Praxis II Schools & Movements

Geometric Art

(9th-8th Century B.C.) pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals, humans - The earliest artistic style of the Greeks.

Cloisonnism

(Also known as Synthesism) in art, method of painting evolved by Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and others in the 1880s to emphasize two-dimensional flat patterns, thus breaking with Impressionist art and theory. The style shows a conscious effort to work less directly from nature and to rely more upon memory.

The Salon of Paris

-Beginning in 1725 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France-Between 1748-1890 it was the greatest annual or biannual art event in the Western world-From 1881 onward, it has been organized by the Société des Artistes Français

Intermediate Period

1070 B.C.E. to 712 B.C.E. Egypt. Conflict. Bronze statues of gods, kings, and temple officials.

Early Renaissance

1400-1500, Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Masaccio, Castagno, Fra Angelico, Lippi, Botticelli, and Donatello. Artists invented a precise science of perspective to give their artwork infinite depth.

Rococo Period

18th C, late Baroque style

Hudson river school

19th century north American landscape painters. Natural beauty in New York State and Catskill Mountains. Thomas Cole and Frederick Edwin Church.

Early Dynastic Period

3000-2680 BCE.

Ancient Egypt

4th millennium to 4th century B.C.E.

Late Period

712-332 BCE. Egypt. Turmoil. Assyrians, Babylonians, and the Persians invaded. A new tradition of creating statues of non-royals became popular—bronze.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be. 1840s - 1880s - Portrays subjects in a more honest and unpretentious manner.

Chinoiserie

A European style in the arts and crafts which freely adapted motifs and techniques from the Far East. Francois Boucher and Jean Antione Watteau.

Bauhaus

A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

Expressionism

A combination of two German movements: Die Brucke (The Bridge) and Der Blake Reiter (The Blue Rider). Artists distort the exterior of people and places to express the interior. 1905-1933

Neoclassicism

A dignified art that depicts men and women of the period as if they were Greek gods and heroes. 1765-1830 - Art movement that coincided with the founding of the American republic.

Artifice

A feature closely associated with Mannerism. Emphasized staged, contrived imagery - later Renaissance art that emphasized "artifice," often involving contrived imagery not derived directly from nature

Synthetic Cubism

A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction.

International style

A major architectural style based on these three principles: the expression of volume rather than mass, the emphasis on balance rather than preconceived symmetry, and the expulsion of applied ornament.

Neo-Platonism

A pagan school of thought based upon the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato that held the existence of a Supreme Being, "the One," who creates through an emanation of lesser beings, one of which is the logos. It's core belief is that man's origin is divine and his soul is immortal.

Fauvism

A painting style developed by Henri Matisse in 1905 that formally lasted until 1908. The means "fierce animal." The style rejects Neo-Impressionism and expresses flat, bold, un-naturalistic color with impulsive brushwork; sometimes the blank canvas shows between brushstrokes. Dominant red colors - The first, but short-lived, major avant-garde art movement of the 20th century, which was not well-received by the public - Radical use of unnatural colors; strong, unified work that appears flat; individual expressions and emotions of the painter; bold brush strokes using paint straight from the tube.

High Renaissance

A period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo - Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael strove for perfection and often found it in stable, geometrically shaped compositions. They portrayed idealized subjects. 1495-1520 - Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, Raphael's The School of Athens, and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling.

New objectivity

A pseudo-expressionist movement founded in Germany post World War I. Combines a realistic style with a cynical, socially critical stance.

Arts and Crafts Movement

A return to the hand-made decorative arts during the 1930s. Effort led by English artist and designer William Morris to merge beautiful design and workmanship with industrial techniques. 1850s-1930s

Japonisme

A style in French and American nineteenth-century art that was highly influenced by Japanese art, especially prints.

Suprematism

A type of art formulated by Kazimir Malevich to convey his belief that the supreme reality in the world is pure feeling, which attaches to no object and thus calls for new, nonobjective forms in art shapes not related to objects in the visible world - The main goal of this art movement was to strip away photographic realism in order to liberate feeling.

Genre painting

A type of painting that depicts scenes of everyday life. Notable artist in this category include Pieter Brueghel the elder and Diego Velazquez

Photo Realism

A type of realist painting whose subject is the photograph. Chuck Close.

Minimalism

ABC Art, Rejective Art, or Reductivism. Aims to reduce a work of art to a minimum number of elements.

Harlem Renaissance

Aaron Douglas incorporated motifs from African sculpture into compositions painted in a version of Synthetic Cubism

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

The Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

Imitationalism

An aesthetic art theory that emphasizes the literal qualities of a work.

Primitivism

An art movement of the late 19th century characterized by exaggerated body proportions, animal totems, geometric designs, and stark contrasts. Paul Gaugin's paintings of Tahitian women are examples of this style.

Renaissance Art

An art of line and edges, figures from the bible,classical history, and mythology, commissioned portraits, use of perspective, chiaroscuro (light and dark) to achieve rounded effect, secular backgrounds and material splendor. Values: secularism, individualism, virtu, balance, order, passivity and calm -Artists returned to classical models in painting, sculpture, and architecture.

Armana Period

An era in the new kingdom when a religious shift caused a rare change in artistic styles.

Greek Sculpture

An idealized but naturalistic art that many people consider the greatest art of the ancient world.

Fluxus

An international avant-garde movement that aimed to spurn existing art theories and aesthetics. Artists often gravitated toward performance art, or aktions; and incorporated social activism into their works.

Renaissance Humanism

And outlook stressing individual worth and human values. The Netherlands and Germany.

Italian Cinquecento

Another name for High Renaissance. Michelangelo's David.

Rococo

Appeared in France in about 1700, was a style preeminently evident in small works like furniture, utensils, and accessories of all sorts, and was a sparkling gaiety of the New Age after the death of Louis XIV - The style of art in France that was in vogue during the reign of Louis XV - Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs - Used loose brush strokes, pastel colors, and flowing lines and forms in their compositions. Asymmetrical balance creates emotion and playfulness.

Middle Kingdom

Around 2030 B.C.E. to 1640 B.C.E. Egypt. Unification of Upper and Lower Kingdoms. Block statues - sitting with knees drawn up. Pyramids still popular.

Old Kingdom

Around 2649 B.C.E. 2150 B.C.E. Egypt. Early portraits and life-sized statues made of stone, copper, and wood. Relief carvings. Great pyramid and sphinx. Mastabas.

International Gothic art

Around the year 1400, a rare homogeneity characterized European art. Other terms are country style, soft style, beautiful style, lyrical style, cosmopolitan gothic style, trecento rococo, and court nationalism.

American regionalism

Art style from 1910 to 1950s that was based on typical American rural and urban scenes. It was a reaction against modernism.

Representational

Art that depicts a real person, place, or an object in a recognizable way

Didactic Art

Art that teaches enlightened ideals.

De Stijl

Artistic geometry, achieved with a few shapes and the primary colors along with black and white. The head of the movement was Piet Mondrian. 1917-1931

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poses and compression of space.

Protestant Baroque

Artists went out of their way to downplay the importance of saints, preferring more symbolic subjects for moral painting like landscapes charged with meaning, genre scenes, and paintings of fruit that suggest the temporariness of life on earth. Kings and princes also enlisted artists to celebrate their wealth and power.

Plastic arts

Arts which involve molding or modeling material to give it shape, especially sculpture and ceramics. They are sometimes extended to include all the visual arts, including architecture and painting, but not music, drama, or literature.

The Heidelberg School of Art

Australia late 19th - early 20th C. Challenged traditional painting style. Used dark colors and was crisp and clean

Hellenistic Period

Begins with Alexander the Great's death and ends with Cleopatra's snakebite suicide. 323 B.C. - 30 B.C.

International style of architecture

Believe that building should be purely functional. Their designs feature regular geometric shapes and little ornamentation. Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Miles van der Rohe

Romanesque Architecture

Characterized by massive structures, thick walls, and round arches.

Gongbi

Chinese painting style using careful, precise brushstrokes to render a very detailed image.

Dutch golden age

Coincides with baroque

Orphism

Coined by French poet an art critic Guillaume Apollinaire (1912-1913). Painting should be like music.

Abstract Expressionism

Color field painting and action painting are the two main branches of this movement - Emotion distorts the face of reality beyond all recognition. 1946-1950s

Conceptual art

Concept behind work is more important than the finished art object

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance - Concentrated on intense realism.

Art deco

Descended from Art Nouveau, this movement of the 1920s and 1930s sought to upgrade industrial design in competition with "fine art" and to work new materials into decorative patterns that could be either machined or handcrafted. Characterized by streamlined, elongated, and symmetrical design.

The New York school of abstract expressionism

Dethroned the School of Paris in 1950. The forefront of innovation shifted for the first time to the United States.

Baroque

Developed during the Counter-Reformation (the 16th-century Catholic Church reform effort) and became a propaganda weapon in the religious wars between Catholicism and Protestantism. 1600-1750 - Was a reaction to the stern austerity that characterized some elements of the protestant reformation. It is dramatic, luxurious, and emotional. Uses exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, and release from restraint.

Art Nouveau

Disparaged by art critics for its emphasis on decoration

Abstract expressionism

Early 20th century. Highly intense color and non-naturalistic brush work. Wassily Kandinsky.

Futurism

Embraced technology, speed, and, unfortunately, violence and Fascism. Mostly based in Italy and pre-Revolution Russia. 1909-1940s - The artistic movement of the early 20th century that glorified the Machine Age, celebrated war, and favored the growth of fascism - Modern Italian art movement. Boccioni, Balla, Severini, Carra, and Russolo.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

English art movement formed in 1848 by painters who rejected the academic rules of art, and often painted medieval subjects in a naive style. 1848 - 1890 - W.H. Hunt, J.E. Millais, and D.G. Rossetti.

Post painterly

Focused on basic elements of painting: form, color, texture, scale, and composition. Were ruthless in rejection of mysticism and the external world

Ancient Near East Art

Focuses on the relationship between the human and the divine. Political. Artistic technique and skill are more important than originality. Animals portrayed realistically, but still symbolic. Human images are more idealistic the naturalistic. Relief carvings - Steles, cylinder seals, votive figures, and lyres. Often had religious, political, or economic functions.

Dada

Formed during World War I in Zürich in negative reaction to horrors and folly of war. Often satirical and nonsensical. Hugo Ball founded. - A school of art that was characterized by a rejection of traditional culture and aesthetics through anti-art cultural works - The Surrealist Movement, the Pop Art Movement, and the Fluxus Movement were all influenced by this earlier movement - Developed in Switzerland as a critique of war and politics.

Salon des Refuses

French for "exhibition of rejects" is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863.

New Kingdom

From 1550 B.C.E. to 1070 B.C.E. Egypt. Built tombs cut into rock with beautiful paintings and reliefs. Great wealth. Most construction took place in Thebes. Temples.

Neo-Expressionism

German and Italian, post World War II reaction against conceptual and minimalistic art 1970s - Led by Joseph Beuys and reached a climax of international esteem in the 1980s. It revived the angular distortions and strong emotional content of German Expressionism and marked the rebirth of Europe as an art force to be reckoned with.

Naïve

Grandma Moses was best known as this type of artist.

Archaic and Classical Periods

Greek art is divided into two periods before moving increasingly toward realism. 850 B.C. - 323 B.C.

Surrealism

Inspired by Dada and Freud's theories of the unconscious. They painted their dreams, practiced free association, and mixed up the rational order of life in their art by juxtaposing objects that don't normally or rationally fit together. 1924-1940s

Automatism

Inspired by Freud's idea of free association. Simplified organic shapes. Max Ernst.

Prehistoric Art

Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain. Subjects were mostly animals.

Pagan Art

Leftovers of the Roman empire, uses dynamic twisting of both horse and rider and the motif of the spear-thrusting equestrian emperor.

Islamic Art

Mohammed condemned graven images, so there aren't many representations of human beings. Often incorporated incredibly intricate and colorful patterns in carpets, manuscripts, ceramics, and architecture. 7th Century

Symbolism

Morbid and macabre. Allegorical. Death and mortality. Femme fatale. Hallucinatory. Edvard Munch. Gustav Klimt.

Post-Impressionists

More inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural colors. Cezanne, van Gogh, and Gauguin.

American Scene Painting

Naturalistic style of paintings and art. Is an umbrella term for rural American regionalism in the urban and politically oriented social realism.

Pointillism

Neo-impressionism or divisionism developed by Seurat.

Barbizon School

Painted scenes of rural life in mid-19th C France

Minoan Art

Playful and focuses on life, sport, religious rituals, and daily pleasures. The first art to truly celebrate day-to-day life. 1900 B.C. - 1350 B.C.

Rhopography

Refers to art that is created out of seemingly trivial items, such as garbage or half-eaten food. It is similar to some of the works that emerged from the Dadaist Period.

Late Gothic

Refers to the new naturalism in Flemish art and had a lot in common with the early Italian Renaissance. Both strove to depict life realistically, to make people look like people. The main difference is that these artists weren't trying to resurrect Greco-Roman culture as Renaissance artists were.

Berlin Dada

Rejected previous conventions and delighted in nihilistic satire in painting, sculpture, and literature. Created in 1916.

Veristic

Roman realism in sculptural portraiture began around 100 BC

Constructivism

Russian avant-garde, influenced by cubism, abstract still lifes from scraps, 3-D. Naum Gabo - Russian artists that wanted to create a practical art that ordinary workers could use. 1914-1934

Romanticism

Shunned the Industrial Revolution, attacked the excesses of kings, and championed the rights of the individual. Imagination and Nature. Late 1700s - early 1800s - A trend in Poetry and Literature that championed human emotions and the examination of the human heart to try to best understand life's truths. Developed in opposition of enlightenment ideas - Imaginative, bold, inspiring, and challenges previous conceptions about the purpose of art. Late 18th century.

Romanesque Art

Sought to illustrate the divine realm of God himself; figures' hands and eyes were heavily emphasized, imparting a greater significance to their expressions.

Medieval Art

Stained-glass windows, illuminated manuscripts, silver and golden reliquaries, architectural reliefs, and Romanesque and towering Gothic Cathedrals. 500-1400

Social realism

Subset of American scene painting that focuses on the urban and politically oriented.

Pictorialism

Techniques used by photographers to create images that appeared more painterly like Impressionist paintings.

Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture

The "Beaubourg"

Pre-Raphaelites

The 19th century encompassed a number of movements in art. The group of artists of this period had a mutual distaste for contemporary academic painting and intended to reform art by rejecting this approach by returning to the abundant detail, intense colors, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish Art was known as what?

Catholic Baroque

The Catholic Church wanted art to have a direct and powerful emotional appeal that would grab the attention of ordinary people and bind them to the Catholic faith.

Greek Manner

The Crusaders' occupation of Constantinople forces many Byzantine artists to flee the city and immigrate to Italy, bringing Eastern cultural influences with them.

anthropomorphic art

The combination of human and animal traits. Represented a Mesopotamian belief that humans could attain physical power by embracing traits of animals.

Installation art

The combining of elements into a singular artwork that is specifically located in one place; an artwork that exists only in the place in which it was/is installed, and is not able to be relocated like a painting or print.

Byzantine Art

The eastern part of the Roman Empire that remained after the fall of Rome. Art focuses on Spiritual not naturalism - A marriage of lat Roman splendor, Greek artistic traditions, and Christian subject matter. Is symbolic and less naturalistic than the Greek and Roman art that inspired it. 500-1453 - Paintings and mosaics in this Period are often characterized by rich color, flat and stiff figures, large eyes, golden backgrounds, and simple content.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Analytic Cubism

The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole.

Upper Paleolithic

The last part (10,000 to 40,000 years ago) of the Old Stone Age, featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms.

Hellenistic art

The latest period of Greek art. More melodramatic than the classical style.

Icon Painting

The most popular form of painting in the Byzantine period featuring holy images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints.

German Expressionism

The movement rooted in Gothic and romantic art and influenced by van Gogh and Matisse which was an antibourgeois movement shaped by a dramatic simplification and the desire to liberate color from the constraints of the natural world - emotion distorted the face of reality

Tenebrism

The painting style that places emphasis on dark and light areas to achieve dramatic effect

Structuralism

The school of criticism that eliminates consideration of the artist in interpreting a work. Believe that the artist does not impart meaning to a work. Rather they approach a work of art as a system of "significant forms" that prompt a response in the viewer.

Iconology

The study of art in its cultural context

Literati

These were the talented amateur painters and scholars whose work reached maturity during the Yuan dynasty, 1279 to 1368. The paintings are mostly landscapes, feature men in retirement, travels, or immersion in culture.

Academie des Beaux-Arts

This means the Academy of Fine Arts in French, and it was the first European art academy, founded in Paris, in 1648. By the 1800s, similar art academies emerged in other parts of Europe, and this did much to systematize the training of European artists. Stringent standards and elitism - Considered historical events, religious themes, and portraits as appropriate subjects for art. They did not consider landscapes, a favorite subject of the impressionists, an appropriate subject of art.

Enlightenment Art (industrial revolution)

Truth, logic, progress, and the use of technology to create a better society.

Postmodernism

View contemporary society as a fragmented world that has no coherent center, no absolutes, no cultural baseline. 1970-

Earthworks

Works of art created by material such as stones, dirt, and leaves. Robert Smithson's creation, Spiral Jetty, in the Great Salt Lake is an example.

Group f/64

a group founded by seven 20th-century San Francisco photographers who shared a common photographic style characterized by sharp-focused on and carefully framed images seen through a particularly Western (U.S.) viewpoint.

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

Impressionism

a style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows. 1869-late 1880s - Captures the feeling of a fleeting moment through time with the use of light, rough brushstrokes, and blended colors.

Art nouveau

a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I and characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms.

Action painting

a technique and style of abstract painting in which paint is randomly splashed, thrown, or poured on the canvas. It was made famous by Jackson Pollock, and formed part of the more general movement of abstract expressionism. Directly influenced by automatism.

Environmental Art

artistic works that are intended to enhance or become part of the environment or make a statement on environmental issues. Cristo and Jeanne-Claude. The Gates Project.

Precisionism

developed in America in the 1920's out of a fascination with the machine's precision and importance in modern life.(Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth, Georgia O'Keefe)

Armory Show in New York (1913)

major event that brought modernism to the attention of a broader American public.

Avant-garde

new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

Carolingian Renaissance

period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.

Italian Renaissance

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion - Stressed ideal beauty, it's figures focused on heroic male nudes, it's emphasis was an underlying anatomical structure, and its style was simplified forms and measured proportions.

Nihonga

style of Japanese painting that includes some aspects of the Western style of painting including chiaroscuro, one-point linear perspective and bright colors

Quattrocento

the 1400s, or fifteenth century, in Italian art

Neolithic Era

the New Stone Age; the time period after the Paleolithic Era, marked by the use of tools. Started around 15,000 BC. Ended when the crafting of metal tools became popular.

Post-Impressionism

the work or style of a varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. They reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists to explore color, line, and form, and the emotional response of the artist, a concern that led to the development of expressionism - Van Gogh is sometimes included into this art movement because he wanted his paintings to express his inner feelings - the work or style of a varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. They reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists to explore color, line, and form, and the emotional response of the artist, a concern that led to the development of expressionism. 1886-1892 - Focused on the use of color and line to explore how the mind perceives the world.