Praxis Exam: School Counseling and Guidance

Implications of Language Development during Early Childhood (2-6 years)

-Read age-appropriate storybooks. -Give tactful/corrective feedback. -Work on simple listening. -Ask follow-up questions to check for understanding. -Ask children to construct narratives about recent events.

What areas of development are appropriate for classroom guidance from the counselor?

-Skill Acquisition (listening, self assessment, student, interpersonal) -Prevention Programming (enhancing academic performance, counter cultural oppression, conflict resolution, coping skills) -Information Dissemination (drugs/alcohol, sexuality, careers, personal safety, relationships) -Affective Development (self esteem, learning about feelings, expressing feelings). -Group Dynamics (value of team work).

Define "Reflecting"

Communicating empathy. Neither adding to nor subtracting from clients messages. Communicating back to the clients the main meaning of their message. Reflecting client's feelings (verbally and nonverbally). Checking with the client to see if the counselor's reflection is accurate.

Name and describe Piaget's third level of development

Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years) Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes: -During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events -They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example -Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete -Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle

Group Leadership Style: Confrontive leadership style

Confrontive leadership style The facilitator reveals the impact that his behavior has on himself as well as the impact that other group members have on him.

What are the different types of validity?

Content-Related (appropriate content): -Face/Content Validity: does the test appear to test what it aims to test? -Construct Validity: does the test relate to underlying theoretical concepts? Criterion-Related (relationship to other measures) -Concurrent Validity: does the test relate to an existing similar measure? -Predictive/Criterion Validity: does the test predict later performance on a related criterion?

Concurrent Validity is...

Correlates with other test.

Criterion Validity is...

Correlation with the standards

Group Leadership Style: Democratic approach

Democratic approach allows input from members but allows group members to have input into their decisions. This is generally the best style.

Discriminant Validity is...

Doesn't measure what it shouldn't.

What are the six types of student transitions?

Home - School School - School School - Work Referral from one specialist/agency to another. Seeking placement in a different program Return to school from residential treatment or special program.

Describe Erikson's 3rd Period of Life (Preschool)

Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years) -Important Events: Exploration -Outcome: Purpose -Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

Describe Erikson's 6th Period of Life (Young Adulthood)

Intimacy vs Isolation (19 - 40 years) -Important Events: Relationships -Outcomes: Love -Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Define "Prejudice"

Maintaining incorrect conscious or unconscious attitudes, feelings, and beliefs about a cultural group as inferior or unacceptable.

A group process is...

One that has a trained counselor or facilitator who can lead the group in accomplishing personal growth.

What are the mandatory elements of an IEP?

Performance Assessment Goals and Objectives Service and Participation Transition Services Timeline of Services Criteria for Measuring Success

Convergent Validity is...

Simultaneous measure of same construct correlate.

Theories of Intelligence: Cattell-Horn-Carroll's Theory of Cognitive Abilities

The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence. Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger. Carroll's three-stratum theory presented three levels of cognition: narrow abilities (stratum I), broad abilities (stratum II) and general abilities (stratum III).

Define useful and nonuseful counselor responses.

Useful: facilitate clients moving to deeper level of exploration, understanding, and feeling about their experience. Nonuseful: detract or distract from client's experience, remaining superficial, and limiting or discouraging exploration, understanding, and feelings about their experiences.

What is the counselor's role serving students with exceptionalities under IDEA?

*Help develop and implement IEP *Be part of collaborative team *Provide transition services. Help special education teachers assess student needs and develop effective strategies. Help parents adjust to the challenges of nurturing and caring for children. Counsel students with exceptionalities to help them develop to their full potential. Know/understand state and federal laws

Language Development during Late Adolescence (14-18 years)

-Acquisition of academic terms. -Subtle refinements in grammar. -Mastery of connectives (although, however). -General ability to understand figurative language (metaphors, proverbs, hyperbole).

Implications of Language Development during Early Adolescence (10-14 years)

-Begin to use the terminology used by experts. -Use classroom debates to explore controversial issues. -Present proverbs and have children consider underlying meanings. -Explore the nature of words and language as entities in and of themselves.

Name the 9 Leadership Responsibilities

-Communication -Active listening -Questioning -Interpreting -Modeling appropriate behavior -Problem solving -Linking -Assigning homework -Reviewing and summarizing

Implications of Language Development during Late Adolescence (14-18 years)

-Consistently use academic terminology. -Distinguish between similar abstract words (ex: weather and climate). -Explore complex syntactic structures. -Consider underlying meanings in poetry and fiction. -Encourage English language learners to use English in informal conversations and creative writing.

Implications of Language Development during Infancy (Birth - 2 years)

-Engage infants in simplified/animated conversations. -Label/describe objects. -Teach hand signs. -Ask simple questions. -Repeat and expand on children's early sentences.

Name the 6 Leadership Tasks

-Establish and maintain necessary discipline. -Keep the group on task -Enforce group rules -Protect group members -Encourage full participation -Moving the group in the direction of the stated objectives.

Language Development during Early Adolescence (10-14 years)

-Increased awareness of academic terminology. -Ability to understand complex sentences. - Emerging ability to look beyond literal interpretations. -Emerging ability to carry lengthy conversations about abstract topics. -Growth in metalinguistic awareness.

Language Development during Middle Childhood (6-10 years)

-Increased understanding of temporal (before/after) and comparative (bigger/big as) words. -Literal interpretation of messages. -Incomplete knowledge of irregular word forms. -Pronunciation mastered at age 8. -Consideration of listeners knowledge and perspective. -Sustained conversations about concrete topics. -Narratives have plots and cause-effect relationships. -Linguistic creativity and wordplay (rhymes, word games).

Language Development during Infancy (Birth - 2 years)

-Interest in listening to the human voice. -Exchange vocalizations with adults. -Repetition of vowel sounds (cooing) at 1-2 months. -Repetition of consonant-vowel (babbling) at 6 months. -Understand common words at 8 months. -Use single words at 12 months. -Use two-word combos at 18 months. -Rapid increase in vocab in 2nd year.

Language Development during Early Childhood (2-6 years)

-Rapid advance in vocab/syntax. -Incomplete understanding of simple words (underextension, overextension, confusion). -Overregulation (ex: foots, gooder) -Overdependence on word order and context. -Superficial understanding of "good listening". -Difficulty pronouncing phonemes and blends (r, th, spl) -Increasing ability to construct narratives.

Implications of Language Development during Middle Childhood (6-10 years)

-Teach irregular word forms. -Use group discussion to explore the subject matter. -Have the child develop and present short stories. -Encourage jokes and rhymes. -Consult speech and language pathologist if articulation problems are evident.

What are Yalom's curative factors of effective groups?

-Universality (we are not alone in our problems) -Installation of hope that treatment will work. -Imparting of Information (teaching) -Altruism (helping others) -Corrective recapitulation of primary family group. -Development of socializing techniques. -Imitative behavior of effective members. -Catharsis (expression of strong effects). -Existential factors. -Direct advice -Interpersonal learning.

Name the types of groups

1. Psychoeducational/guidance groups provide members with information relevant to their situation. 2. Counseling groups focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development. 3. Group therapy (a term coined by Jacob Moreno who founded psychodrama) can focus on unconscious material, the past, and personality change. 4. T-Groups (training groups) are often intended for business or personal motivation. 5. Structured groups are centered around certain issues such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview. 6. Self-help groups/mutual help/support groups (such as AA) are not led by a professional. These groups have been dubbed as support groups and those that follow the AA model are often called 12-step groups.

What are the 4 types of reliability?

1. Test-retest: Test-retest reliability is the degree to which scores are consistent over time. It indicates score variation that occurs from testing session to testing session as a result of errors of measurement. 2. Inter-item reliability (internal consistency):The association of answers to set of questions designed to measure the same concept -Cronbach's alpha is a statistic commonly used to measure inter-item reliability which is based on the average of all the possible correlations of all the split 1/2 s of set of questions on a questionnaire. 3. Split-Half Reliability: Especially appropriate when the test is very long. The most commonly used method to split the test into two is using the odd-even strategy. Since longer tests tend to be more reliable, and since split-half reliability represents the reliability of a test only half as long as the actual test. 4. Inter observer Reliability: Correspondence between measures made by different observers.

A reliability coefficient is defined as...

A measure of the accuracy of a test or measuring instrument obtained by measuring the same individuals twice and computing the correlation of the two sets of measures.

Nominal

A nominal scale describes a variable with categories that do not have a natural order or ranking. You can code nominal variables with numbers if you want, but the order is arbitrary and any calculations, such as computing a mean, median, or standard deviation, would be meaningless. Examples of nominal variables include: genotype, blood type, zip code, gender, race, eye color, political party

Explain Racial Identity Theory

A person's racial self concept as well as his or her belief's, attitudes, and values. Composed of 3 components: 1. Personal ("Who am I?") 2. Affiliative (What happens to other members of racial group happens to them). 3. Reference Group (level of conformance to the norms of the racial group. Identify to a group by age 3).

Ratio

A ratio variable, has all the properties of an interval variable, and also has a clear definition of 0.0. When the variable equals 0.0, there is none of that variable. Examples of ratio variables include: enzyme activity, dose amount, reaction rate, flow rate, concentration, pulse, weight, length, temperature in Kelvin (0.0 Kelvin really does mean "no heat"), survival time. When working with ratio variables, but not interval variables, the ratio of two measurements has a meaningful interpretation. For example, because weight is a ratio variable, a weight of 4 grams is twice as heavy as a weight of 2 grams. However, a temperature of 10 degrees C should not be considered twice as hot as 5 degrees C. If it were, a conflict would be created because 10 degrees C is 50 degrees F and 5 degrees C is 41 degrees F. Clearly, 50 degrees is not twice 41 degrees. Another example, a pH of 3 is not twice as acidic as a pH of 6, because pH is not a ratio variable.

Explain Super's Life Span/Life Space Theory

According to Super, a career consists of the varying roles people take on during their lives. The life-career rainbow (or career rainbow model) brings together both the roles played in life (the life space) with the five developmental stages or structures of life (the life span).

How would the counselor's behavior be different in facilitating an experiential group as compared to an educational group?

An educational group has a prescribed course lesson and process as a goal. An experiential group does not have an objective or lesson, but is solely process oriented.

Interval

An interval scale is one where there is order and the difference between two values is meaningful. Examples of interval variables include: temperature (Farenheit), temperature (Celcius), pH, SAT score (200-800), credit score (300-850).

Ordinal

An ordinal scale is one where the order matters but not the difference between values. Examples of ordinal variables include: socio economic status ("low income","middle income","high income"), education level ("high school","BS","MS","PhD"), income level ("less than 50K", "50K-100K", "over 100K"), satisfaction rating ("extremely dislike", "dislike", "neutral", "like", "extremely like"). Note the differences between adjacent categories do not necessarily have the same meaning. For example, the difference between the two income levels "less than 50K" and "50K-100K" does not have the same meaning as the difference between the two income levels "50K-100K" and "over 100K".

Define "Questioning"

Asking open and close ended questions. Asking for clarification of meaning. Asking for info known only to the client. Asking to understand the client's experiences better.

What is the role of the school counselor in assessment?

Assessing students for a variety of purposes -aptitudes and abilities -inter/intrapersonal characteristics and behaviors. Provides understanding by appropriately selecting, administering, and interpreting assessment devices and techniques. -Interviews -Ratings -Observations -Inventories

Group Leadership Style: Autocratic or authoritarian style

Autocratic or authoritarian style advocates making decisions for members. It is appropriate during a crisis or when a quick decision is in order but in most situations it will foster resentment.

Describe Erikson's 2nd Period of Life (Early Childhood)

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (2-3 years) -Important Events: Toilet Training -Outcome: Will -Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Name the multicultural counseling competencies (3)

Awareness: understanding of personal biases. Skills: deals with the process of actively developing/practicing appropriate intervention strategies needed to work with culturally different clients. Knowledge: reinforced importance of understanding the world views of culturally different clients

Describe the Cognitive Behavioral Theory

Based on the idea that our thoughts determine our feelings and behaviors. Feelings and behaviors are not based on external things like people, situations, and events.

What are some effective transitional activities?

Buddy/Mentoring system. New student orientation. Articulation agreements with other districts. Placement activities for incoming students. Teaching job seeking skills.

What are the implications of Kohlbergs stages of moral development for school counselors?

Can use understanding to help children learn self control. Help parents with discipline issues. Understand boys and girls make moral judgements in different ways.

What are group characteristics that promote success?

Caring Cohesive Commitment to change Level of trust among members Freedom to experiment.

What are some effective strategies for school to work transitions?

Community building activities Training opportunities Vocational Trainer Voc-Ed at high school level Internships Career guidance for all high school students Working with businesses in the community to develop partnerships. Self awareness Occupational awareness Decision making skills

Construct Validity is...

Construct validity accurately represent reality.

What are the implications of Piaget's levels of development for school counselors?

Counselors can adjust their approach and select interventions to match the child's level of cognitive functioning.

What is the purpose of counseling classroom guidance?

Design and implement comprehensive services. Set goals that complement the broader mission of the school. Opportunity to engage in preventative mental health. Organized curriculum matches instruction to student's developmental status, uses varied learning strategies. Promotes interactive learning process.

A didactic group are designed for...

Didactic therapy groups are designed for the purpose of educating group members about issues related to substance abuse, behaviors associated with substance abuse, and the consequences of substance abuse. These groups are very structured, concentrate on specific content, and may use lectures, videos, or audio recordings.

What does "least restrictive environment mean?

Education with students who do not have disabilities to the furthest extent possible. Inclusion principle

What are considered to be the core conditions of effective counseling?

Empathy Unconditional positive regard Congruence

External Validity is...

External validity occurs when the causal relationship discovered can be generalized to other people, time and contexts. Correct sampling will allow generalization and hence give external validity.

Face Validity is...

Face validity occurs where something appears to be valid.

Define "Ethnocentrism"

Focus on one's culture as superior.

Define "Attending"

Focused listening. Perceiving verbal and nonverbal messages. Cognitive and affective parts of client's experience.

Name and describe Piaget's fourth level of development

Formal Operational Stage (12 and Up) Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes: -At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems -Abstract thought emerges -Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning -Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information

What are the stages of group development? (5)

Forming: group comes together Storming: group process, storming ideas. Norming: agreement on how group operates. Performing: group practices craft and meets objectives. Adjourning: letting go of the group structure and moving on.

Define "Empathy"

Identify with another's feelings. Emotionally put yourself in the place of another. Ability to empathize is directly dependent on your ability to feel your own feelings and identify them.

Describe Erikson's 5th Period of Life (Adolescence)

Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18) -Important Events: Social Relationships -Outcomes: Fidelity -Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

What does IDEA stand for?

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Describe Erikson's 4th Period of Life (School Age)

Industry vs Inferiority (6-11 years) -Important Events: School -Outcomes: Confidence/Competency -Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Theories of Intelligence: Spearman's General Intelligence

Intelligence = General Factor: single pervasive reasoning ability used on a wide variety of tasks. Specific Factors: number of narrow abilities involved in executing particular tasks. British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863-1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed Children's performance on any given task depends on the general factor and specific factors the task involves.

Theories of Intelligence: Distributed Intelligence

Intelligent behaviors depend on the following support mechanisms: -physical -social -cultural Children distribute thinking in 3 ways. -Use physical objects to manipulate large amounts of information (physical). -Work with others to explore ideas and solve problems (social). -Represent and think about situations they encounter using various symbolic tolls (cultural).

What is internal consistency reliability?

Internal consistency reliability is a way to gauge how well a test or survey is actually measuring what you want to measure. Is your test measuring what it's supposed to?

Internal Validity is...

Internal validity occurs when it can be concluded that there is a causal relationship between the variables being studied. It is related to the design of the experiment.

How does empathy differ from interpretation?

Interpretations are generated within the counselor, so they are new to the client. Empathy responses reflect something the client is experiencing and would recognize.

Describe Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.1 Piaget's stages are: -Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years -Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 -Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11 -Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information.

Explain Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice/Typology Model

John Holland's Theory of Career Choice (RIASEC) maintains that in choosing a career, people prefer jobs where they can be around others who are like them. They search for environments that will let them use their skills and abilities, and express their attitudes and values, while taking on enjoyable problems and roles. Behaviour is determined by an interaction between personality and environment. Holland's theory is centred on the notion that most people fit into one of six personality types: -Realistic -Investigative -Artistic -Social -Enterprising -Conventional.

Group Leadership Style: Laissez faire or hands-off style

Laissez faire or hands-off style Here the leader has little in-volvement. This approach is appropriate when all members are very committed to a group outcome or goal.

Name the levels and stages of Kohlbergs Moral Development

Level 1: Preconventional Morality -Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment -Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange Level 2: Conventional Morality -Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships -Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order Level 3 Postconventional Morality -Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights -Stage 6: Universal Principles

What are the 4 scales of measurement in appraisal?

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Define "Interpreting"

Offering clients new and facilitative ways to understand their experience. Basing interpretation on counselor's perceptions of the client's experience.

Theories of Intelligence: Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner proposed that the traditional idea of intelligence, based on IQ testing, did not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. His theory proposed eight different intelligences based on skills and abilities that are valued in different cultures: -Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to control your body movements and to handle objects skillfully -Interpersonal intelligence: The capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of others -Intrapersonal intelligence: The capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes -Logical-mathematical intelligence: The ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and the capacity to discern logically or numerical patterns -Musical intelligence: The ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre -Naturalistic intelligence: The ability to recognize and categorize animals, plants, and other objects in nature -Verbal-linguistic intelligence: Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words -Visual-spatial intelligence: The capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly Gardner's perspective offers the possibility that the majority of children are intelligent in one way or another.

Predictive Validity is...

Predicts future values of criterion

Name and describe Piaget's second level of development

Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 Years) Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes: -Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. -Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others. -While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.

How does No Child Left Behind address the needs of students with disabilities?

Providing modifications (changing curriculum) and accommodations (equal access)

Theories of Intelligence: Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities

Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities. -Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall -Numerical ability: The ability to solve arithmetic problems -Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects -Reasoning: The ability to find rules -Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships -Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words -Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly

Theories of Intelligence: Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life." While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he referred to as "successful intelligence," which involves three different factors: -Analytical intelligence: Your ability to evaluate information and solve problems -Creative intelligence: Your ability to come up with new ideas -Practical intelligence: Your ability to adapt to a changing environment

How can a counselor become more aware of his or her own values and biases?

Self Reflection Personal Growth Work Personal Counseling Sessions Supervision and Consultation

Name and describe Piaget's first level of development.

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes: -The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations -Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening -Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence) -They are separate beings from the people and objects around them -They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them

Group Leadership Style: Speculative leaders

Speculative leaders are often seen as charismatic. They rely on their personal power and charisma to move the group in a desirable direction. They are often adored and group members look up to them, though they are not peer oriented.

What is Standard Error of Measurement? (SEM)

Standard deviation of error scores. Average amount of error in our measurement around our scores. Use SEM to create confidence intervals (range of upper or lower statistical values that are consistent with observed data and are likely to contain the actual population mean).

Define "Exploitation"

Steady transfer of the results of the labor of one social group to the benefits of another.

What are the 5 stages of Super's Life Span Theory?

Super's Five Life and Career Development Stages 1. Growth (Age: birth - 14)Characteristics: development of self-concept attitudes, and general world of work 2. Exploration (Age 15 - 24)Trying out classes, work, hobbies; tentative choice and skill development 3. Establishment (Age 25 - 44)Entry-level skill building and stabilizing work experience 4. Maintenance (Age 45 -64)Continual adjustment process to improve position 5. Decline (Age 65+)Reduced output, preparation for retirement

How is a support group different from a therapy group?

Support Group: Self help. Focus on a particular shared symptom or situation. Usually not led by a trained therapist. Therapy Group: helps people cope with problems and provides for change and growth. Underlying roots of the problem and changing them.

The Five-Stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) aka the Minority Identity Model:

The Five-Stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) aka the Minority Identity Model: (1) conformity (lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture); (2) dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group); (3) resistance and immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture); (4) introspection (mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's own racial/ethnic group); and (5) synergetic articulation and awareness (stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ ethnicity, but has different beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go backward.

What are the diversity dimensions?

The dimensions of diversity include gender, religious beliefs, race, marital status, ethnicity, parental status, age, education, physical and mental ability, income, sexual orientation, occupation, language, geographic location, and many more components.

Whose role is it to encourage group development of expression, exploration, and self disclosure, and to discourage dynamics that hinder expression and to model healthy, appropriate interpersonal communication?

The facilitator.

Describe the first of Erikson's 8 periods of life (Infancy)

Trust vs Mistrust (Birth - 18 months) -Important Events: Feeding -Outcome: Hope -If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

According to Holland's career typology model, what term described students who do not yet have a clear sense of what career type they are and report enjoying activities of all kinds?

Undifferentiated

Define "Confronting"

Verbally holding apparently discrepant or incongruent aspects of the client's message and behaviors "in front of" the client for them to see. Helping clients clarify, resolve, or accept the discrepancy.

What are some effective strategies for home to school transitions of very young children?

Visual Aides Social Stories Schedules in the Classroom Buddies

Content Validity is...

When we want to find out if the entire content of the behavior/construct/area is represented in the test we compare the test task with the content of the behavior.