

New Historicism criticism

you research the historical time period and discuss the work within its historical context. This theory looks at the social and cultural makeup of a certain era and the ideas and values that define that era. The text serves as a "retelling of history" and, if viewed as a historical document, can supply a radically different viewpoint than what is commonly known about an event, era and/or person.

Three Cueing Systems for Reading

~ working together like 3 gears 1) semantics [meaning] -using background knowledge, context clues, picture cues -does it make sense 2) syntactic [structure] -using knowledge of language patterns ~ does it sound right 3) Grapho-phonics [visual] -using letter-sound relationships and visual information in print ~ does it look right