Prep 2: How Does Evolution Relate to Influenza?

The information that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein is encoded in a molecule of _____ , which is first transcribed into _____ , a molecule that carries the instructions to the ribosome where the protein is made.

DNA RNA

In all organisms, except retroviruses, the flow of information is from _____ to _____ to _____.

DNA RNA protein

The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by _____ after he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapágos Islands. The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by _____ after his study of biogeography in the South Pacific Islands.

Darwin Wallace

Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a transitional fossil? a. Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs b. Because it originated at the transition of the Jurassic to the Cretaceous c. Because it had wings and could likely fly d. Because it was part of a transitional fauna following the mass extinction of dinosaurs

a. Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology? a. Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world. b. Biology is the study of how and why organisms change and evolution explains why they change. c. Biology studies living organisms, which evolve to adapt to their environment.

a. Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

Which of these molecules contain instructions for specific traits? a. DNA b. RNA c. amino acids d. proteins

a. DNA b. RNA

Which of the following is the correct relationship between the molecules listed? a. DNA → RNA → amino acids → protein b. protein → amino acids → DNA → RNA c. amino acids → protein → RNA → DNA

a. DNA → RNA → amino acids → protein

Which of these scientists is one of the two who independently proposed the mechanism for evolutionary change? a. Darwin b. Lyell c. Cuvier

a. Darwin

Drag each characteristic to the method of influenza evolution it describes. Antigenic drift a. Is the result of the introduction of mutation b. Results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus c. Can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency d. May make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks e. Delays immune response and may cause an outbreak f. Poses a relatively greater threat g. Typically involves animal hosts h. A host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus

a. Is the result of the introduction of mutation b. Results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus c. Can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency d. May make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks

Because individuals vary in their traits, compete for resources, and vary in their fitness, the final component of natural selection results. What is this final step? a. Populations become adapted to their environment. b. Unfit species become extinct. c. Individuals adapt to their environment. d. New species form.

a. Populations become adapted to their environment.

Drag the ideas and sources of ideas to the scientist to which each is attributed. Charles Darwin a. Proposed the concept of speciation b. Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands. c. Proposed the concept of speciation d. Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands. e. Proposed descent with modification

a. Proposed the concept of speciation b. Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands. e. Proposed descent with modification

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves? a. Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form. b. An introduced mutation eliminates spikes and the virus adapts the antigen presenting molecules of the host cells. c. Two different forms of the virus infect two different animal hosts; the hosts reproduce and their offspring is infected with a hybrid form of the virus.

a. Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form.

Which of these can be attributed to the outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1918? a. a new variant of the influenza virus b. a form of the influenza virus that was thought to be eradicated c. vaccines containing live virus, before killed viruses were available d. faulty annual vaccines that did not protect the public

a. a new variant of the influenza virus

Choose the best definition of antigenic. a. a term used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system b. a term used to describe any substance that prompts an immune response c. a term used to describe a mutation that changes the structure of a virus

a. a term used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system

Categorize the structures that appear above as either homologous or analogous. homologous a. dolphin flipper and wing of a bat b. wing of a bat and wing of an insect c. cat foreleg and human forearm d. legs of a spider and legs of a dog

a. dolphin flipper and wing of a bat c. cat foreleg and human forearm

stabilizing selection a. favors the average, or most common variant for a trait b. favors an extreme variant for a trait c. favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

a. favors the average, or most common variant for a trait

Select all that apply. If you were to create a list to summarize the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time, which of these items would you include? a. homologous structures b. genetic drift c. fossils d. DNA molecules

a. homologous structures c. fossils d. DNA molecules

Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in a. homologous structures. b. chemical evolution. c. analogous structures. d. biochemical evidence.

a. homologous structures.

Which process produces changes in the genetic material? a. mutation b. competition c. natural selection d. gene expression

a. mutation

The process that drives evolution, and relies on variation in individuals, competition among individuals, differences in individual fitness, and adaptation to the environment, is called a. natural selection. b. stabilizing selection. c. artificial selection.

a. natural selection.

DNA is made up of subunits called ______, which are a combination of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. a. nucleotides b. nucleoids c. nucleic acids d. nucleosomes

a. nucleotides

In a DNA molecule, information is stored in the ______ of the molecule. a. pattern of nucleotides b. hydrogen bonds c. phosphate groups d. 5-carbon sugar

a. pattern of nucleotides

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful a. reproduction b. competition for resources c. defense of territory

a. reproduction

Select all that apply to complete this sentence. Fossils often form when the ______ of once-living organisms mineralize over time. a. shells b. bones c. soft tissues d. teeth

a. shells b. bones d. teeth

Select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur. a. the ability to pass traits from one generation to the next b. physical barrier between populations of a species c. selective pressure from humans d. variation for a trait within a population

a. the ability to pass traits from one generation to the next d. variation for a trait within a population

Fossils that provide some information about intermediate organisms between groups, like birds and reptiles, are called ______ fossils. a. transitional b. gap c. linker

a. transitional

How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918? a. ~ 500 million b. ~ 40 million c. ~ 5 million

a. ~ 500 million

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves? a. A new virus is produced when parts of the virus and characteristics of the host cell are manufactured by the host and combined in the newly manufactured viruses. b. A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material. c. A pig or a bird contracts influenza, which always introduces new genetic information to the viral genome.

b. A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material.

Select the two scientists who independently proposed mechanisms for evolutionary change. a. Georges Cuvier b. Alfred Russel Wallace c. Erasmus Darwin d. Charles Darwin

b. Alfred Russel Wallace d. Charles Darwin

Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction? a. RNA to protein to DNA b. DNA to RNA to protein c. Protein to RNA to DNA d. Protein to DNA to RNA

b. DNA to RNA to protein

Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time? a. The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by scientific evidence such as the double-helix shape of DNA and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. b. The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences). c. The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by the experiments of Meselson and Stahl, Miller and Urey, and Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

b. The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).

During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which of these observations did Darwin note as evidence for natural selection? a. Ostriches roaming both the west coast of South America and the east coast of Africa b. Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa c. A giant sloth that was formerly believed to be extinct

b. Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa

Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures? a. the human upper limb/ a bat's wing b. a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing c. the front leg of a horse/ a whale's flipper

b. a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing

Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures. a. homologous b. analogous c. vestigial

b. analogous

Select all that apply. Homologous structures can be observed during the embryonic development of which organisms? a. invertebrates b. chick (chicken) c. human d. tortoise

b. chick (chicken) c. human d. tortoise

Which type of selection favors one extreme variant for a trait within a population? a. disruptive selection b. directional selection c. stabilizing selection

b. directional selection

directional selection a. favors the average, or most common variant for a trait b. favors an extreme variant for a trait c. favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

b. favors an extreme variant for a trait

The genetic material of living things, DNA, or of a virus, which may be DNA or RNA, contains a. a series of amino acids that code for proteins. b. instructions for specific traits. c. all the proteins that make up the organism's proteome.

b. instructions for specific traits.

Directional selection favors what sort of variation in a trait for a population? a. the most common or average b. one extreme c. both extremes

b. one extreme

While aboard the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin observed which of these as evidence for natural selection? a. no similarities among the inhabitants of any of the islands b. similarity in overall appearance in finches, but variation in beak shape and size c. one species of finch on all of the islands

b. similarity in overall appearance in finches, but variation in beak shape and size

Human birth weight, which favors an intermediate and not either extreme is an example of a. artificial selection. b. stabilizing selection. c. directional selection. d. disruptive selection.

b. stabilizing selection.

A DNA molecule stores information in the a. proteins that assist in condensing DNA into chromosomes. b. structure of the molecule, particularly the order of the nitrogen bases, stores information. c. shape of the molecule, the double-helix, stores genetic information.

b. structure of the molecule, particularly the order of the nitrogen bases, stores information.

Disruptive selection might result in which of these? a. an increase in the most common phenotype b. two distinct phenotypes where there was once a normal distribution c. a shift towards one extreme phenotype

b. two distinct phenotypes where there was once a normal distribution

Categorize the structures that appear above as either homologous or analogous. analogous a. dolphin flipper and wing of a bat b. wing of a bat and wing of an insect c. cat foreleg and human forearm d. legs of a spider and legs of a dog

b. wing of a bat and wing of an insect d. legs of a spider and legs of a dog

Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution? a. Evolution can be observed taking place every day in living things, which are the focus of biology. b. Many aspects of biology are focused on discovering if evolution is happening. c. Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

c. Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

Drag the ideas and sources of ideas to the scientist to which each is attributed. Alfred Russel Wallace a. Proposed the concept of speciation b. Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands. c. Proposed the concept of speciation d. Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands. e. Proposed descent with modification

c. Proposed the concept of speciation d. Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands.

The term ______ is used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system. a. antioxidant b. antibody c. antigenic

c. antigenic

Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts? a. natural selection b. antigenic drift c. antigenic shift d. artificial selection

c. antigenic shift

Which type of selection favors both extremes, making the most common variant for a trait in a population detrimental? a. stabilizing selection b. directional selection c. disruptive selection

c. disruptive selection

Variation, and the ability to pass that variation from one generation to the next in the genetic material, is the basis needed for the process of _____ to occur. a. selection b. adaptation c. evolution

c. evolution

disruptive selection a. favors the average, or most common variant for a trait b. favors an extreme variant for a trait c. favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

c. favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

When an organism dies, its ______ may become mineralized, forming fossils. a. soft parts b. entire body c. hard parts

c. hard parts

In support of the idea that species change over time, Darwin proposed a four step process called a. speciation. b. competitive exclusion. c. natural selection.

c. natural selection.

What would you expect to see when comparing the embryo of a chicken or tortoise to that of a human embryo? a. clearly distinct forms with no common features b. few structures in common c. similar embryonic structures

c. similar embryonic structures

When extreme phenotypes are selected against, and the average, or most common variation is preserved, ______ selection has occurred. a. disruptive b. directional c. stabilizing

c. stabilizing

The field of _____ anatomy studies structural similarities, including structures that serve the same function but evolved independently, or those that have been inherited from a common ancestor.

comparative

The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called _____ anatomy, studies the similarity of both living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.

comparative

Which of these is a component of the process of natural selection? a. There is no competition for resources so individuals do not struggle to exist. b. Communities seek out environments to which they are best-suited. c. Individuals have the same levels of fitness. d. Individuals vary in their traits.

d. Individuals vary in their traits.

An extreme phenotype is favored, shifting a distribution curve all the way right or all the way left, in cases of ______ selection. a. disruptive b. artificial c. stabilizing d. directional

d. directional

Which type of natural selection favors two or more extreme phenotypes over any intermediate? a. directional selection b. artificial selection c. stabilizing selection d. disruptive selection

d. disruptive selection

Transitional fossils can tell us about the ______ among groups of organisms. a. energy use b. molecular differences c. metabolism d. evolutionary relationships

d. evolutionary relationships

Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term a. speciation. b. selection. c. mutation. d. fitness.

d. fitness.

The individual subunits of DNA are called a. nitrogen bases. b. amino acids. c. simple sugars. d. nucleotides.

d. nucleotides.

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from _______, successive evolutionary change becomes apparent. a. east to west b. youngest to oldest c. north to south d. oldest to youngest

d. oldest to youngest

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils, which can show relationships between groups. a. intermediate b. keystone c. significant d. transitional

d. transitional

Drag each characteristic to the method of influenza evolution it describes. Antigenic shift a. Is the result of the introduction of mutation b. Results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus c. Can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency d. May make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks e. Delays immune response and may cause an outbreak f. Poses a relatively greater threat g. Typically involves animal hosts h. A host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus

e. Delays immune response and may cause an outbreak f. Poses a relatively greater threat g. Typically involves animal hosts h. A host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus

Even though the soft parts of an organism usually decompose when it dies, its hard parts may become mineralized to form _____ over time.

fossils

The mineralized traces of formerly living species are called _____

fossils