PRE-AP WOLRD LITERATURE II FINAL REVIEW

major conflict on a superficial level in A Doll's House

Nora's struggle with krogstad, who threatens to tell her husband about her past crime, incites Nora's journey of self discovery -without krogstad the truth would've never been revealed

What is Atticus' dangerous question? And what does that mean?

"Do you really think so?" What Atticus is really saying is that he does not agree with Mr. Deas' views about Tom's trial, and has no intention of abandoning Tom regardless of what threats he (Atticus) must face.

Anaphora in ATOTC

"It was the best of times," "Hunger was..."

What is significant about the missing "L" structure on the farm?

"L" is the center and hearthstone of the house, shows how Ethan's house is lacking nourishment, also symbolic of Ethan himself

Personification in ATOTC

"That newly formed female, La Guillotine"; Hunger; Want; Fate; Death

accept, except

ACCEPT is a verb meaning "to receive". EXCEPT may be used as a verb or as a preposition, and as a verb it means "to leave out". as a preposition, it means "excluding"

affect, effect

AFFECT is a verb meaning "to influence." EFFECT may be used as a verb or noun; as a verb it means "to bring about"/"to accomplish." as a noun it means "the result (of an action)."

ain't

AIN'T is nonstandard. avoid using ain't in speech and in all writing other than dialogue

all ready, already

ALL READY (adj.) means "all prepared." ALREADY (adv.) means "previously."

all right

ALL RIGHT means satisfactory, unhurt, safe, correct, or in a response, yes. although the spelling ALRIGHT is sometimes used, it has not become accepted as standard usage

alumni, alumnae

ALUMNI is the plural of alumnus (a male graduate). ALUMNAE is the plural of alumna (female graduate). considered as a single group, they are referred to as ALUMNI

What reason does Atticus give the kids for defending Tom Robinson?

He says he wouldn't be able to tell them what to do anymore if he didn't

Why does Nathan Radley say he is filling the knot-hole?

He says the tree is dying. We know that it's really because he doesn't want Boo giving the kids presents anymore.

How does Atticus convince Scout to keep going to school?

He tells her they will still read together every night.

How does Ralph react when a boar comes charging down the path?

He throws a wooden spear at the boar. He is excited that he drew blood from the boar, even if he didn't kill it.

Describe Piggy

He's large and he has asthma. He doesn't want to be called piggy. He is bullied by most of the older boys. His father is dead, and his mother is out of the picture. He lived with his Auntie, who was overprotective of him.

- sheriff in Maycomb - testifies that they did NOT call a doctor for Mayella - tells Atticus that "Bob Ewell fell on his knife" because he believes it would be wrong to drag Boo out into the limelight for killing Bob Ewell

Heck Tate

How has Jack's personality changed during his stay on the island?

His personality changed because he seems obsessed with hunting and killing a pig. His looks have changed quite a bit. His hair is in his eyes, and he's sunburned and painted.

Enmity

Hostle

Madame Defarge (anti-hero)

Hubris: begins to think she is more powerful than the forces of nature; revenge for childhood events motivates her; her hatred for the aristocracy consumes and eventually destroys her

Nominative Case

I, you, he, she, it, we, they use the nominative case when a pronoun is used as the subject of a verb or as a predicate nominative EX: SHE is the conductor of the band.

imply, infer

IMPLY means "to suggest"; INFER means "to draw as a conclusion"

in, into

IN means "from within." INTO means "from the outside to the inside." in formal situations, avoid using IN for INTO.

its, it's

IT'S ALWAYS means "it is." possessive pronouns NEVER require apostrophes

what are examples of the classic movement?

Iliad, odyssey, oedipus, antigone, medea

Pig

It illustrates the line of aggression which becomes more and more dominant in the course of events. Thus, it is a symbol of Jack's leadership. The first killing of a pig also foreshadows Piggy's death. His nickname Piggy contains the word "pig." He is killed by the hunters like a pig.

What is Cecil Jacob's current events article about toward the end of the story?

It is about Hitler persecuting the Jews.

Where is the situational irony in the novel?

It's ironic that the signal fire never attracted a ship; instead, Jack's fire did. The Naval Officer finds fault with the boys for the way they behave on the island, when as a soldier, he's responsible for killing others as well.

Why does Scout think the world is ending?

It's snowing!

What is happening weather-wise on the island? Why is it significant?

It's storming, which makes it harder for the boys to tell it's Simon in the confusion. Bad weather often symbolizes ominous events in literature.

- addict who Atticus said was the bravest person he ever knew - Jem and Scout have to go read to her because Jem broke her flower bushes - she has "fits" of withdrawal from morphine

Mrs. Dubose

- Boo's brother who keeps him in the house and fills up the tree hole where the kids had been getting presents

Nathan Radley

protagonist of A Doll's House

Nora

concept of marriage in A Doll's House

Nora was a trophy wife, torvald didn't value her individually.

Piggy's Specs

They symbolize the voice of reason and logic among the boys. A symbol of intelligence and education. Notice how Piggy defends his glasses even more than the conch. Piggy uses his glasses to find solutions to the boys' problems.

Driven by fear and hunger, Ralph manages to make contact with Samneric who are standing guard at Castle Rock. Of what do they warn him?

They warn Ralph that Jack's hunters are sharpening a spear at both ends, and they plan to hunt Ralph.

Jack

This character represents the destructive forces in society: ruthless and evil, he plays on the fears of the group to gain power over them. Rather than help society, he wants to dominate it. Obsessed with meat and hunting He becomes violent and controlling and splits into an new group

Ralph

This character represents the law-abiding hardworking citizen who works for the good of the group and has faith that everything will turn out all right in the end if the proper rules are obeyed by everyone. Protagonist Cheif His father is in the navy and hopes he will come Most passionate about making sure the fire keeps going

Simon

This character represents the mystic, spiritual leader or philosopher who functions on a higher plane than the rest of society. He simply "knows" things - but is unable to communicate his knowledge to the others. Able to communicate to Lord of the flies. Mysterious and likes to be alone He is stabbed to death

- rabid dog that Atticus shoots

Tim Johnson

- Black man accused of raping Mayella Ewell - he is unable to use his left hand which would have made it quite difficult for him to attack Mayella the way she says he did - is shot 17 times and killed by prison guards when he tries to escape

Tom Robinson

Incredulous

Unable to believe

Atticus' brother who is a doctor - spanks Scout for punching Francis and cussing but apologizes later when he finds out why she did it

Uncle Jack

A tale of two cities was written during

Victorian Era

who, which, that

WHO refers to people only, WHICH refers to things only. THAT may refer to either persons or things

- Scout rubbed his nose in the dirt on the first day of school for getting her in trouble - he comes to their house for dinner and pours syrup all over his food

Walter Cunningham

The fear of the unknown and its resulting consequences

When the boys were unsure if there was a beastie on the island, so they acted out of fear and joined Jack's dictatorship

Fulcrum

Where a lever rests

What are the rules for speaking in a meeting?

You have to hold the conch. The holder of the conch should not be interrupted. Wherever the conch is, that's the meeting place.

- Calpurnia's son who leads the singing at First Purchase

Zeebo

What does Ethan see when Mattie is sitting in the rocking chair?

Zeena's face on mattie's body

scrooge allusion

a bitter and/or greedy person; from charles dickens' a christmas carol, an elderly stingy miser who is given a reality check by 3 visiting ghosts

yahoo allusion

a boorish, crass, or stupid person; from a member of a race of brutes in swift's gulliver's travels who have the form and all the vices of humans

cain allusion

a brother who kills a brother; from the story of adam and eve's son, who killed his brother abel out of jealousy

jekyll and hyde allusion

a capricious person with two sides to his/her personality; from a character in the famous novel who had more than one personality, a split personality (one good and one evil)

samson and delilah allusion

treacherous love story. an israelite hero and legendary warrior with extraordinary physical strength fell in love with a philistine. when she learned that his fair was the source of his strength, she betrayed him by excepting a philistine bribe to cut off his hair while he slept.

t/f: victoria's reign was longer than any other british monarch.

true

Why can the chapter when Zeena chooses to replace Mattie be considered the climax of the novel?

turning point, everything continues to go downhill from here

elegy

type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner. often use the recent death of a noted person or loved one as a starting point. also memorialize specific dead people

lyric

type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world. when describing tone, refers to sweet, emotional melodiousness

bloomer allusion

undergarments for dance or active wear; underwear formally worn by females that was composed of loose trousers gathered at the ankles; invented by amelia, an american social reformer

when, where

unless you are defining a time or place, do not use WHEN or WHERE to begin a definition

try and, try to

us TRY TO, not TRY AND

amount, number

use AMOUNT to refer to uncountable nouns. use NUMBER to refer to countable nouns

among, between

use BETWEEN when referring to only two items or more than two when each items is being compared to each other item

fewer, less

use FEWER which tells "how many," to modify a countable noun. use LESS which tells "how much," to modify an uncountable noun

or, nor

use OR with either; use NOR with neither

ways

use WAY, not WAYS, in referring to distance

Clear Comparisons

use a complete comparison if an incomplete one could be misunderstood EX: INCORRECT: Juan talks to his sister more than his brother. CORRECT: Juan talks to his sister more than HIS BROTHER DOES.

Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns

use a singular personal pronoun when the antecedent is a singular indefinite pronoun; use a plural personal pronoun when the antecedent is a plural indefinite pronoun EX: ALL of the men rode THEIR elephants.

Agreement in Number

use a singular personal pronoun with two or more singular antecedents joined by OR or NOR EX: Neither TIM nor IKE like HIS flight to India.

Nouns That Look Like Plurals

use singular verbs to agree with nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning EX: PHYSICS REQUIRES skill in mathematics.

Comparative Form

use the comparative degree when comparing two things EX: Carla is the LESS TALKATIVE of my two aunts.

Superlative Form

use the superlative degree when comparing more than two things EX: Of all my uncles, Vinnie is the LEAST TALKATIVE.

Repetition in ATOTC

used for effect "ghost of..." and throughout the text;

lothario allusion

used to describe a man whose chief interest is seducing a woman; from the play "The Fair Penitent" by Nicholas Rowe, the main character and the seducer

a while, awhile

used with the article A, WHILE is a noun meaning "a period of time." AWHILE is an adverb meaning "for a short time."

subjectivity

uses interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses

laconic allusion

using or marked by the use of few words, brief; from the reputation of the spartans for brevity of speech

an adverb clause modifies?

verb, adjective, or adverb

what is the realism movement characterized by?

verisimilitude, philosophically somewhat pessimistic, the milieu of the novel is the commonplace and the unheroic, writing style somewhat journalistic with less description, plots emphasized the norm of daily experience

Grindstone in ATOTC

viciousness of the bloodthirsty French mobs

delilah allusion

voluptuous, treacherous woman

What is ironic about the ending and Ethan's desire to flee Starkfield?

wanted to leave but now life is even worse off

handwriting on the wall allusion

what the future holds; from the OT story of daniel, who was able to accurately predict something mysterious that appeared on a wall (translated, it predicted the imminent death of the king)

dramatic monologue

when a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience

Agreement in Person and Number

when dealing with pronoun-antecedent agreement, take care no t to shift either person or gender EX: MICHELLE will be studying Hindi, a language SHE will find useful while living in India. Either TIM or ED brought HIS MAP.

euphony

when sounds blend harmoniously

dramatic irony

when the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not

controlling image

when the image dominates and shapes the entire work

pathos

when the writing of a scene evokes feelings of dignified pity and sympathy

bathos

when writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries to jerk tears from every little hiccup

supposed to, used to

when writing the past form of SUPPOSE or USE, especially before the word TO, avoid omitting the -d ending.

atonement (hero's journey)

where he is "at one" with his new self and life. absorbed the changes caused by the journey and is fully reborn. imbalance corrected. now truly a hero

abyss (belly of the whale) (hero's journey)

where the hero faces the greatest challenge of the journey. challenge is so great at this point that the initiate must surrender to the quest, lose himself in adventure, and become one with it. must overcome greatest fears, must face them alone. must slay the dragon here, which often is something he dreads or needs to resolve. if the initiate cannot surrender, he must retreat. unless he sets off to try again, life becomes a shadow of what is should be, and he will become dissatisfied and bitter.

what questions do adverb clauses answer?

where, when, how, to what extent, why, under what conditions

who is andrew hale?

who ethan works for and gets paid by

who is the antagonist in Ethan Frome in the man vs. nature conflict?

winter

a lot

with the article A, LOT may be used as a noun meaning a large amount or number or as a verb meaning a great deal or very much. both uses are informal; avoid them in formal speaking and a writing situation. ALOT is a misspelling of the expression in either use.

kinds, sorts, types

with the singular form of each of these nouns, use THIS or THAT; with the plural form, use THESE or THOSE

colloquialism

word or phrase used in everyday conversational english that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" english. for example, "i'm toasted. I'm a crispy-critter man, and now I've got this wicked headache."

antecedent

word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to. in "the principal asked the children where they were going," "they" is the pronoun and "children" is the ____________________.

onomatopoeia

words that sound like what they mean

what does the cat represent in Ethan Frome?

zeena

How are Zeena and Mattie contrasted psychologically? (Compare their backgrounds and how they handle their situations)

zeena - chronic complainer, centered on health (hypochondriac), controlling, pessimistic, plays mind games, fault-finder, self-absorbed mattie - joyful despite background, optimistic, uncomplaining, doesn't feel bad for her own lack of skills

What is significant about the missing key? What does it reveal about Zeena?

zeena is very skeptical but remains silent and inarticulate. wants them to know that she knows something and that she has power

"i guess you're always late, now you shave every morning"

zeena talking and hinting that she knows ethan wants to impress mattie

pooh-bah allusion

a pompous, ostentatious official, especially one who, holding many offices, fulfills none of them, a person who holds high office; after lord-high-everything-else character in the mikado musical

galahad allusion

a pure and noble man with limited ambition; in the legends of King Arthur, the purest and most virtuous knight of the Round Table, the only knight to find the Holy Grail

rhetorical question

a question that suggests an answer. in theory, the effect is that it causes the listener to feel she has come up with the answer herself.

allusion

a reference to another work or famous figure. classically, a reference to greek and roman mythology or literature such as "The Iliad." can be topical or popular as well. topically, refers to a current event. popularly, refers to something from popular culture, such as a reference to a television show or a hit movie.

Using Reflexive Pronouns

a reflexive pronoun must agree with an antecedent that is clearly stated EX: The tour guide brought the good news to Peter and ME. (not MYSELF)

lampoon

a satire

foil

a secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast. for example, an author will often give a cynical, quick-witted character a docile, naive, sweet-tempered friend

babbitt allusion

a self-satisfied person concerned chiefly with business and middle-class ideals like material success; a member of the American working class whose unthinking attachment to its business and social ideals is such to make him a model of narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction; after George F., the main character in the novel by Sinclair Lewis

aphorism

a short and usually witty saying example: "'classic'? a book which people praise and don't rend." - mark twain

summary

a simple retelling of what you've just read. it's mechanical, superficial, and a step beyond the paraphrase in that it covers much more material and is more general. includes all the facts

Subject-Verb Agreement

a singular subject must have a singular verb; a plural subject must have a plural verb EX: THUNDER usually FOLLOWS lightning. WE ARE about to get our umbrellas.

paradox

a situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on close inspection, does not.

absolom allusion

a son who brings heartache to his father; from the third son of david, king of israel. exiled for three years before he was allowed to return to the court or see his royal father. plotted to cause a rebellion against his father to overtake the kingdom because he heard solomon was to succeed david. when killed in battle, king david grieved for his son in spite of his treachery against him

requiem

a song of prayer for the dead.

aside

a speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage.

soliloquy

a speech spoken by a character alone on stage/ meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's thoughts. unlike an aside, not meant to imply that the actor acknowledges the audience's presence

irony

a statement that means the opposite of what it seems to mean. undertow of meaning, sliding against the literal meaning of words. insinuates, whispers under the explicit statement.

dunagree allusion

a style of casual work pants; from a coarse cotton fabric of east indian origin; from a hindu word

genre

a subcategory of literature. science fiction and detective stories

manna allusion

a sustaining life-giving source or food; from the sweetish bread-like food that fell from heaven for the israelites as they crossed the sinai desert to the promised land with moses

interior monologue

a term for novels and poetry, not dramatic literature; writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head. related, but not identical to stream of consciousness. tends to be coherent, as though the character were actually talking.

limited omniscient narrator

a third person narrator who generally reports only what one character (usually the main character) sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character

milquetoast allusion

a timid, weak or un assertive person; from a comic strip character created by H. T. Webster

Titles of Creative Works and Organizations

a title or the name of a creative work or organization is singular and must take a singular verb EX: WEATHER SERVICES IS a helpful agency.

aspect

a trait or characteristic, as in "an _______________ of the dew drop"

judas allusion

a traitor or a treacherous kiss. one of the 12 apostles, notorious for betraying jesus. his surname in latin means "murderer" or "assassin." disclosed jesus' whereabouts to the chief priests and elders for thirty pieces of silver

Active Voice

a verb is active if its subject performs the action EX: Ken BOUGHT a set of paints.

Passive Voice

a verb is passive if its action is performed upon the subject EX: A set of paints WAS BOUGHT by Ken.

Inverted Sentences

a verb must still agree in number with a subject that follows it EX: At the top of the hill ARE two lightning RODS.

Regular Verbs

a verb that forms its past and past participle by -d or -ed to the base form EX: BAKE: baked, have baked

Irregular Verbs

a verb that forms its past and past participle in some other way that adding -d or -ed to the base form EX: SWIM: swam, have swum

eye of the needle allusion

a very difficult task; from famous narrow gateway. in the NT, jesus said it was easier for a camel to go through this than for a rich man to enter heaven

prodigal son allusion

a wasteful son who disappoints his father; from the NT parable of a man with two sons. when he split his estate between the two, the younger gathered his fortune and left home to live the wild life, while the older son stayed home to work in the fields. when the younger spent all the money, he came crawling back to his father, who accepted him, pardoning his error by saying he was "lost but was found"

truism

a way-too-obvious truth

Modifier

a word or group of words that makes the meaning of another word or group of words more specific

euphemism

a word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality. use of passed away for died, and let go for fired

metonymy

a word that is used to stand for something else that it has attributes of or is associated with. for example, a herd of 50 cows could be called 50 head of cattle.

Sydney Carton as Heroic

a. anti-hero: angry, living on edge of society; contempt for social norms b. medieval knight: loves Lucie with a pure love, from a distance; at end of novel, he doesn't even speak her name, just walks in her footsteps; does deeds in honor of her (courtly love) c. archetypal scapegoat/ Christ figure: sacrifices himself for one she loves

twelve tribes of israel allusion

according to the OT, the hebrew people took possession of the promised land of canaan after the death of moses and named the tribes after the sons and grandson of jacob (whose name was changed to israel): reuben, simeon, judah, issachar, zebulum, gad, asher, dan, naphtali, joseph, manasseh, ephraim

"he had secretly gloried in being clapped on the back and hailed as 'old ethe' or 'old stiff'..."

although ethan has a grave and inarticulate nature, he needs human companionship

allusion, illusion

an ALLUSION is an indirect reference to something historical, literary, or mythological. an ILLUSION is a mistaken idea or a misleading appearance

foreshadowing

an event or statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later

king ahab and jezebel allusion

an evil king of israel and his treacherous evil wife, synonymous today with evil. through their marriage, she introduced the worship of baal, an idol, to israel, inciting mutual enmity with the prophets. she instigated the muder naboth for the possession of a vineyard.

solomon allusion

an extremely wise person; from the son of king david, the israelite kind who wrote proverbs, and was known for wisdom

utopia

an idealized place; imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity, and peace.

utopia allusion

an imaginary and perfect society; from thomas more's novel

rhapsody

an intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise

prelude

an introductory poem to a longer work of verse.

canopy allusion

an overhanging protection or shelter, to cover or hover above; middle english word taken from a word meaning "net curtains"

Imagery in ATOTC

animal; religious

sodom and gomorrah allusion

any place associated with wickedness or sin; from the evil cities of the OT that were destroyed by fire

donnybrook allusion

any riotous occasion; taken from the fair, held in dublin country which was famous for rioting and dissipation

frankenstein allusion

anything that threatens or destroys its creator; from the young scientist in Mary Shelley's novel of this name, who creates a monster that eventually destroys him

elements of nonfiction/rhetorical

argument, evidence, reason, appeals, fallacies, thesis

academic

as an adjective describing style, this word means dry and theoretical writing. when a piece of writing seems to be sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis

when did the hero's transformation become complete?

as he conquers the abyss and overcomes his fears

what are examples of modernism movement?

as i lay dying, ulysses, portrait of the artist as a young man, the waste land, heart of darkness, waiting for godot

William Golding

author of LOTF fought in Royal Navy

diction

author's choice of words whether to use wept or cried.

at

avoid using AT after a construction beginning with WHERE

of

avoid using OF after other prepositions such as INSIDE, OFF, and OUTSIDE

type, type of

avoid using TYPE as an adjective. add OF after TYPE

he, she, it, they

avoid using a pronoun along with its antecedent as the subject of a verb. such an error is sometimes called a double subject.

being as, being that

avoid using either of these expressions for BECAUSE or SINCE.

all the farther, all the faster

avoid using these expressions. instead, use as far as and as fast as

bust, busted

avoid using these words as verbs. use for of break or burst, or catch or arrest, depending on the meaning you intend.

Eight Troublesome Modifiers

bad and badly; good and well; slow and slowly; real and really

Bad and Badly

bad is an adjective; badly is an adverb EX: I felt BAD so I stayed indoors. He began the race BADLY.

what type of writing did the middle ages/renaissance movement include?

ballad, lyric poetry, drama, essay

attila allusion

barbarian, rough leader; king of the huns and the most successful of the barbarian invaders of the roman empire

Principal Parts of Verbs

base form, present participle, past, past participle EX: BASE: ask PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is asking PAST: asked PAST PARTICIPLE: have asked

what is the postmodernism movement characterized by?

based on the position that reality is not what humans understand it to be but is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own personal reality, skeptical of explanations that claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions or races, instead focuses on the relative truths of each person, interpretation is everything, reality is only through our own interpretations of what the world means to us, relies on concrete experience over abstract principles, arguing that the outcome of one's own experience is relative rather than universal

foot

basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry; formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed

elements

basic techniques of each genre of literature

in a tale of two cities, when do the key events take place in relation to the french revolution?

before and during

alpha and omega allusion

beginning and the end, from a quote in revelations in the NT

ignorance must die for what?

birth of enlightenment

sardonic allusion

bitterly ironical, sarcastic, sneering; from a plant said to bring on fits of laughter

what does the name starkfield suggest about the setting?

bleak, barren, desolate, empty, spartan, austere

panglossian allusion

blindly or misleadingly optimistic; after the doctor in candide by voltaire, a pedantic old tutor

mattie is identified with red (red scarf). what does this represent?

blood, passion, scarlet letter (love out of wedlock)

rodomontade allusion

bluster and boasting, to boast; from a brave, braggart knight' king of sarza or algiers, son of ulteus, and commander of both horse and foot in the saracen army

what is parallel between mattie and zeena as far as how they came to be part of ethan's life?

both came to tend the sick of the household. (zeena came to tend ethan's mother, and mattie came to tend zeena)

jezebel allusion

brazen or forward woman

burlesque

broad parody, one that takes a style or a form, such as tragic drama, and exaggerates it into ridiculousness.

when louis established the cabinet of anti-revolutionaries, what did the people do?

broke into the tuileries, the royal palace in paris

How is Ethan's conflict intensified in this chapter?

by finding out that Zeena is going out of town and he will be alone with Mattie for a night

How does Herman Gow corroborate that starkfield is bleak later on?

by saying that "most of the smart one get away"

aesthetic, aesthetics

can be used as an adjective meaning "appealing to the senses." this type of judgment is a phrase synonymous with artistic judgement; the plural noun is the study of beauty singular: as a noun, it is a coherent sense of taste. the kid whose room is painted black, who sleeps in a coffin, and listens only to funeral music has an _____________. the kid whose room is filled with pictures of kittens and daisies but who sleeps in a coffin and listens to polka music has a confused ____________. plural: questions like "what is beauty?" or, "is the beautiful always good?" fall into this category.

classic

can mean typical; also means an accepted masterpiece

Romanticism in ATOTC

celebrated the individual, common humanity as the subject of literature; believed in the fundamental goodness of man (Rousseau's noble savage); empathy with nature, and the individual's ability to overcome

unreliable narrator

character in the story that tells the tale from his or her point of view (first person narrator)

first person narrator

character in the story that tells the tale from his or her point of view; unreliable

machiavellian allusion

characterized by expedience, deceit and cunning; from a philosopher known for his treaties and political expediency, wrote "the prince"

elements of a short story

characters, irony, theme, symbol, plot, and setting

what genres did dickens's novels cover?

comedy, darker visions, autobiographical, and historical

metaphor

comparison or analogy that states one thing is another

analogy

comparison; usually involve two or more symbolic parts and are employed to clarify an action or a relationship. (ex: just as the mother eagle shelters her young from the storm by spreading her great wing above their heads, so does Acme Insurers of America spread an umbrella of coverage to protect its policyholders from the storms of lives)

loose sentence

complete before its end

adverb clauses that answer the question under what conditions are clauses of?

condition/concession

elements of drama

conflict, characters, climax, conclusion, exposition, rising action, falling action, sets, props

Progressive Tense

consists of the appropriate tense of BE plus the present participle and is used to show continuing action or state of being EX: The children ARE BUILDING a fort made of boxes.

enjambment

continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of poem to the next with no pause

return to everyday life (hero's journey)

contributing to one's society, assuming society accepts rather than rejects him

fear must die to make way for what?

courage

doggerel

crude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme. limericks are a kind

symbol of tarentella in A Doll's House

dance thought to cure a tarantula bite. nora is "dancing for her life" as she plans to kill herself later that night

What foreshadowing is used in Etan Frome?

danger of the elm while sledding; vine - funeral/death

how is the setting in Ethan Frome itself foreshadowing?

dark, winter setting represents death

what was naturalism an outgrowth of?

darwinism

Prison cells of Dr. M. and Darnay represents _.

death

symbol of macaroon in A Doll's House

deception, little lies, nora's subtle rebellion

adverb clauses that answer the question to what extent are clauses of?

degree

what is the enlightenment movement characterized by?

deism, age of rationalism, reason, logic, symmetry, balance, imitation of the style of greek and roman writers, man portrayed as inherently flawed, so restraint, self-control, and common sense were considered of value

anachronism

derived from Greek. means "misplaced in time." if the actor playing Brutus in a production of Julius Caesar forgets to take off his wristwatch, the effect will be an _________________________.

lilliputian allusion

descriptive of a very small person or of something diminutive, trivial or petty; after the tiny people in "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift

berserk allusion

destructively or frenetically violent, mental or emotional upset; a warrior clothed in bear skin who worked himself into a frenzy before battle

what type of writing did the puritanism movement include?

diaries, sermons, histories, and some poetry

what was a tale of two cities published in?

dickens's new magazine, all the year round

means, meaning

discovering what makes sense and what's important. literal meaning which is concrete and explicit and emotional meaning

had ought, hadn't ought

do not use HAD or HADN'T with OUGHT

could of

do not use OF in place of HAVE

had of

do not use OF in place of HAVE

off, off of

do not use OFF or OFF OF in place of FROM

where

do not use WHERE for THAT

like, as if, as though

do not use that preposition LIKE for the conjunction AS IF or AS THOUGH to introduce a subordinate clause.

symbol of lark & animal imagery in A Doll's House

dominative language to belittle Nora, to dehumanize her. ironic when torvald refers to his own "broad wings." Nora "takes flight" at the end of the play.

also avoid?

double negatives

archetype of darkness in A Doll's House

dr rank tells nora of his impending death while it's dark, creates a romantic mood for him to confess his love for her

genre of A Doll's House

drama (realistic prose)

catharsis

drawn from aristotle's writings of tragedy. refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences, having lived (vicariously) though the experiences presented on stage

kind of a, sort of a

drop the A for standard accepted usage

who is herman gow?

drove the stage of the narrator. knew ethan's story.

after dickens divorced his wife, who did he meet?

ellen ternan

atmosphere

emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene

what type of writing did the classic movement involve?

epics, poetry, drama

revelation (hero's journey)

epiphany, sudden, dramatic change in the way one thinks or views life. crucial because it makes the initiate a different person. occurs during the abyss

what type of writing did the enlightenment movement include?

essay, satire, letters, mock epic, poetry

who does the reader view as the victim in Ethan Frome?

ethan (victim of an unsatisfying marriage)

"his glance crossed mattie's and he fancied that a fugitive warning gleamed through her lashes"

ethan and mattie recognize that zeena has suspicions. ethan sees mattie feeling guilty after zeena locked them out

what are examples of the naturalism movement?

ethan frome, a doll's house, of mice and men, red badge of courage

Since we know from the prologue that the novel involves a tragedy, what foreshadowing devices has the author used?

ethan's need for mattie, uneasiness about Zeena's suspicions

realistic characters can be heroic, but they find that their strength and courage are tested in the context of...

events modern people might experience

Realism in ATOTC

events plausible; tone may be satiric or matter of fact; specified freedom of choice limited by outside forces; verisimilitude

connotation

everything else (other than literal meaning) that a word suggests or implies. for example, in the phrase "the dark forest," it implies danger, mystery, quiet

hyperbole

exaggeration or deliberate overstatement

hubris

excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfalls

satire

exposes common character flaws to the cold light of humor; attempts to improve things by pointing out people's mistakes in the hope that once exposed, such behavior will become less common.

Imperative Mood

expresses a direct command or request EX: SHOW me how it works.

Indicative Mood

expresses a fact, opinion, or question EX: Tula TRANSLATES the article into Spanish.

Subjunctive Mood

expresses a suggestion, a necessity, a condition contrary to fact, or a wish EX: I wish you WERE in chemistry with me.

Past Perfect

expresses an action or a state of being that ended before some other past action or state of being EX: Before she became a poet, Liz HAD WRITTEN stories.

Present Tense

expresses an action or a state of being that is occurring now, at the present time EX: Liz WRITES stories.

Present Perfect

expresses an action or a state of being that occurred at an indefinite time in the past EX: Julia HAS WRITTEN stories.

Past Tense

expresses an action or a state of being that occurred in the past and does not continue into the present EX: Julia WROTE a poem.

Future Perfect

expresses an action or a state of being that will end before some other future occurrence EX: By the end of next year, Julia WILL HAVE WRITTEN a book of poems.

Future Tense

expresses an action or a state of being that will occur EX: Liz WILL WRITE poetry.

action of "A Doll's House"

extremely compressed -- unities of time and place: 3 days, one setting in apartment. gave play unrelenting cohesion

t/f: king louis and his family were captured; however, they escaped.

false. they tried to escape but were unsuccessful

t/f: victorian's reign was half as long as the romantic period.

false. twice as long

elements of poetry

figurative language, symbol, imagery, rhythm, rhyme

Synecdoche

figure of speech in which a part represents the whole

what is the point of view in Ethan Frome?

first person and third person limited omniscient

At first, Jem is disappointed in Atticus because he won't play ___________, but then he finds out he's the best ________ in Maycomb County.

football; shot

Wine Cask (spilled) in ATOTC

foreshadowing blood to be spilled in the Revolution

Shadows in ATOTC

foreshadowing of negative things to come; associated with Mme. Defarge

melodrama

form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure

nostradamus allusion

fortune teller; french physician and astrologer who wrote a book of rhymer prophecies

what structure is the Ethan Frome ?

frame structure

spartan allusion

frugal and bare, simple, disciplined and stern and brave; having to do with an important city in greece. people known for simplicity of life, severity, courage, and brevity of speech

falstaffian allusion

full of wit and bawdy humor; after a fat, sensual, boastful, and mendacious king who was the companion of henry, prince of wales

boon (hero's journey)

gift which is bestowed upon him based on his new level of skill and awareness. may become richer or stronger, may become a great leader, may become enlightened spiritually

Brobdingnagian allusion

gigantic, enormous, on a large scale, enlarged; after the land of the giants visited by gulliver in gulliver's travels, by jonathan swift

personification

giving an inanimate object human qualities or form

Good and Well

good is an adjective; well may be used as an adjective or as an adverb EX: The book was quite GOOD. By the first turn of the race, Marcus was doing quite WELL.

uncle sam allusion

government of people of the united states; derived from the the united states of america and a business man with initial on shipping boxes

jacob allusion

grandson of abraham, son of isaac and rebekah, brother of esau, and the traditional ancestor of israelites. his name was changed to israel, and his 12 sons became the 12 tribes of israel

dissonance

grating of incompatible sounds

what were important aspects of the victorian period?

growing middle class, expansion of british imperial power, drive for social advancement, becoming "english," seeds of rebellion against stereotypical codes of conduct

mentors (hero's journey)

guides that keep the initiate focused on his or her goal and gives stability, a psychological foundation for when the danger is greatest

What kinds of things do the kids find in the tree?

gum, pennies, spelling medal, ball of string, old watch

when jacobins took power, what did they do regarding louis?

had him executed

quixotic allusion

having foolish and impractical ideas of honor, or schemes for the general good; after a half-crazy reformer and knight of supposed distressed.

thespian allusion

having to do with the theater or acting; relating to a attic poet, the reputed father of greek tragedy

To what conclusion does Ethan come about running away?

he is too poor to start over with mattie. and zeena would be left destitute because she would not be able to keep up the farm until it sold, if it ever sold

What does Ethan do that shows his feelings for Mattie in this chapter?

he kisses her

How does Ethan reveal that he feels ambivalent?

he loves mattie and is attracted to her, but he knows he doesn't have the right to acknowledge it

How has the evening without Zeena altered Ethan's perceptive of his daily routine?

he now sees what his life would be like without Zeena and with Mattie. he is irrationally happy

How does Jotham Powell symbolize the obstacle between Mattie and Ethan?

he represents Ethan's existence, the work world, and routine

Why does Ethan swerve at the last minute?

he saw zeena's face

How is Ethan's conflict between his feelings for Mattie and those for Zeena voiced?

headstones mocking Ethan's desire

"he's looked that way ever since he had his smash-up; and that's twenty-four years ago come next february."

herman gow speaking about ethan frome's accident. foreshadowing, background information to pique readers' interest

What is Ethan's response to the breaking of the pickle dish and how does it speak to his character?

hides and ignores it, postpones the inevitable. shows how he is not a man of action. emotionally paralyzed. caught between passion and morality

stonewall allusion

hinder or obstruct by evasive, delaying tactics; in cricket: trying to go completely defensive blocking every ball without trying to score; relating to the confederate general from the remark during the battle of bull run: "look at jackson's men; they stand like a ...."

"...he had never known such a thrilling sense of mastery"

how ethan handled the pickle dish incident. although, he was not a master of this situation, he is not a man of action.

What is Maycomb's usual disease?

how people "go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up"

pickwickian allusion

humorous, sometimes derogatory; from a character in Charles Dickens' story

tartuffe allusion

hypocrite or someone who is hypocritical; central character in a comedy by moliere (famous for his hypocritical piety)

objectivity

impersonal or outside view of events

epic

in a broad sense, a very long narrative poem on a serious theme in a dignified style. typically deal with glorious or profound subject matter (great war, heroic journey, the fall of man from eden, battle with supernatural forces, trip into underworld, etc)

tragic flaw

in a tragedy, this is the weakness of character in an otherwise good individual that ultimately leads to his demise

when and where was the puritanism movement?

in america. 1620-1750

where does ethan think he can possess Mattie?

in death

chorus

in drama, the group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it

kind of, sort of

in formal situations, avoid using KIND OF for somewhat or rather

as if, as though, like

in formal situations, avoid using the preposition LIKE. as for the conjugation AS IF or AS THOUGH should be used to introduce a subordinate clause

because

in formal writing and speaking, do not use the construction REASON...BECAUSE. instead, use REASON...THAT. (an adverb clause cannot function as a predicate nominative)

anthropomorphism

in literature, when inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena are given human characteristics, behavior, or motivation, ____________________ is at work. for example, "in the forest, the darkness waited for me, I could hear its patient breathing." ________________ is often confused with personification. but personification requires that the nonhuman quality or thing take on human shape

decorum

in order to observe, a character's speech must be styled according to her social station, and in accordance with the occasion. a bum should speak like a bum about bumly things, while a princess should speak only about higher topics and in a delicate manner. in neoclassical and victorian literature the authors observed this, meaning they did not write about the indecorous. the bum wouldn't even appear in this genre

accent

in poetry, refers to the stressed portion of the word. in "to be, or not to be," stresses fall on the first "be" and "not." it sounds silly any other way. but in poetry is also a matter of opinion, consider the rest of the first line of Hamlet's famous soliloquy, "that is the question." the stresses in that portion of the line are open to a variety of interpretations.

cacophony

in poetry, using deliberately harsh, awkward sounds

What is the difference between the Frome up there and the Fromes down in the graveyard?

in the graveyard, the women are quiet and have to hold their tongues

abstract

in writing, typically complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, and seldom uses examples to prove its points

Comparisons Within Groups

include the word OTHER or ELSE when comparing one member of a group with the rest of the group EX: INCORRECT: Arlo is funnier than ANYONE in his class. CORRECT: Arlo is funnier than ANYONE ELSE in his class.

dependency and irresponsibility must die so that what can grow?

independence and power

Lodestone in ATOTC

invisible force that draws one to his destiny

the call (hero's journey)

invites the initiate into the adventure, offering him/her the opportunity to face the unknown and gain something of physical or spiritual value

what were the two revolutionary groups?

jacobins (radical) and girondists (moderate)

who is the hired man of the fromes?

jotham powell

who was the king of france when the revolution began?

king louis xvi

motif of letters in A Doll's House

krogstad's letter revealing the truth to torvald and his letter releasing Nora's bond, mrs. linde's letter asking krogstad to see her so they could talk, dr. rank's letter with the black cross announcing his death

in media res

latin for "in the midst of things" one of the conventions of epic poetry for examples when the iliad begins, the trojan war has already been going on for 7 years

what are examples of the realism movement?

les miserables, anna karenina, a tale of two cities; in america, the rise of silas lapham, daisy miller, novels by twain

Six Troublesome Verbs

lie and lay; sit and set; rise and raise

symbol of a doll in A Doll's House

lifeless representation of a human-- how nora's been treated her whole life by her father and her husband. she has never discovered her own passions & interests

parable

like a fable or an allegory, story that instructs

simile

like a metaphor but softens the full-out equation of things, often, but not always by using like or as

stream of consciousness technique

like first person narration, but instead of the character telling the story, the author places the reader inside the main character's head and makes the reader privy to all of the other character's thoughts

epitaph

lines that commemorate the dead at their burial place; usually a line or handful of lines, often serious or religious, sometimes witty and irreverent

denotation

literal meaning

where is a tale of two cities mostly set in?

london, paris, rural france, english port city of dover

odyssey

long journey; named for the character in the epic by homer. he made his long journey back from the trojan war, encountering several obstacles along the way.

ballad

long, narrative poem, usually in a very regular meter and rhyme. typically has a naive folksy quality, a characteristic that distinguishes it from epic poetry

ellen ternan may have been a model for what character in a tale of two cities?

lucie manette

sybaritic allusion

luxurious, voluptuous, a person who cares very much for luxury and pleasure; an inhabitant of a town founded by greeks in ancient italy, which was known for its luxury

what type of writing did the romanticism movement include?

lyric poetry, short stories, novels

two reasons Ibsen is considered a literary pioneer

made drama a vehicle for social commentary and explored socially unacceptable topics

talisman

magic weapon

"though she was but seven years her husband's senior, and he was only twenty-eight, she was already an old woman."

makes reader wonder why the two ever got married. there seems to be no connection between the two.

job allusion

man who suffers a great deal but remains faithful; from an OT character whose faith in God was tested by satan; though he lost his family and belongings, he remained patient and faithful

adverb clauses that answer the question how are clauses of?

manner

who were some of the people mentioned that were executed during the reign of terror?

marie antionette, the queen (guillotined), robespierre

concepts around which A Doll's House revolves

marriage, money, honesty/integrity

who is the antithesis of zeena?

mattie

How are Mattie and Zeena contrasted physically?

mattie - young, lively, energetic, colorful zeena - old, tired, ill, dark colors, death

How is the reader surprised in the epilogue of Ethan Frome?

mattie is the droning woman

"i don't know, she went right up to her room."

mattie speaking of zeena. confirms and increases ethan's fears and uneasiness

"'it looks just as if it was painted.' it seemed to ethan that the art of definition could go no farther, and that words had at last been found to utter his secret soul..."

mattie speaking. inarticulate connection between the two of them. isolation but still the need for connection

threshold guardians (hero's journey)

may be people, beings, or situations that block the hero's passage into the journey. function is to protect the hero from taking the journey before he/she is ready. one the hero is ready to meet the challenge, they step aside and point the way.

Objective Case

me, you, him, her, it, us, them use the objective case when a pronoun is used as the object of any verb, preposition, or verbal EX: Our teacher praised HER.

hopefully

means "in a hopeful manner" or "it is to be hoped"

the nineteenth century movement toward realism paralleled the rise of a...

middle class eagerly seeking dramas representing its own concerns

A Doll's House actually represented the birth of...

modern drama

how does dialogue in modern drama differ from that written at an earlier time?

modern drama no longer speaks in highly poetic language, formal declarations, asides, or soliloquies. characters speak like we do in everyday life

mccarthyism allusion

modern witch hunt, the practice of publicizing accusations of political disloyalty or subversions with insufficient regard to evidence, the use of unfair investigatory or accusatory methods, in order to suppress opposition; after an american politician who as a US senator from WWI publicly accused many citizens of subversion

often the final step in the abyss (hero's journey)

moment of death and rebirth: a part of him dies so that a new part can be born

how did the french revolution affect europe?

monarchs feared democratic ideas would bring their power to an end

filthy lucre allusion

money or profits; from a story in the NT of jesus casting moneylenders out of the temple

Flat Characters in ATOTC

most of the characters

In Ethan Frome, How does the narrator deal with the story?

mrs. hale fills in the gaps

who was one of the first to see ethan after his accident?

mrs. ned hale (reluctant to talk about it afterwards)

challenges or temptations (hero's journey)

must be faced by the initiate on the quest. become more and more difficult, testing him to the utmost, forcing him to change and grow. begins the process of transformation

Possessive Case

my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs use the possessive case before nouns to show ownership, gerunds, and by themselves to indicate possession EX: MY report on the Roaring Twenties is almost done.

How is the name of Ethan's Puritan ancestor's wife significant?

name = endurance. suggests how ethan was simply enduring life without enjoying it. and his death-in-life existence

persona

narrator in a non-first-person novel. in a third person novel, even though the author isn't a character, you get some idea of the author's personality. shadow-author

"i merely felt in her an insurmountable reluctance to speak of him and his affairs..."

narrator speaking about mrs. ned hale concerning her silence about ethan frome

what did the third estate establish when they realized they would never achieve equality?

national assembly

what is the modernism movement characterized by?

naturalism, nihilism, existentialism, initially a reaction to the horrors of world war I which made people question the future of humanity (what was becoming of the world?), modernist fiction spoke of the inner self and consciousness, alienation and loneliness are prominent themes of prose/poetry, irony and satire used to point out society's ills, literature characterized by experimentation of form such as stream-of-consciousness, interior monologue, narrative discontinuity, search for meaning in a chaotic world

what was a theme both in dickens's life and a tale of two cities?

new beginnings (recalled to life)

coinage, neologism

new word, usually one invented on the spot, often people's names

when referring to people in general, use??

nonsexist expressions rather than gender-specific ones.

concept of honesty/integrity in A Doll's House

nora and torvald constantly manipulate and deceive each other. lots of secrets and lies

theme of duty to oneself in A Doll's House

nora leaves her husband & children for her own well being. torvald says she is a wife & mother before all else but nora now realizes she's only ever accepted what she's been told, never decided anything for herself

theme of collapse of parental ideal in A Doll's House

nora walks away from her own children with good intentions

theme of place (and self-sacrifice) of women in A Doll's House

nora works to pay off the debt on her own, mrs. linde didn't marry for love but did so pragmatically for her family's needs, nurse gave up her child for adoption so she could work

What language was A Doll's House originally written in?

norwegian

how was a tale of two cities different for dickens regarding genre?

not comedic

periodic sentence

not grammatically complete until its reached its final phrase

what type of writing did the realism movement include?

novels, short stories

Biblical Allusions in ATOTC

numerous: Samaritan/ I am the Resurrection/ Samson/ loaves and fish/ Eden/ etc

Foreshadowing in ATOTC

occurs throughout the novel: Revolution is foreshadowed as is Carton's sacrificial death

anticlimax

occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect; frequently comic. example: "sir your snide manner and despicable arrogance have long been a source of disgust to me, but I've overlooked it until now. However, it has come to my attention that you have fallen so disgracefully deep into that mire of filth which is your mind as to attempt to besmirch my wife's honor and my good name. Sir, I challenge you to a game of badminton."

what are examples of the puritanism movement?

of plymouth plantation, a narrative of captivity, sinner in the hands of an angry god, huswifery

Point of View of a tale of two cities

omniscient

daniel allusion

one known for wisdom and accurate judgement; from a wise leader in the OT who was able to read the handwriting on the wall

scapegoat allusion

one that is made an object of blame for others; symbolically burdened with the sins of jewish people and thrown over a precipice outside of jerusalem to rid the nation of iniquities

horatio alger allusion

one who believes that a person can make it on his own merits; from american writer of inspirational adventure books

jonah allusion

one who bring bad luck; an OT prophet who ran from god and sailed to sea. when a storm arose, he admitted that he was the cause, and the sailors threw him overboard, where he was swallowed by a large fish

cinderella allusion

one who gains affluence or recognition after obscurity and neglect, a person or thing whose beauty or worth remains unrecognized; after the fairy-tale heroine who escapes from a life of drudgery through the intervention of a fairy godmother and marries a handsome prince

chauvinist allusion

one who has a militant devotion to and glorification of one's country, fanatical patriotism, prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own gender, group, or kind; after a legendary french soldier devoted to napoleon

ishmael allusion

one who is cast out as being unworthy; the son of abraham and his handmaiden hagar, he was cast out into the desert when his wife sarah had their son isaac; therefore said to be the ancestor of the nomadic desert tribes of arabs

Euphemism in ATOTC

opening paragraph: "we were all going the other way"; Gaspard "exalted to that height of so many feet" meaning hanged; Mr. Lorry accuses Cruncher of "having an unlawful occupation of infamous description" (pg 238)

Theme of Human Tendency toward Excesses in ATOTC

oppressions are equal: aristocracy and revolutionaries

syntax

ordering and structuring of the words. whether to say, the pizza was smothered in cheese and pepperoni. i devoured it greedily. or greedily, i devoured the cheese-and-pepperoni-smothered pizza

What is the stereotype of an enginneer?

orderly, meticulous, precise, logical

symbol of Christmas time in A Doll's House

out with the old & in with the new attitude, change, possibilities, torvald's promotion

opposition

pair of elements that contrast sharply. it is not necessarily "conflict" but rather a pairing of images, whereby each becomes striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one. creates mystery and tension. can lead to irony

what is the romanticism movement characterized by?

pantheism, reaction to constraints of neoclassicism, characterized by emotion, nature, the past, the elevation of the human experience, the supernatural, exotic settings, gothic literature was a sub-movement, truth is an individual experience, emphasized the quest for beauty and emotions over logic

ruth and naomi allusion

paragons of love between in-laws; faithful friends. from the OT story of a women who, when he husband died in battle, left her own land to travel with his mother back to her people

what is mattie's background?

parents died and she only had $50 from selling her piano

mock-epic

parody form that deals with mundane events and ironically treats them as worthy as the real poetry

what is an elliptical clause?

part of a clause may be left out when its meaning can be clearly understood from the context of the sentence

Scarecrows and Birds in ATOTC

peasants and aristocracy

Footsteps in ATOTC

people coming into the lives of the Manette family

what does a tale of two cities tell the story of?

people whose lives are interrupted or wasted, then reawakened with a new purpose; mistakes can be turned into triumphs

What does Atticus say every mob is made up of?

people you know

Pathetic Fallacy in ATOTC

personification with adjective preceding noun (ex. "Hungry Saint Antoine")

Love/Hate in ATOTC

personified by Lucie, Miss Pross, Dr. M., Charles (love); Sydney Carton (self-loathing), the Defarges and the revolutionary forces (hate)

what is the naturalism movement characterized by?

philosophical naturalism, highly pessimistic, deterministic, free will was ineffective at causing change in a predetermined outcome, subject matters often deal with ran and unpleasant experiences which often reduce characters to degrading behaviors in order to survive, movement of population from rural to urban areas influenced

oxymoron

phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction

parenthetical phrase

phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail

In Ethan Frome, What occurrence shatters the evening and what does it represent?

pickle dish is shattered. represents the shattering of Ethan and Zeena's marriage

psychological allegory

piggy-superego jack-id ralph-ego

adverb clauses that answer the question where are clauses of?

place

what is the centerpiece of a tale of two cities?

plot

Parallelism in ATOTC

plotlines; locations (what was happening in England and what was happening in France) merge together in Book

pastoral

poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds

what are examples of the romanticism movement?

poetry of wordsworth, shelley, keats, coleridge, and byron; in america, short stories and poetry of poe, short stories and novels of hawthorne (the scarlet letter)

free verse

poetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern

what is the classic movement characterized by?

polytheism, emphasis on pleasing the will of the gods

caricature

portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality

where and when was dickens born?

portsmouth, england in 1812

Six Tenses of Verbs

present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect

bombast

pretentious, exaggeratedly learned language. when one tries to be eloquent by using the largest, most uncommon words

what type of writing did the naturalism movement include?

primarily novels and short stories, some poetry

modern drama presents such issues as work, love, marriage, and death in the realm of the...

probable

conflicts in realistic plays are likely to reflect...

problems in our own ways

antihero

protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities

nemesis

protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty

helpers (hero's journey)

provide assistance or direction. often in the form of a divine gift, such as a talisman, which will help the hero through the ordeal. also can provide lodging, shelter, food, or whether is needed

what was the common perception of the victorian period?

prudish, hypocritical, stuffy, and narrow-minded

adverb clauses that answer the question why are clauses of?

purpose/cause

Moral allegory

ralph-common sense piggy-intellect jack-emotion simon-soul

Real and Really

real is an adjective; really is an adverb EX: That is a REAL replica. I REALLY needed some water.

Comment on Wharton's use of descriptive language in this chapter, particularly adjectives referring to color. Why are they significant?

red = passion (mattie), blood (pickle dish) black and winter = death silver = bright and shiny, portrayed in a positive light (mattie)

What is significant about the ribbon that Mattie wears?

red, which represents passion; reminiscent of the Scarlet letter

Metonymy in ATOTC

references to Saint Antoine (meaning the people of S.A.) or "the village" meaning the people of the village

little lord fauntleroy allusion

refers to either a certain type of children's clothing or to a beautiful, but pampered and effeminate small boy; from a work by Frances H. Burnett, the main character was a striking figure, dressed in black velvet with a lace collar and yellow curls

Knitting in ATOTC

registry of death; mechanical, replaces the movement of jaws eating

parallelism

repeated syntactical similarities used for effect

assonance

repeated use of vowel sounds "old king cole was a merry old soul"

consonance

repetition of consonant sounds within words. a flock of sick, black-checkered ducks

alliteration

repetition of initial consonant sounds; consonant clusters coming closely cramped and compressed

the characters in modern drama are not "larger than life" but rather they are ___________ of it

representative

david and bathsheba allusion

represents a big sin; from the king's affair with the wife of uriah. after they had an affair and she became pregnant, the king had her husband uriah put on the front lines of battle so he would die. the affair formed a critical turning point in the king's life. prior to this, he had prospered greatly, but afterward, his personal fortunes were greatly diminished. nathan the prophet confronted the king after he took the woman for his wife and trapped him into admitting his own guilt

Ethan weighs his options. How does his design to maintain the status quo in keeping with his personality?

responsible, honest, practical, conventional

Cobbler's tools in ATOTC

retreat from reality and pain

What is significant about seeing zeena's face on mattie's body?

reveals his subconscious fears and guilt. can never have a life with mattie

archetype of light in A Doll's House

reveals truth, dampens dr rank's romantic impression

who was louis denounced by?

robespierre, leading revolutionary of the jacobins

theme of individual and society in A Doll's House

rules prevent characters from expressing their true nature

swiftian allusion

satirical; from a famous satire on politics gulliver's travels

What is ironic about Mrs. Hale's interpretation?

says that if mattie had died, ethan might have lived.

what was postmodernism a reaction to?

scientific or objective efforts to explain reality

Light and Dark

seem to represent good and evil; shadows are menacing

Why does suicide seem a "logical" answer for their situation in Ethan Frome?

seems that they can only be free and together in death. his hands are tied and mattie would may have become a prostitute living by herself.

How does Wharton's descriptions mirror Ethan's state of mind and foreshadow the end?

sees Mattie associated with the forest. "sees silver edged darkness." "alive with her prescence"

Why is Zeena so angry about the broken pickle dish?

sees as the crumbling of her marriage and feels like she can't openly mourn her marriage

how is the narrator atypical of the stereotype of an engineer?

sees ethan as gallant which is a romantic, larger-than-life perception

nora's primary struggle

selfish, stifling, oppressive attitude of her husband and the society he represents

gothic, gothic novel

sensibility form first showed up in middle of the eighteenth century and had a heyday of popularity for about sixty years. never really gone away. think mysterious gloomy castles perched high upon sheer cliffs. paintings with sinister eyeballs that follow you around the rooms. weird screams from the attic. diaries with a final entry that trails off the page and reads something like, "no, no! it couldn't be!!!!"

tone of A Dolls House

serious, somer, intense

how was a tale of two cities different for dickens regarding the setting?

set mostly in a foreign country instead of england

How is Zeena's reaction to Mattie's departure a contrast to Ethan's and her own previous demeanor?

she acted jovial and had a good appetite. she is cheerful that her problem is being solved.

What does Mattie finally reveal?

she found his note and she confesses that she loves Ethan. finally an articulate connection between them

anecdote

short narrative

How does Zeena's news about hiring Mattie's replacement affect Ethan?

shows the first time we see him being assertive with Zeena. he even made a fist he was so angry

retrospective

significant events that happen before the beginning of the play (antigone, hamlet)

what is mattie's last name? why is this significant?

silver. symbolizing a life force.

religious allegory

simon-deep spirtuality piggy-pure intellectual jack-evil corruption ralph-every day man

political allegory

simon-humanism piggy-technology jack-dictatorship ralph-fair and democractic government

and etc.

since AND is used in the definition of ETC., using AND with ETC. is redundant

Indefinite Pronouns

singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs; plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs EX: EVERYONE on the rescue squad HAS LEFT for the day. SINGULAR: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, enough, every, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something PLURAL: both, few, many, others, several BOTH: all, any, more, most, none, some

What do Ethan and Mattie speak of doing on the next moonlit night?

sledding

Slow and Slowly

slow is used as both an adjective and an adverb; slowly is used as an adverb EX: That SLOW train is a replica of an old steam engine. I was moving very SLOWLY.

Irony: Satire in ATOTC

social reform

what did dickens think could not be avoided in the unequal society?

social upheaval like in france

how are some of the dramatic conventions different in modern drama?

social, political, and industrial revolutions created an atmosphere in which playwrights saw it necessary to creat work that directly reflected their audience's lives

What is the mood and tone of the chapter when Ethan and Mattie go sledding?

somber, unavoidable sense of doom

What does Scout hear when she rolls up to the Radley yard in the tire?

someone laughing

don quixote allusion

someone overly idealistic to the point of having impossible dreams; from the crazed and impoverished spanish noble who sets out to revive the glory of knighthood, romanticized in the musical based on the story by cervantes

uncle tom allusion

someone thought to have the timid service attitude like that of a slave to his owner; from the humble, pious, long-suffering negro slave

good samaritan allusion

someone who helps another person, perhaps someone of a different race or background; from a NT parable about a traditional enemy of the hebrews who stopped to help a jewish man who had been beaten and left for dead at the side of the road

pearl of great price allusion

something so precious that one would devote everything to or give up everything for it. in one of jesus' parables, the kingdom of heaven is compared to this found by a merchant

dirge

song for the dead; typically slow, heavy, melancholy

What places do Herman Gow and Mrs. Ned Hale occupy in the story?

sources of information

some, somewhat

standard english requires the use of SOMEWHAT rather than SOME to mean "to some extent."

stock characters

standard or chilchéd character types: the drunk, the miser, the foolish girl, etc.

conceit, metaphysical (reserved for metaphysical poems only)

startling or unusual metaphor, metaphor developed and expanded upon over several lines.

Tellson's Bank

status quo, intransigence of a system, extremely conservative

allegory

story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. many fables have this quality. for example, aesop's "the ant and the grasshopper" isn't merely the story of a hardworking any and a carefree grasshopper, but is also a story about different approaches to living - the thrifty and the devil-may-care. it can also be read as a story about the seasons of summer and winter, which represent a time of prosperity and time of hardship, or even as representing youth and age. they are usually even more hard and fast. bunyan's epic poem, pilgrim's progress, is one of the these of the soul, in which each and every part of the tale represents some feature of the spiritual world and the struggles of an individual to lead a Christian life.

wagnerian allusion

style of music: loud, dramatic, radical; having to do with this person's musical styles or theories

what was the most significant blow to britain?

successful revolt of america

complex, dense

suggesting that there is more than one possibility in the meaning of the words (image, idea, opposition); subtleties and variations; multiple layers of interpretation; meaning is both explicit and implicit

inversion

switching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. when done badly, it can give a stilted, artificial, look-at-me-i'm-poetry feel to the verse. messing with syntax is called poetic license

what are examples of the enlightenment movement?

tartuffe, gulliver's travels, the rape of the lock, paradise lost, candide; and in america, the writing of franklin and paine (common sense)

what do postmodernism's literary techniques include?

temporal distortion (jumping forward or backward in time), metafiction (reference to fictional illusion - writing a play about writing a play), pastiche (a type of writing that combines writing from different genres to form a new narrative

what does ethan say about the big elm in varnum woods?

that it is dangerous if you don't keep your eyes open (foreshadowing)

Analogy in ATOTC

the "card game" between Carton and Barsad in Book 3

the threshold (hero's journey)

the "jumping off point" for adventure. it is the interface between the known and the unknown, which is a different world full of dangers and challenges

cadence

the beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense. for example, iambic pentameter is the technical name for a rhythm. one sample could have a gentle, pulsing _______________, whereas another might have a conversational _______________, and still another might have a vigorous, marching _________________.

suspension of disbelief

the demand made of a theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with imagination. also, the acceptance on an audience's or reader's part of the incidents of plot in a play or story. if there are too many coincidences or improbable occurrences, the viewer/reader can no longer do this and subsequently loses interest.

what are example of the middle ages/renaissance movement?

the divine comedy, canterbury tales, the decameron, arthurian legends, shakespearean drama, dr. faustus

what did king louis xvi believe about kings?

the divine right of kings

Mood

the form of a verb takes to indicate the attitude of the person using the verb

Voice

the form of a verb that shows whether the subject is performing the action

Why do Ethan and Mattie act differently that night from the way they acted the evening before after the dance?

the house carries the associations of social orders, convicting that their feelings are unacceptable. previously, there were outside without moral conventions ("now, in the warm lamplit room, with all its ancient implications of conformity and order, she seemed...more unapproachable")

original sin/the fall allusion

the idea that all men are innately sinful as a result of adam and eve's fall from the state of innocence. when they ate of the forbidden fruit, they were cast out of the garden of eden; a post-biblical expression for the doctrine of adam's transgression and mankind's consequential inheritance of a sinful nature because he ate the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge

what was an outgrowth of realism in america?

the local color movement

protagonist

the main character of a novel or play.

theme

the main idea of the overall work; the central idea. topic of discourse or discussion

thesis

the main position of an argument. central contention that will be supported

technique

the methods, the tools, the "how-she-does-it" ways of the author. not elements.

The Sea in ATOTC

the mobs in France

what novel did dickens die in the middle of?

the mystery of edwin drood

canto

the name for a section division in a long work of poetry; divides a long poem into parts the ways chapters divide a novel

point of view

the perspective from which the action of a novel or narrative poem is presented, whether the action is presented by one character or from different vantage points over the course of the novel.

what did the execution of louis xvi begin?

the reign of terror, a period where hundreds were executed

use of retrospective in "A Doll's House"

the secret loan, krogstad's crime, mrs. linde's failed marriage

Who is Miss Stephanie Crawford?

the town gossip

in an effort to open the eyes of their audiences, many modern dramatists felt the only real comfort in the modern world was knowing the...

the truth

zeugma

the use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. he closed the door and his heart on his lost love.

archaism

the use of deliberately old-fashioned language. authors sometimes use these to create a feeling of antiquity. tourist traps use these with a vengeance, as in "ye old candle shoppe"

Double Comparisons

the use of two comparative forms or two superlative forms to modify the same word EX: INCORRECT: This film is MORE LONGER than the last one we saw together. CORRECT: This film is LONGER than the last one we saw together.

pun

the usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings.

malapropism allusion

the usually unintentional humorous misuse or distortion of a word or phrase, especially the use of a word sounding somewhat like the one intended, but ludicrously character noted for her misses of words in R. B. Sheridan's comedy "The Rivals"

parody

the work that results when a specific work is exaggerated to ridiculousness

what is the middle ages/renaissance movement characterized by?

theism (great chain of being), faith in God, piety, chivalry, resurgence of faith in the possibilities of mankind for he was essentially good (during the renaissance)

what is the puritanism movement characterized by?

theism, "plain style," didactic, generally non-fiction, authors modeled their writing after the Bible and wrote to explore God's working in their inner and outer lives

hisself, theirself, theirselves

these are not words. avoid using these forms in speech and in all forms of writing other than dialogue

a, an

these indefinite articles refer to a member of a general group. A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound. AN is used before words beginning with a vowel sound

anyways, anywheres

these words and similar words, such as everywhere, somewhere, and nowhere, should not have a final S

What is his intention when he sees Andrew Hale's sleigh? What changes his plans?

thinks about asking for an advance on the limber so he can pay to leave. but he doesn't want to take advantage of the few nice people. his conscience gets the better of him as he is an honest person

objective/camera-eye narrator

third person narrator who only reports on what would be visible to a camera. does not know what the character is thinking unless the character makes note of it.

omniscient narrator

third person narrator who sees, like God, into each character's mind and understands all the action going on

black humor

this is the use of disturbing themes in comedy. in samuel beckett's "waiting for godot," the two tramps, didi and gogo, comically debate over which should commit suicide first, and whether the branches of the tree will support their weight.

adverb clauses that answer the question when are clauses of?

time

boycott allusion

to act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion, the act or an instance of this; after charles of ireland who was a former british soldier that refused to charge lower rents and ejected his tenants. he and his family found themselves without servants, farmlands, service in stores, or mail delivery.

bowdlerize allusion

to censor, expurgate prudishly, to modify, as by shortening or simplifying or by skewing content; after thomas who expurgated shakespeare

shanghai allusion

to cheat or steal, to make drugs, liquor, etc., to bring or get by trickery or force; a seaport in east china, because sailor for voyages there were often secured by illicit means

Why does ethan invite Jotham to stay for dinner?

to diffuse tension with zeena's homecoming

suggest

to imply, infer, indicate.

mesmerize allusion

to induce the state of being hypnotized; after an austian physician who use hypnotism and developed a theory called "animal magnetism"

hackney allusion

to make something banal or trite by frequent use, a horse for ordinary riding or driving, a horse kept for hire, let out, employed, done for hire; from the most common breed of heavy harness horses in the US

paraphrase

to restate phrases and sentences in your own words, to rephrase. not analysis or interpretation. just a way of showing you comprehend what you've just read

What plan does Ethan contrive and on what does he base it?

to run away with Mattie to the west. story he heard about young couple who even had a daughter

explicit

to say or write something directly and clearly (this is a rare happening in literature because the whole game is to be implicit, that is, to suggest and imply)

implicit

to say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly. "meaning" is definitely present, but it's in the imagery, or between the lines

bumble allusion

to speak or behave clumsily or faltering, to make a humming or droning sound; Middle English clumsy religious figure in a work of literature

meander allusion

to wander aimlessly; originating from a river in turkey noted for its winding course

farce

today, used to refer to extremely broad humor. writers of earlier times used it as a more neutral term, meaning simply a funny play or comedy (comedy was the generic term for any play; not implying humor)

sepulcher allusion

tomb in the OT

Comment on the irony of Ethan's defiance of her command to stay home and let Jotham drive Mattie to the station.

too little, too late. he is still acquiescing to zeena by making mattie leave. and he is still powerless

concept of money in A Doll's House

torvald uses money as power

What does Dill dare Jem to do to the Radley house?

touch it

job's comforters allusion

"friends" who try to help by bringing blame; ironically these people did not comfort at all but were sources of more affliction

subjunctive mood

"if i were you, i'd learn this one!" that's a small joke because the grammatical situation involves the words "if" and "were." set up a hypothetical situation, a kind of wishful thing.

according to the anthropologist joseph campbell, all stories with meaning for a society emerge from what?

"monomyth" or "one story"

basic form/structure of A Doll's House

"piece bien fiete" = "well made play" french serious version of a melodrama, tighter structure, no stock characters. characters are usually round, not flat

theme of appearance vs. reality in A Doll's House

"richly bound books" in his anger, torvald says that nora will not be allowed around him or the children but won't let anyone outside the family know. concerned with outward appearance & reputation. nora is a trophy wife

what are melodramas and why are they a popular form of drama in the nineteenth century and even today to some extent?

"thrills and chills and happy endings" plays had entertaining stories yet the outcomes were always comforting to the audience's sense of justice

how has zeena's health supposedly gotten worse?

"troubles" have turned into "complications"

"piece bien faites"

"well made play" similar to a melodrama but much tighter structure

Neoclassicism in ATOTC

(Enlightenment) concern for truth as revealed through reason; first newspapers; liberalization of the church and religion; tolerance and freedom of expression; in France, injustices inflamed oratory, and in turn revolt exploded

Authorial Intervention in ATOTC

(p. 15, narrator speaks directly to reader)

Link Deas

- Tom's employer that stood up for him at the trial

What do you know about First Purchase (Cal's church)?

- no hymn books - Cal talks different - Rev. Sykes locks the people in

On the morning of Mattie's departure, Wharton departs from her usual imagery of oppression to describe the setting. How does she include references to Mattie in this much brighter setting?

- references to silver - every yard and road is alive with her - connects with Ethan's love of nature

Mr. Gilmer

- the prosecuting attorney in Tom's case

Harper Lee

- wrote TKAM - grew up in Alabama - father was a lawyer - lives as a recluse - grew up with Truman Capote, who Dill is based on Won the Pulitzer Peace Prize

two reasons why were audiences shocked after viewing "A Doll's House"

-play ended with a characters conscience rejection of existing social conventions -graphic, realistic, unflattering depiction of middle-class life

In what ways does the tribe try to find Ralph?

-they push boulders off a cliff down into the thicket where ralph is hiding -they spread out in clotheslines formation -they light a fire to smoke Ralph out

The descent from civilization to savagery

1. In the beginning, Jack is a simple English boy who leads a choir and can't kill a pig. He then becomes more savage and in the end has a dictatorship and is leading the kill hunt for Ralph 2. The boys find a conch shell that they use as a symbol of government and leadership (and respect) Throughout the book, the boys lose the meaning of the conch, it ultimately becomes powerless and they boys corrupt their government

Loss of innocence

1. Jack, at first, couldn't kill the pig but as he got hungrier and savage he learned to slaughter the feelings . . . and the pig 2. Ralph gets caught in the excitement of the mock hunt and helps kill Simon

Ethan becomes angry about two things in the early part of this chapter. What are they?

1. Mattie's being fired 2. the expense of a hired girl

The dangers of mob mentality

1. The mock hunt with Robert 2. When they kill Simon (they like hunting after them) The dangers of mob mentality can often lead to corruption in society

The Importance of vision

1. The signal fire: A ship or plane has to see the signal fire if the boys will ever be rescued 2. Piggy's specs: Piggy's specs are used to start the fire that can rescue them. He is the only one who has common sense and the ability to reason. As his glasses get destroyed and then eventually taken, this presents a huge loss to Ralph's group, and the prospects of rescue seem dim. 3. The boy's hair: The longer the boys are on the island, the longer their hair grows, and the more rapidly they descend into savagery and lose their innocence. Theme Statement: When vision becomes cloudy or impaired, the descent from civilization to savagery may occur.

What is Atticus' advice for Scout to get along with people better?

1. To walk a mile in their shoes 2. To get inside their skin and walk around in it 3. To see things from their points of view

Loss of identity

1. When Percival forgets his phone number and address, which he was taught to memorize this once he was young. 2. Jack used to be an innocent little boy, but the temptations of power on the island led him to be a savage, and he lost his identity as a young British boy 3. The masks that they boys put on turned them into savages

The essential nature of humankind

1. When the boys kill Simon, it marks the first time they purposefully kill another human. Even though some thought it was the beast at first, they realized throughout the attack that they were hurting Simon 2. When the boy skilled the pig, it showed how they were losing their identity of proper English boys 3. Jack became less and less innocent throughout the book. He couldn't kill the pig at first but he did not have any doubts about killing at the end of the book Theme Statement: The absence of civilization and adult supervision can often lead to the loss of innocence in children.

Four Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement

1. a pronoun must agree with an antecedent that is either clearly stated or clearly understood 2. a personal pronoun should always refer to a single, obvious antecedent 3. a personal pronoun should always be close enough to its antecedent to avoid confusion 4. use the personal pronoun YOU only when the reference is truly to the reader or the listener.

what is the order of the hero's journey?

1. separation from the known world a. call to adventure b. threshold (guardians, helpers, mentors) 2. initiation and transformation a. challenges b. abyss c. transformation d. revelation e. atonement 3. return to the known world

what are the three main sections of the hero's journey?

1. separation from the known world 2. initiation and transformation 3. the return to the known world

List at least three problems the survivors are encountering (think both physically and socially).

1.They can't kill a pig 2. The boys will only work briefly, then they get distracted. 3. While jack's priority is hunting, Ralphs priority is shelter and the signal fire. (rescue) They dont work together

when was the enlightenment movement?

1650-1800

Setting of a tale of two cities

1775-1793; France/England

when did the french revolution begin?

1789

when does the action of a tale of two cities take place?

18 years: 1775-1793

when was the romanticism movement?

1800-1850

when was the victorian period?

1837-1901 (when the romantic period ended - the end of the century)

when was the realism movement?

1850-1890

what year was tale of two cities published in?

1859

year A Doll's House was published

1874

time & place A Doll's House was written

1879 italy in self imposed exile

when was the naturalism movement?

1880-1920

when was the modernism movement?

1900-1960

When was TKAM published?

1960

how old was ethan at the time of his accident?

28

when was the classic movement?

800 B.C. - 500 A.D. (to fall of Rome)

How do the kids try to communicate with Boo Radley?

A note at the end of a fishing pole that they put up to the window

when was the middle ages/renaissance movement?

A.D. 450-1650

- lawyer defending Tom Robinson - Scout and Jem's single father - tells Scout they'll keep reading at night if she keeps going to school

Atticus

Atticus' sister - comes to live with the Finches to give Scout a female role model - thinks Scout should think and act like a girl - won't let Scout visit Cal's house - think Atticus should let Cal go

Aunt Alexandra

- town drunk who uses his relief checks on alcohol instead of caring for his children - accuses Tom Robinson of raping his daughter - attacks Jem and Scout - killed by Boo Radley

Bob Ewell

bad, badly

BAD is an adjective, BADLY is an adverb. in standard english, only the adjective form should follow a sense or other linking verb

beside, besides

BESIDE is a preposition meaning "by the side of." BESIDES may be used as a preposition meaning "in addition to" or as an adverb meaning "moreover."

borrow, lend

BORROW means "to take [something] temporarily." LEND means "to give something temporarily." Its principle parts are lend, is lending, lent, (have) lent.

bring, take

BRING means "to come carrying something"; TAKE means "to go carrying something."

- town "phantom" that is rarely seen - his real name is Arthur Radley - puts a blanket around Scout the night of the fire - the kids play a game where they act out his story - supposedly stabbed his father in the leg with scissors - saves Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell by killing him

Boo Radley

Why were British children being transported overseas in 1940

Britain feared an invasion and evacuated children to other countries

- has "cooties" (lice) - makes Miss Caroline cry - only goes to school on the first day

Burris Ewell

- the Finches' cook who is also like a second mother to the children - African American woman who takes them to her church

Calpurnia

Dazzle Paint

Camo

Theme of Love Overcoming Evil in ATOTC

Carton's sacrifice overcomes the revolutionaries evil; Miss Pross overcomes Mme. Defarge's hatred with love for Lucie

What is the Irony: "Fellow of No Delicacy"

Carton, with rough exterior, is a man of feelings and sensitivity; Mr. Stryver, although more "refined" than Carton, is a bully and a braggart "shouldering his way" through life

Doubles Motif in ATOTC

Carton/Darnay, Solomon Pross/John Barsad, Evermonde twins, Jerry/Young Jerry, Lucie/Little Lucie, knitting/cobbling, Tellson's/prison

setting of A Doll's House

Christmas eve, 1879, norway

discover, invent

DISCOVER means "to learn of the existence of something." INVENT means "to bring something new into existence."

don't, doesn't

DON'T is the contraction of DO NOT. DOESN'T is the contraction for does not. DOESN'T is singular; DON'T is plural

done

DONE is the past participle of DO. avoid using DONE for DID, which is the past form of DO and does not require a helping verb

Bloody

Damn

Theme of Sacrifice in ATOTC

Darnay for Gabelle; Carton for Darnay (Lucie); Miss Pross takes on Mme. Defarge for love of Lucie and her family

Alliteration in ATOTC

Darnay loves Lucie "dearly, disinterestedly, devotedly"; Miss Pross says the revolutionaries have but one meaning: "Midnight, Murder, and Mischief"

No Dramatic Irony of Dickens

Dickens doesn't let the readers know things until the characters do

- Charles Baker Harris - Scout's "fiance" who is passed around from family member to family member throughout the year - tells all sorts of crazy stories about who his daddy is - wants to be a clown when he grows up - Scout finds him under her bed

Dill

Who is Miss Rachel?

Dill's aunt that he stays with in the summertime

- white man who has mixed children - drinks Coca-Cola out of a paper bag but everyone thinks it's alcohol (gives them an excuse for his "behavior")

Dolphus Raymond

Theme of Resurrection in ATOTC

Dr. M. "recalled to life"; Charles resurrected 3x; mock resurrections of Toulon and Roger Cly; the resurrection of Carton's better self

Manette/Darnay as Heroic

Dr. Manette is incapable; reverts to his old self when under pressure// Darnay is an extremely good and gracious man, but not necessarily heroic

emigrate, immigrate

EMIGRATE is a verb meaning "to leave a country or region to settle elsewhere." IMMIGRATE is a verb meaning "to come into a country or region to settle there."

In Ethan Frome, The sledding run is a metaphor for what?

Ethan's inability to make decisions to solve his dilemma. he just wants to coast, putting his life in the hands of fate.

Theme of Fate in ATOTC

FR Rev. affects all; Charles' uncle says he must "accept your destiny" as does Mme. Defarge; Charles inexplicably "drawn to the Loadstone Rock"

What point of view is the novel told from?

First person

Why does Calpurnia get angry with Scout at the lunch table?

For making fun of Walter when he puts syrup on his food

- the Finches' cousin who Scout gets into a fight with when he calls Atticus names

Francis

Why does he paint his face, and how does the mask make Jack feel?

He paints his face so that he can blend in with the vegetation and hunt the pig. It makes him feel free of shame and self-consciousness.

Classical Allusions in ATOTC

Gorgon's head; Bacchanalian propensities; Furies, dragon's teeth

Although he is not able to get the boys to throw Ralph out of office as chief, Jack manages to overthrow Ralph's authority anyway. How?

He calls Ralph a coward. He points out some of Ralph's faults, and he makes up derogatory comments that Ralph never said. He points out his own bravery. He asks the boys to vote Ralph out, and when no one does, he cries and storms off to start his own group.

What acts of kindness (there are two) does Simon perform in this chapter?

He frees the parachutist, an act of mercy, because the body was in a state of disgrace. He also runs down from the mountain to tell the boys that the beast isn't real. The boys, in a mob-mentality, jump on Simon and attack him.

What happens to the littlun with the birthmark on his face?

He gets lost in the fire, and we can assume he might have died.

Who is Cecil Jacobs?

He is a kid who gives Scout a hard time about her dad defending Tom Robinson. He is also the one who jumps out and scares Jem and Scout on their way to the Halloween pageant.

Based on Mayella's testimony, what can we assume about her relationship with her father?

He is abusive

What happens to Simon when he returns to the group?

He is at first mistaken for the "beast," and then boys attack him. It seems unlikely, however, that they didn't realize at some that this was Simon.

What is Ralph's reaction when he encounters the pig's skull?

He is confused when he first sees it, and he can't figure out if it's alive. Then he figures out what it is. He also notices that it is a gleaming white, like the conch was. The skull now replaced the conch as a symbol of the boys' government. He then smashed the pig skull and grabs the spear

How does the author show us that Ralph is finally beginning to face the realities of their existence?

He is contemplating whether or not he is a good leader. He calls an assembly to discuss the issues the boys are facing: the boys aren't using the bathroom in the right spot, no one is helping to build the shelter, they aren't keeping up with the signal fire, and they aren't collecting the water in the shells for everyone to use.

Describe the way that Jack is currently ruling as "chief."

He is harsh and acting like a dictator. He has ordered that Wilfred be tied up, but no one even knows the reason why. This is representative of a totalitarian government.

Why did Dill run away from home?

He says he was bound in the basement because his new father doesn't like him

Why were the boys unable to signal the ship they saw on the horizon?

Jack and the others went after the pig and let the smoke go out so the ship couldn't see the ship. They needed enough bodies to trap the pig so that Jack could jump on it and slit its throat.

What happens when they find the piglet in the forest?

Jack hesitated to kill he pig and then it ran away.

Jack suggests a way to keep the beast happy. What is it?

Jack suggests that they can keep the beast happy by giving it offerings, such as a pig's head.

Why do Jem and Scout fight shortly after Aunt Alexandra moves in?

Jem tries to tell Scout what to do. He tells her to mind Aunt Alexandra.

Comic Relief in ATOTC

Jerry Cruncher and young Jerry "resurrection man"

learn, teach

LEARN means "to gain knowledge"; TEACH means "to provide with knowledge."

leave, let

LEAVE means "to go away"; LET means to "permit." do not use LET for LEAVE

Lie and Lay

LIE does not take and object; LAY generally takes an object LIE BASE: lie PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is lying PAST: lay PAST PARTICIPLE: have lain LAY BASE: lay PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is laying PAST: laid PAST PARTICIPLE: have laid

like, as

LIKE can function as a preposition. do not use LIKE for the conjunction AS to introduce a subordinate clause.

Stident

Loud

Golden Thread in ATOTC

Lucie is the unifying thread that binds the family (and story) together

Static Characters in ATOTC

Lucie, Dr. Manette, most characters

Who is the woman at First Purchase who is rude to Scout and Jem and says they should go back to their own church?

Lula

What basic difference between Ethan and Mattie is highlighted in this chapter?

Mattie is open about Zeena's disfavor toward her, but Ethan boxes up his thoughts of Zeena and ignores them

What is the setting of TKAM?

Maycomb, Alabama, 1930s

- accuses Tom Robinson of raping her - lives in a dump but has pretty red geraniums - thinks Atticus is making fun of her when he calls her ma'am

Mayella Ewell

Scout's first grade teacher who doesn't want her to read with Atticus anymore - swatted Scout with a ruler for telling her she was "shaming" Walter Cunningham

Miss Caroline

- nice Baptist neighbor who makes the kids 3 little cakes and takes good care of her flowers - her house catches fire - talks to the children like adults - teaches them many lessons, like that Atticus does the town's dirty work for them and is the same in his house as he is in public

Miss Maudie

What is the Irony: "Sees nothing"

Mme. Defarge sees everything, nothing escapes her

- was guarding the jail with a shotgun - wrote an editorial in the newspaper about how Tom Robinson's death was like the "senseless slaughter of songbirds"

Mr. Underwood

- pays for Atticus' services with nuts instead of money - Scout talks to him about his son which diffuses the situation with the mob at the jail

Mr. Walter Cunningham

Decorm

Proper Behavior

Rise and Raise

RISE does not take an object; RAISE generally takes an object RISE BASE: rise PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is rising PAST: rose PAST PARTICIPLE: have risen RAISE BASE: raise PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is raising PAST: raised PAST PARTICIPLE: have raised

Compare Ralph's treatment of the littluns with Jack's.

Ralph is understanding of the littlun's fears, and he brings it to the group for discussion. Jack is cruel t othe littluns, calling them crybabies and sissies.

- preacher at First Purchase who sits with the kids at the trial and locks his congregation in the church until they take up enough money for the Robinson family - the children sit with him during the trial

Reverend Sykes

Sit and Set

SIT seldom takes an object; SET generally takes an object SIT BASE: sit PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is sitting PAST: sat PAST PARTICIPLE: have sat SET BASE: set PRESENT PARTICIPLE: is setting PAST: set PAST PARTICIPLE: have set

Jean Louise Finch - tomboy who likes to fight

Scout

Who is the narrator of the story?

Scout

Furtive

Secreative

Based on Tom's story about what happened that day, what can we assume about how Mayella feels about him?

She has a crush on him

Who is Miss Gates and how does she confuse Scout?

She is Scout's third grade teacher. She confuses Scout because she talks about how what Hitler is doing to the Jews is terrible, but then she treats AfricanAmericans in her own town terribly.

Why does Calpurnia say she acts and talks differently when she is around African-Americans than when she is around white people?

She says it would be "out of place" for her to talk like white people at church. She doesn't want to seem like she's "puttin' on airs"

What did the boys see on the mountaintop?

They saw the parachutist, but they thought it was the beast. They still do not recognize it as a human form.

Round Characters in ATOTC

Sydney Carton, Madame Defarge

Heroic Images in ATOTC

Sydney Carton, Manette/Darnay, Madame Defarge

Dynamic Characters in ATOTC

Sydney Carton, Mr. Lorry softened a bit

conch shell

Symbolizes law and order of the adult world - democracy. Represents the authority the boys are so used to obeying. When Jack destroys it, anarchy takes over because any hope of strong, central leadership has been abandoned

the lord of the flies

Symbolizes the power of evil and the evilness in the boys (and in humanity). The head is called "Lord of the Flies" which is a translation of the word Beelzebub (name of the devil in the Bible). The Lord of the Flies is connected with the symbol of the pig (or rather, the head of a pig). It is a symbolic dramatization of human evil.

than, then

THAN is a subordinating conjunction used on comparisons; THEN is an adverb telling when

Describe Simon's strange encounter with the Lord of the Flies. Who or what is it?

The Lord of the Flies is the pig's head that is surrounded by flies. Simon is prone to fainting and it is very hot so he has a hallucination that the head is talking to him and saying that the evil within the boys is causing terror. He then imagines going inside the mouth of the pig (this is showing all of his fears)

Beastie

The beast is seen as a real object on the island which frightens the boys. In reality the beast is only their own internal fear. It is located in the soul and mind of the boys, leading them to the natural chaos of a society with no adults. The beast personifies the fear that every human being on earth feels.

What happened in the hut?

The boys are ambushed by Jack, Maurice, and Roger, who take Piggy's glasses so that they can have fire.

Piggy

The character stands for the intellectual who tries to solve problems with logic and reason. Because he is considered "different" by the others, they pay little attention to him and he is ineffective despite his intelligence. Distinct characterization- fat with glasses Originally finds the conch Smashed by a rock when he tries to get his glasses back

What happens to Jem's pants?

The children have to run when Nathan Radley comes out of his house shooting. When they run under the fence, Jem loses his pants.

What happens to the conch and to Piggy?

The conch shatters when Piggy dies after being hit by a boulder set loose by Roger.

What is LOTF a parody to

The coral island

parachute man

The dead body flying in the parachute symbolizes the end of adult supervision. Simon has a special connection with the parachute man when he climbs the mountain to determine if the parachute man is still alive.

Face Paint

The face paint is the excuse many of the boys use for living as hunting savages, instead of civilized English citizens. It serves as a mask that allows the boys to become someone they are not.

lament

a poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss

The Island

The island symbolizes "isolation" and serves as the perfect backdrop for the frailties of human nature which eventually surface.

What is Simon saying when he thinks the "beast" may be inside the boys themselves?

The little kids are afraid of what the boys are becoming--savages.

Scars

The scar is where the plane crashed; it symbolizes destruction. Time spent on the island also leaves a scar. The boys destroy themselves and others leaving internal and physical scars.

Fire

The smoke of the signal fire symbolizes the best hope of the boys being rescued. To Piggy and Ralph, the fire represents the moral influence of their old life in England. Good- Fire reminds them of home, warmth and hope Bad- Destruction

Littluns

The younger kids. Represent the common folk, who easily follow the lead of others into savagery when there is no enforced structure in society.

Why is it a sin to kill mockingbirds?

They "don't do anything but make music for us to enjoy"

What do Sam and Eric tell the boys they have seen? What is it actually?

They all thought that they saw a beast that was chasing them. They came running down the hill bloody. It is actually a parachutist. Whenever the wind blows it looks like a big beast that is breathing. It also looks very big because of the parachute.

What is different about Jem's pants when he goes back to get them later that night?

They are sewn up and folded across the fence (Boo did it)

Samneric

They are the last to remain loyal to Ralph and they represent the tug-of-war within us to remain good. They are twins and good experts in survival

How do the boys make a fire?

They collect dead wood and pile it up and use Piggy's specs to start a fire.

The government is already showing signs of weakness. What are the signs?

They don't have control over everybody. For instance, the speaker of the conch is getting interrupted. When they come up with an idea, often the boys scatter before they can become organized. They haven't accounted for everyone, so they can't tell who might be missing.

At the end of this chapter, what happens to both Simon and the parachutist?

They end up drifting off into the ocean.

Why do Ralph and Jack decide to go find the beast?

They feel like they have too because they have to put the littluns at peace. They won't feel safe until they kill the beast. They won't be able to survive on the island by just staying on the platform (signal fire and food). Jack wants to find the beast and kill it so he would have bragging rights and become chief.

How do the boys decide who will be leader? Who should be leader? Who is elected?

They have a vote. Ralph seems like and obvious leader because he blew the conch to call the boys and organize the meeting. He is elected, but Jack is clearly put off by that decision. Jack believes he should have been chosen as he is the head boy of the choir boys on the island.

plaint

a poem or speech expressing sorrow

walter mitty allusion

a commonplace non-adventuresome person who seeks escape from reality through daydreaming, a henpecked husband or dreamer; after a daydreaming henpecked "hero" in a story by james thurber

Carmagnole

a dance representing the frenzied madness of the revolutionaries

waterloo allusion

a decisive or final defeat or setback; source of napoleon's last defeat

symbolism

a device in literature where an object represents an idea

what is a problem play?

a drama that represents a social issue in order to awaken the audience to it

friday allusion

a faithful and willing attendant, ready to turn his hand to anything; from the young savage found by robinson crusoe, and kept as his servant and companion on the desert island

uriah heep allusion

a fawning toadie, an obsequious person; from a character in charles dickens' david copperfield

apostrophe

a figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman

in a tale of two cities, what does some of the story take place in?

a flashback

Tense

a form of a verb that shows the time of an action or a condition

travesty

a grotesque parody

stanza

a group of lines roughly analogous in function in verse to the paragraph's function in prose

simon legree allusion

a harsh, cruel, or demanding person in authority, such as an employer or officer that acts in this manner; from uncle tom's cabin, the brutal slave owner

limerick allusion

a humorous or nonsense verse of five lines; from a country in republic of ireland where the form is said to have originated

goliath allusion

a large person; from the giant from the philistine city of gath, slain by david, when he was a shepherd boy

don juan allusion

a libertine, profilgate, a man obsessed with seducing women; after the legendary 14th century spanish nobleman and libertine

refrain

a line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem

marathon allusion

a long distance race; source of the victory of the greeks over persians

derrick allusion

a machine for hoisting and moving heavy objects, consisting of a movable boom equipped with cables and pulleys and connected to the base of an uprights stationary beam, a tall framework over a drilled hole, esp. an oil well, used to support boring equipment; named after a london hangman

robot allusion

a machine that looks like a human being and performs various acts of a human being, a similar but functional machine whose lack of capacity for human emotions is often emphasized by an efficient, insensitive person who functions automatically, a mechanism guided by controls, taken from the czech word meaning drudgery

casanova allusion

a man who is amorously and gallantly attentive to women; a promiscuous man; an italian adventurer who established a legendary reputation as a lover

Dangling Modifier

a modifier that appears to modify either the wrong word or no word at all because the word it should logically modify is missing EX: INCORRECT: Pistoning like spark park plugs in a human engine, the track was pounded. CORRECT: Pistoning like spark plugs on a human engine, the runner's feet pounded the track.

Adjective

a modifier that makes the meaning of a noun or a pronoun more specific EX: The goalie made a COSTLY error.

Adverb

a modifier that makes the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb more specific EX: Lester was humming the song SOFTLY.

Squinting Modifier

a modifying word, phrase, or clause that seems to modify either or two words EX: INCORRECT: Dr. Hena told the man before the operation what to expect. CORRECT: Dr. Hena told the man what to expect before the operation.

Misplaced Modifier

a modifying word, phrase, or clause that seems to modify the wrong word or word group in a sentence EX: INCORRECT: High up on the wall, I saw a fly. CORRECT: I saw a fly high up on the wall.

Amounts and Measurements

a noun expressing an amount or measurement is usually singular and requires a singular verb EX: TWO MILES WAS our distance from the tornado.

couplet

a pair of lines that end in rhyme but at my back i always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near

pollyanna allusion

a person characterized by impermissible optimism and a tendency to find good in everything, a foolishly or blindly optimistic person. from eleanor porter's heroine

philistine allusion

a person indifferent or hostile to the arts and refinement. from sea-going people from crete who became enemies of the israelites and fought over their lands

svengali allusion

a person with an irresistible hypnotic power; from a person in a novel; a musician who hypnotizes and gains control over the heroine

Agreement Between Personal Pronouns and Antecedents

a personal pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number, person, and gender EX: BYRON completed HIS trip to India.

el dorado allusion

a place of reputed wealth; from the legendary city in south america, sought by early spanish explorers