Praxis II: Music Content Knowledge (0113)

5

(Elementary) Instruction on string instruments begins not later than grade _____.

90 Minutes

(Elementary) Student receives general music instruction each week for at least _____. Excluding time devoted to elective instrumental or choral instruction. Music is woven into the curriculum throughout the school day.

40 & 15

(Elementary) for band, orchestra, and chorus, a library of music is provided that includes at least ____ titles for each type of group. At least ____ titles for each type of group are added each year.

75 & 15

(Middle/Jr. High) A library of small-ensemble music is provided that contains at least ____ titles for various types of ensembles. At least ____ new titles are added each year.

45 minutes

(Middle/Jr. High) Every music course meets at least every other day in periods of at least ____.

Antiquity

500 A.D.-500 B.C.

Medieval

500-1400 Era

Prior to learning about meter, elementary students should be able to demonstrate their understanding of A. weak and strong beats B. syncopation C. subdivision of the beat D. tempo markings

A. weak and strong beats Meter, the grouping of beats into repeated sets of two, three or more beats, depends on the differentiation between weak and strong beats; thus, students must understand this differentiation before they learn about meter.

5%

An annual budget is provided for the replacement of school-owned instruments that is equivalent to at least ___ of the current replacement value of the total inventory of instruments.

David Elliot

Praxial components of music education

term coined by Franz Liszt for a one-movement work of program music for orchestra that conveys a poetic idea, story, scene, or succession of moods by presenting themes that are repeated, varied, or transformed

Symphonic Poem (or tone poem)

large work for orchestra, usually in four movements

Symphony

music composition using sacred texts (baroque)

Cantata

Orff-Schulwerk Approach

Combines music, movement, drama, speech into lessons that are similarto child's world of play. Four Different Stages within the Orff-Approach 1. Imitation - the teacher, group leader, or students perform for the class and the class in turn repeats what was played for them. 2. Exploration - Allows students to seek out not only the different musical aspects that the Orff instruments offer but they also explore aural/oral skills and the different motions and expressions that the body is capable of 3. Literacy - Taught by learning musical notation and becoming familiar with the various forms of music like rondo, and ABA 4. Improvisation - The act of creating something, especially music, without prior preparation.

composition for an orchestra and 1 or more solo instruments (classical)

Concerto

Orff

Considers the whole body a percussive instrument. Encourages improvisation, self-discovery. 20th Century composer, Carmina Burana

Which of the following ballets was written by Copland? A. Swan Lake B. Romeo and Juliet C. The Rite of Spring D. Appalachian Spring

D. Appalachian Spring Copland composed Appalachian Spring in 1944 for the choreographer Martha Graham. Swan Lake - Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet - Prokofiev The Rite of Spring - Stravinsky

Which of the following is a well-known, prolific researcher in music education, author of several standard texts on music education topics, and a coeditor of The New Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning? A. Lowell Mason B. Bennett Reimer C. Edwin E. Gordon D. Richard Colwell

D. Richard Colwell Richard Colwell is a prolific music education researcher and author.

loud brass instruments (esp. trumpets)

Fanfare

Friedrich Froebel

Founder of Kindergarten. Advocated dance and music in regards to nature as they played outside. 1844 - Wrote Mother Play and Nursery Songs with tunes "Ring-Around-Rosies" and "If Your Happy"

Erik Erikson

Freudian psychology. Believed each stage of children's development offers tasks that a child can be challenges with possibility of failure. Teachers should recognize that children's self worth is wrapped in their definition of success. Music should offer a personal sense of success.

Jerome Bruner

His ideas are based on categorization (3 modes of fact-gathering for children.) 1. Physical manipulation 2. Pictoral representation 3. Symbolic Understanding

Lev Vygotsky

Importance of culture in a child's development with awareness that parents and older children affect child's behavior. Teacher or parent can assist a child in defining problem to be solved and then dividing into workable sections using verbal instruction and encouragement.

ACDA

American Choral Directors Association

AOSA

American Orff-Schulwerk Association

ASCAP

American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers

ASTA

American String Teachers Association

Dalcroze

"Rhythmic gymnastics," eurythmic teaches concepts of rhythm, structure, and musical expression using movement.

Sonata

- Italian for "sounded" - A piece to be played on one or more instruments - Baroque instrumental piece with contrasting sections or movements, often with imitative counterpoint - genre in several movements for one or two solo instruments `composition for 1 or more solo instruments, one of which is usually a keyboard instrument, consisting of 3 or 4 independent movements varying in key, mood, and tempo.

Bruners Four Features of Learning

1. Exploration, should be encouraged to show curiosity to learn about their world. 2. Info should be easily accessible and comprehensible 3. Order or sequence should be logical and orderly 4. Method of reward should be installed so children are encouraged.

Cognitive Developmental Theory of Piaget

1. Sensorimotor 0-2 yrs. Observe their environment through exploration and motor skills. 2. Preoperational 2-7 yrs. Problem solving skills & language growth. Color, size, use, and shape of objects. 3. Concrete Operational 7-11 yrs. Expand their knowledge of classification and recognize similarities regarding items of the same height or pitch 4. Formal Operational 12-teenage yrs.. Abstract thoughts to solve problems.

National Standards for Music Education: Content 1 Content 2 Content 3 Content 4 Content 5 Content 6 Content 7 Content 8 Content 9

1. Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music 2. Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music 3. Improvising melodies, variations, and accompaniments 4. Composing and arranging music within specified guidelines 5. Reading and notating music 6. Listening to, analyzing, and describing music 7. Evaluating music and music performances 8. Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts 9. Understanding music in relation to history and culture

Renaissance

1400-1600 Era

Baroque

1600-1750 Era

The Harry Fox Agency

A US music publisher for licensing, collecting, and distributing music, the Harry Fox Ageney (HFA) seeks to increase the value and integrity of the music rights industry by providing such services as the issuance of mechanical licenses and the collection and distribution of mechanical royalties.

Creating an ostinato on barred instruments to accompany a folk song is most closely associated with which of the following approaches? A. Orff B. Kodaly C. Dalcroze C. Gordon

A. Orff The singing of folk songs accompanied by improvised ostinatos on barred instruments is an important component of the curricular approach developed by Carl Orff.

excerpt from Terry Riley's In C. Who is the composer? A. Terry Riley B. Charles Ives C. John Corigliano D. Duke Ellington

A. Terry Riley Terry Riley's In C is characterized by layering of repeated, short melodic modules and ostinatos. This question is another type commonly appearing on the test. As a study activity, one could research the biography and style of each of these leading composers and listen to works representative of each. This particular question asks about American composers. Another good study activity would be to determine other leading composers in history that might appear in test questions. Become familiar with representative examples of each of their works.

ABA

American Bandmaster's Association

solo vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment

Aria

Which of the following lists the musical genres in the correct chronological order of their development? A. Motet, string quartet, opera, symphonic poem B. Motet, opera, string quartet, symphonic poem C. Opera, motet, string quartet, symphonic poem D. Opera, symphonic poem, motet, string quartet

B. motet - 13th century opera - 17th century string quartet - 18th century symphonic poem - 19th century

excerpt from the gamelan music "Bubaran Hudan Mas") What is the country of origin? A. India B. Indonesia C. Peru D. Japan

B. Indonesia The excerpt heard on the CD features music by a characteristic Indonesian gamelan ensemble composed primarily of hanging gongs, gong-chimes, and drums. The correct answer is B.

Which of the following is likely to cause faulty intonation by singers in a high school choir? A. Inadequate rehearsal time B. Unsupported tone C. Singing in a foreign language D. Lack of an instrumental accompaniment

B. Unsupported tone

Conducting cues are customarily given when A. a soloist or a section must fade out on a long note B. a soloist or a section enters after a long rest C. the articulation changes from one style to another D. the meter changes from simple to compound

B. a soloist or a section enters after a long rest During long rests, performers may lose count and will enter with confidence if a cue is given.

used to catalogue the compositions of J.S. Bach, stands for Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis

BWV

excerpt from Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte, aria "Der Hölle Rache" sung by the Queen of the Night character. What is the style or period? A. Renaissance B. Baroque C. Classical D. Romantic

C. Classical The texture, harmony, instrumentation of the accompaniment, and melodic style of the vocal line are all typical of music of the classical period. This question type commonly appears on the test. A good study idea would be to identify a work that is representative of each period. Another study idea is to create your own question with different styles, periods, date ranges, or compositional styles and to identify a representative work for each.

Which of the following venues could normally be expected to have the longest reverberation time? A. Recital hall B. Coffeehouse C. Gothic-style cathedral D. Opera house

C. Gothic-style cathedral Reverberation is most noticeable in large spaces, such as cathedrals and other large stone buildings, characterized by walls and floors constructed of hard, reflective surfaces. Opera houses are large, but their interiors include curtains, soft seats, and other soft surfaces that absorb sound. Likewise, acoustically "dead" spaces such as coffeehouses and recital halls are usually quite small and have walls of nonreflective surfaces such as drywall and plaster.

Which of the following modes has a major tonic triad? A. Aeolian B. Phrygian C. Mixolydian D. Dorian

C. Mixolydian The Aeolian, Phrygian, and Dorian modes have minor tonic triads. The Mixolydian mode has a major triad.

excerpt from Ravel's "Laideronnette, Impératrice des Pagodes" from Ma mère l'Oye)* What is the scale or mode? A. Major B. Minor C. Pentatonic D. Chromatic

C. Pentatonic In the excerpt heard on the CD, the main melody is based on the pentatonic scale C, D, F, G, A. The correct answer, therefore, is C.

Which of the following is an example of a critical thinking skill? A. Students label the parts of a chord B. Students notate rhythmic patterns in all of the common meters C. Students compare to different recordings of the same work D. Students transpose a trumpet part from written pitch to concert pitch

C. Students compare to different recordings of the same work In cognitive domain, evaluation represents a high-level thinking skill. When students compare two recordings of the same work, they must use the skill of evaluation.

Under current U.S. copyright law, guidelines for educational uses ("fair use") of music permit all of the following EXCEPT A. emergency copying to replace purchased copy that is lost and is not available for an imminent performance B. making a single copy of recordings of performances for evaluating rehearsal purposes C. making an arrangement of a copyrighted work for a school ensemble to perform D. copying for the purpose of scholarly research

C. making an arrangement of a copyrighted work for a school ensemble to perform

a French polyphonic song (late middle ages-Renaissance)

Chanson

Intrensic Reward

Child figures out a concept, excels in a skill, feels pride in ability

Kodaly Method

Child-developmental approach, sequence, introducing skills in accordance with the capabilities of the child. Rhythm syllables (Quarter note = ta), (Eighth note pairs = ti-ti), (Half note = Ta-a) Moveable-do solfege and hand signs

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Children should enjoy the simple joy of true vocal sound to understand about harmony and vocal resonance. Songs with simple and narrow range and no words. Children should dance and make up songs.

protestant hymn melody (baroque)

Chorale

composition for an organ (baroque) a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations

Chorale Prelude

chamber music (classical), Classical instrumental genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment. Related to serenade and cassation.

Divertimento

Comenius

Educator in Moravian church in 1600s. Believed music ed. was was instunctual for children who first learn to make sounds through vocalizations.

a study piece composition for development part of technique

Etude

Opportunity-To-Learn Standards for Music Instruction: Grades PreK-12

Facilities, Course Offerings, Scheduling, Staffing, Materials, Equipment

4

For the first year of instrumental study, students are taught at least part of the time in homogeneous instrumental groupings.

imitative polyphonic composition, themes repeat

Fugue

French peasant dance (baroque)

Gavotte

Bennett Reimer

General music courses involve listening, composing, and performing for all students.

8

General music is required of all through grade.

popular baroque dance in triple time

Gigue

Affective Behaviors

Growth in physical or emotional areas (attitude)

Hornbostel-Sachs System of Musical Instruments Classification

Idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, aerophone, electrophone

Suzuki

Includes love, high-quality, praise, rote-training, repetition, and a time-table set by the student's developmental readiness for learning a particular technique.

JRME

Journal of Research of for Music Education

the name of the numbering scheme used to categorize Mozart's work

Kochel Verzeichnis or Catalog

a secular song for 2 or 3 unaccompanied voices (renaissance)

Madrigal

Psychomotor Skills

Manual or physical skills (body)

Cognitive Skills

Mental skills (knowledge)

polyphonic composition sacred text without accompaniment (Renaissance) associated with the church

Motet

MPA

Music Publishers' Association

MTNA

Music Teachers National Association

NASM

National Association of Schools of Music

MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface. Standard specification that enable electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, sampler, sequencer, and drum machine from any manufacturer to communicate with one another and with computers.

NSBA

National School Boards Association

a musical dramatic work

Opera

a term used to classify a composition in relation to the composer's other compositions

Op or Opp

OAKE

Organization of American Kodaly Educators

plain chant, note against note counterpoint (medieval)

Organum

continuous variations on ground bass similar to chaconne (baroque)

Passacaglia

The School Music Program: A New Vision

Provides music educators with a blueprint for music curricula based on the best practices of the past, modified to meet the needs of the future. In addition to K-12 National Standards, it contains prekindergarten standards developed by MENC: The National Association for Music Education, as well as an explanation of their impact on music educators.

French lyrical poem (renaissance)

Rondeau

most popular baroque instrumental dance

Sarabande

School Music Program: A New Vision K-4

Sing on pitch and rhythm, steady tempo, ostinatos, rounds, partner songs, improvise simple ostinato accompaniments, improvise short songs, use body and nontraditional sounds to make music, create and arrange music to accompany readings, create short songs, read whole, half, dotted half, quarter, eighth notes, rests in 2/4, 3/2, 4/4 meter, Use system (syllables, numbers, letters) reading simple pitch notation, Navajo, Arabic, Latin American music, Evaluate music,

School Music Program: A New Vision 5-8

Sing with breath control, alone and in small and large ensembles, sing with expression vocal lit. on a difficulty level of 2 including songs from memory, two and three parts, improvise simple harmonic accompaniments, simple rhythmic and melodic variations on given pentatonic melodies and major keys, read whole, hald, quarter, eighth, sixteenths, and dotted notes and rests in 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/8 and alla breve. SR music with difficulty of 2, recognize jazz, mariachi, gamelan

School Music Program: A New Vision 9-12

Sing with expression and technical accuracy, large and varied repertoire of vocal literature difficulty of 4 on scale of 6, sing 4 parts with and without accompaniment, improvise stylistically appropriate harmonizing parts, improvise in pentatonic, major and minor keys, compose in several distinct styles, evolve criteria for making informed critical evaluations of the quality, compose, arrange, improvise, Baroque, Sub-Saharan, African, Korean, sing, broadway musicals, blues.

- standard chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, viola, and cello - multimovement composition for this ensemble

String Quartet

a set of pieces that are linked together into a single work. During the baroque, a suite usually referred to a set of stylized dance pieces

Suite

Gordon's Music Learning Theory

Teaching methods help music teachers establish sequential curricular objectives in accord with their own teaching styles and beliefs.

NAMM

The International Music Products Association

MENC

The National Association for Music. World's largest arts education organizations. 1907, MENC worked to ensure every student has access to a well-balanced. Developed National Standards for Arts Education.

National Standards for Arts Education

This volume contains content and achievement standards for music, dance, theatre, and visual arts for grades K-12. Developed by the Consortium of National Arts Education Associations (American Alliance for Theatre & Education, MENC, National Art Education Association, and National Dance Association) under the guidance of the National Committee for Standards in the Arts.

- Italian for "touched" - piece for keyboard instrument or lute resembling an improvisation that may include imitative sections or may serve as a prelude to an independent fugue

Toccata

Kodaly

Trademark teaching methods include the use of solfege hand signs, musical shorthand notation (stick notation), rhythm solmization (verbalization). Ethnomusicologist, pentatonic style, simple language Hungarian composer using the influence of folk music from his native country

Extrensic Reward

Verbal praise, candy, treats, games, surprises