Prelude review- what is geology?

Geologists ask questions about the rock's________ during their studies.

characteristics

The use of _____ for energy and _____ for construction are two examples of how society uses Earth materials.

coal limestone

Some tools help geologists visualize surroundings in four dimensions. Which three types of scale models are used for gaining insights into the evolution of features on the Earth?

cross sections maps block diagrams

choose the subdiscipline of geology that addresses the topic: Soaring Nickle Prices Could Be a Problem for Automotive Manufacturers

economic

choose the subdiscipline of geology that addresses the topic: California Mudslides Trap Residents, Damage Home

engineering

In the context of a scientific discusssion, a _______ is a statement that can be tested and a _____ is a statement supported by a substantial amount of data.

hypothesis theory

the earth is warmed by its ________ internal energy while the sun provides _________ energy

internal external

the _______ is a semi-rigid layer of the uppermost part of the mantle that includes crust.

lithosphere

In this scientific investigation about hydraulic fracturing, the main source of empirical data is

methane gas

Clarence King was the first director of the USGS. His main focus for the agency at the time was mining geology. Mining geology would involve which type of natural resource?

non-renewable resources

choose the subdiscipline of geology that addresses the topic: New Dinosaur Species Discovered at Construction Site

paleontology

choose the subdiscipline of geology that addresses the topic: NASA Rover Samples Martian Rocks

petrology

The basic premise of ______ is that discrete pieces of semi-rigid lithosphere move very slowly relative to each other over a softer _______

plate tectonics asthenosphere

Geologists in the field use a _________ to break open a rock before using a ________ to observe of its interior.

rock hammer hand lens

the _________ method is an important series of steps in reducing a problem to a testable ____________ . The hope is with time, and many repeatable results, this will be recognized as a ______ by the scientific community.

scientific hypothesis theory

choose the subdiscipline of geology that addresses the topic: Hot Springs Reveal Where Continental Plates Collide Beneath Tibet

tectonics

Geosphere

the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle

One of USGS's mission areas is Core Science Systems. This mission area doesn't focus on one specific Earth sphere but instead focuses on ____________ for scientists and managers both in the United States and internationally.

translating data

What do the the length of the arrows on a tectonics map represent? (hint: they are vectors)

velocity of the plates direction of movement

atmosphere

A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

Hydrosphere

All the water on earth

Cryosphere

Frozen water on earth

from oldest to youngest, tell the layers of geologic time depicted in a column model

Hadean archaen proterozoic Phanerozoic

You have made it to the top of Mount Everest and notice that the rocks that make up the uppermost part of the mountain contain multiple fossils of organisms that once lived in an ocean. What hypothesis best fits the data you have collected?

The rocks at the top of Mount Everest were formed under the ocean and then uplifted as the mountain formed.

Based on geologic research the Earth formed around _______

4.54 Ga (Gigayears ago, or 10^9)

Which of the following headlines from possible news stories relate(s) to Earth Science? 1. NASA prepares for launch of James Webb telescope, which will give us new insights into outer space 2. Scientists search genome to make cancer treatments more effective 3. New Ebola vaccine shows promising results in human clinical trials 4. EPA under the microscope after 2015 Colorado Gold King Mine spill 5. Ancient artifacts found in Mayan Temple reveal what life was like for the wealthy Mayan

1. NASA prepares for launch of James Webb telescope, which will give us new insights into outer space 4. EPA under the microscope after 2015 Colorado Gold King Mine spill

Which Earth system spheres are involved in this particular scientific investigation on hydraulic fracturing?

1. geosphere 2. biosphere 3. hydrosphere 4. atmosphere

from furthest inside to furthest out, tell the layers of the earths composition

1. inner core 2. outer core 3. mantle 4. crust

goals of scientific investigations?

1. turn data into useful knowledge 2. present information in a neutral or objective manner 3. develop a possible explanation for observations

About _______ of Earth's surface has been modified by people. This includes cities, roads built through mountain passes, industry developed near coastal waters, and agriculture areas outside city limits.

30%