PrepU Chapter 3 questions

Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors? a) The Health-Illness Continuum b) The High-Level Wellness Model c) The Health Belief Model d) The Agent-Host-Environment Model

d) The Agent-Host-Environment Model Explanation: The Agent-Host-Environment is useful for examining the cause of disease in an individual. The agent, host, and environment interact in ways that create risk factors. The Health-Illness Continuum is a way to measure a person's level of health. The High-Level Wellness Model is characterized by functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment. The Health Belief Model is used to describe health behaviors.

A nurse caring for patients with diabetes knows that this is a characteristic of a chronic illness: a) It requires special patient education for rehabilitation. b) It is a temporary change. c) It requires a short period of care or support. d) It causes reversible alterations in A&P.

c) It requires special patient education for rehabilitation. Explanation: Chronic illness is a broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health, with one or more of the following characteristics: it is a permanent change; it causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology; it requires special patient education for rehabilitation; and it requires a long period of care or support.

The nurse's community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. What level(s) of health promotion is this an example of? a) Medical b) Secondary c) Primary d) Tertiary

c) Primary Explanation: Primary health promotion and illness prevention is directed toward promoting good health and preventing the development of disease process or injury. Primary level activities include immunization clinics, providing poison-control information, and education about seat belt and child-safety seat use.

A woman over the age of 40 years has an annual mammogram. What level of prevention does this represent? a) Primary prevention b) Medical prevention c) Secondary prevention d) Tertiary prevention

c) Secondary prevention Explanation: Secondary prevention includes screening for those at risk to develop illness, or those who could be diagnosed early in the process, and thus receive prompt treatment.

A nurse is caring for a patient who has COPD, a chronic illness of the lungs. The patient is in remission. Which statement best describes a period of remission in a patient with a chronic illness? a) The disease is no longer present. b) New symptoms occur at this time. c) Symptoms are not experience d) The symptoms of the illness reappear.

c) Symptoms are not experience Explanation: Chronic illnesses usually have a slow onset and many have periods of remission, when the disease is present, but the client does not experience symptoms. Exacerbation is when the symptoms of the disease reappear. Chronic illnesses do not go away, the disease continues to be present.

When chronic illnesses and disabilities are present, individuals benefit most from activities that: a) preserve their social interactions. b) help them eat well. c) help them maintain independence. d) accomplish financial stability.

c) help them maintain independence. Explanation: Although their chronic illnesses and disabilities cannot be eliminated, adults can benefit most from activities that help them maintain independence and achieve an optimal level of health. The other answers, while beneficial, are not as helpful.

A group of students is reviewing the various levels of illness prevention. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which of the following as a goal of tertiary prevention of illness? a) providing prompt treatment b) improving general well-being c) minimizing complications d) preventing disease or illness

c) minimizing complications Explanation: The goal of tertiary prevention of illness is to minimize complications and maximize function. Prevention of illness or disease, and improvement of the general well-being of a client, is a goal of primary prevention. Providing prompt treatment is a goal of secondary prevention.

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse explains to the client that COPD is a chronic disease. Why is COPD considered a chronic disease? a) It takes a long time to cure. b) It is a sequela of acute illness. c) It persists for a long time. d) It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time.

d) It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. Explanation: Chronic illness has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. It is usually seen in old age. It may or may not be due to acute illness. Chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity in the population.

Research has shown that the incidence of chronic conditions is increasing. What lifestyle factor has been shown to contribute to this increase? a) Exercise b) Gastrointestinal disease c) Eustress d) Smoking

d) Smoking Explanation: Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, chronic stress, and sedentary lifestyle, that increase the risk of chronic health problems such as respiratory disease, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Exercise, eustress, and gastrointestinal disease have not been shown to be factors that have contributed to the increase in chronic conditions.

Choice Multiple question - Select all answer choices that apply. A nurse working in the ICU understands that illnesses affect both the client as well as the family members. What are some things that often cause stress in family members due to a hospitalization of a family member? Select all that apply. a) Alterations in lifestyle b) Alterations in roles c) Increase in social interactions d) Economic problems e) Decrease in social interactions

• Alterations in lifestyle • Alterations in roles • Economic problems • Decrease in social interactions Explanation: A chronic illness can create stress for both client and family because of life long alterations in role or lifestyle, frequent hospitalizations, economic problems, and decreased social interactions among family members.

A 90-year-old woman has a staphylococcus infection in her decubitus ulcer. Staphylococcus is the: a) Agent b) Host c) Environment d) Disease

a) Agent Explanation: The agent is any factor that leads to illness.

An exacerbation refers to the reactivation of a disease. Which condition is associated with exacerbation? a) Hereditary illness b) Chronic illness c) Acute illness d) Congenital illness

b) Chronic illness Explanation: Exacerbation is the increase in activity of a disease and aggravation of symptoms. This occurs periodically in clients with chronic diseases. It is often a result of physical, chemical, or emotional stress. Congenital illness (such as atrial septal defect), hereditary illness (such as cystic fibrosis), and acute illness (such as influenza) do not have exacerbation and remission stages.

A client tells the nurse that her doctor just told her that she had a "chronic condition." She asks the nurse what does "chronic condition" mean. What would be the nurse's best response? a) "Chronic conditions are diseases that come and go." b) "Chronic conditions require short-term management in extended care facilities." c) "Chronic conditions are medical conditions that have disabilities that require hospitalization." d) "Chronic conditions usually come on slowly and may have periods of remission and exacerbation."

d) "Chronic conditions usually come on slowly and may have periods of remission and exacerbation." Explanation: Chronic conditions usually come on slowly and may have periods of remission and exacerbation. Saying chronic diseases come and go is not the best answer. Chronic diseases are usually managed in the home environment.

The nurse is preparing to talk to a local community group regarding chronic illness. The nurse informs the group that both external and internal factors influence a person's health. When discussing the fact that the male client has a higher chance of developing lung cancer due to his gender, which of the following dimensions is the nurse referring to? a) Emotional dimension b) Environmental dimension c) Physical dimension d) Intellectual dimension

C) Physical dimension Explanation: The physical dimension includes genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender. These components strongly influence the person's health status and health practices. Since lung cancer is more frequent in men, the male client is at a higher risk of developing lung cancer due to his sex.

Nurses promote the needs of clients as an integral part of each person's human dimension. Which needs are being met when a nurse recommends a senior citizen community center for an older client who is living alone? a) Spiritual needs b) Sociocultural needs c) Intellectual needs d) Emotional needs

Sociocultural needs Explanation: The factors influencing a person's health-illness status, health beliefs, and health practices relate to the person's human dimensions. Each dimension interrelates with each of the others and influences the person's behaviors in both health and illness. Nursing assessments of strengths and weaknesses in each dimension are used to develop a plan of care that is individualized and holistic. Sociocultural needs are strongly influenced by a person's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture. The question asked about an older client and a recommendation from the nurse regarding visiting a senior citizen community center. This is an example of sociocultural needs. Emotional needs address how the mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions. Long-term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change the body's responses to illness. The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. Spiritual beliefs and values are assessed when addressing spiritual needs.

A nurse is immunizing children against measles. This is an example of what level of preventive care? a) Primary b) Chronic c) Tertiary d) Secondary

a) Primary Explanation: Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Immunizations are an example of primary health promotion. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.

Which is an example of tertiary health promotion? a) Rehabilitation b) Family counseling c) Water treatment d) Pap tests

a) Rehabilitation Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Therefore, rehabilitation is an example of tertiary health promotion. Family counseling and Pap tests are examples of secondary health promotion. Water treatment is an example of primary health promotion.

A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care? a) Secondary b) Primary c) Chronic d) Tertiary

d) Tertiary Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Referring an HIV-positive client to a local support group would be an example of tertiary preventive care. Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.

An elderly patient has been recently diagnosed with vascular dementia. Because he lives alone and has poorly controlled hypertension, he has begun to receive home healthcare. This new aspect of his care is characteristic of which stage of illness? a) Assuming a dependent role b) Experiencing the symptoms c) Achieving recovery and rehabilitation d) Assuming the sick role

a) Assuming a dependent role Explanation: The stage of assuming a dependent role often requires assistance in carrying out activities of daily living. As well, the patient often requires care, which may be provided in the home. Experiencing symptoms and assuming a sick role may precede (or accompany) this process. Recovery and rehabilitation are not evident in the patient's present circumstances.

Choice Multiple question - Select all answer choices that apply. A nurse provides interventions for clients in a long-term care facility to help them meet their intellectual needs. Which nursing actions promote these needs? Select all that apply. a) A nurse manager shuts down a cafeteria to investigate cases of food poisoning. b) A nurse shows residents a video discussing modified activities for older adults. c) A nurse explains to an obese client the benefits of following a healthy diet. d) A nurse provides education about foot care to a client with diabetes. e) A nurse sets up a pet therapy program for the residents. f) A nurse refers a client experiencing dysfunctional grief to a grief counselor.

• A nurse shows residents a video discussing modified activities for older adults. • A nurse explains to an obese client the benefits of following a healthy diet. • A nurse provides education about foot care to a client with diabetes. Explanation: The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. These influence the person's responses to teaching about health and reactions to nursing care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors. Examples would include a nurse providing client education about foot care to a diabetic client, explaining the benefits of following a healthy diet to an obese client, and showing residents a video discussing modified activities for older adults. The nurse manager shutting down a cafeteria to investigate cases of food poisoning, or referring a client to a grief counselor, would not address the intellectual needs of a client.

The definition of chronic conditions can be complex. Which factors would a nurse expect to be included in the definition of chronic conditions? (Select all that apply.) a) Diseases that have a prolonged course b) Diseases that have a short course c) Diseases that do not resolve spontaneously d) Diseases that resolve spontaneously e) Diseases where complete cures are rare

• Diseases that have a prolonged course • Diseases that do not resolve spontaneously • Diseases where complete cures are rare Explanation: Chronic conditions can also be defined as illnesses or diseases that have a prolonged course, that do not resolve spontaneously, and for which complete cures are unlikely or rare.

The nursing student who has diarrhea before every test and every clinical understands that this is not a healthy behavior. The student is aware that this negative effect can impact overall health. The nurse recognizes that this student needs to focus on which of the following dimensions of health? a) Emotional dimension b) Intellectual dimension c) Sociocultural dimension d) Physical dimension

a) Emotional dimension Explanation: This is an example of the emotional dimension. How the mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions also influences health. Long term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits. Intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities and past experiences, while the physical dimension includes things like genetics, sex, and race. Sociocultural dimensions relate to a client's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.

A client has been exposed to bacterial pneumonia. The client has been eating poorly, with limited intake of nutrients. This factor would predispose a client to the development of pneumonia. Poor nutritional intake is classified as the a) Environment b) Disease c) Host d) Agent

a) Environment Explanation: The environment is factors that are physical, social, economic, emotional, or spiritual. They create the likelihood or the predisposition for the person to develop disease.

A client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, a problem that was accompanied by a random blood glucose reading of 575 mg/dL, vomiting, and shortness of breath. This client has experienced which phenomena? a) Exacerbation b) Risk factor c) Morbidity d) Infection

a) Exacerbation Explanation: This client has experienced a significant exacerbation of his chronic disease (diabetes mellitus), which has manifested as an acute threat to their health. Morbidity is an epidemiological statistic of the frequency of a disease. The client's problem does not have an infectious etiology and while risk factors underlie their present condition, they are not the essence of their current state.

When caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with a chronic illness, the nurse understands the importance of promoting health by highlighting which of the following concepts? a) Focus on what is possible. b) Focus on the altered functioning. c) Focus on why the client has the illness. d) Focus on what can no longer be.

a) Focus on what is possible. Explanation: When a client has a chronic illness, the nurse needs to make every effort to promote health with a focus of care that emphasizes what is possible rather than what can no longer be. The others should not be a focus at this time.

A nurse is caring for a female client age 17 years whose left leg was amputated after being crushed in a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following interventions might the nurse perform to accommodate the cleint's intellectual dimension? a) Teaching her how to care for the stump and explaining the rehabilitation program b) Encouraging friends and relatives to visit often and bring games to distract her c) Providing the opportunity for a counselor to come in and talk to her about her loss d) Considering the client's developmental stage when planning nursing care

a) Teaching her how to care for the stump and explaining the rehabilitation program Explanation: The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. These influence responses to teaching about health, and reactions to nursing care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors.

The nursing instructor is teaching the students about acute and chronic illnesses and informs them that health promotion and illness prevention is vital because ___________. a) chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. b) people do not like to be sick and feel bad. c) chronic illnesses can cause pain and suffering. d) the treatment of chronic illnesses is very expensive.

a) chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. Explanation: Because chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world, health promotion and illness prevention activities are vital to nursing care. It is true that treating chronic illnesses can be expensive, they do cause pain and suffering, and people do not like to be sick, but these are not the most important reason for promoting health and preventing illnesses.

A client enjoys eating high-calorie carbohydrate meals, but understands her blood sugar can increase sharply, ultimately causing the feeling of butterflies in her stomach as her blood sugar decreases. This is considered a) self-concept. b) a holistic approach. c) health promotion. d) illness prevention.

a) self-concept. Explanation: A person's self-concept is influenced by having knowledge and the ability to care for oneself, recognizing one's strengths and limitations.

What is a dynamic state in which a person constantly adapts to changes in the internal and external environment? a) Wellness b) Holism c) Health d) Infirmity

c) Health Explanation: Health is a dynamic state in which a person constantly adapts to changes in the internal and external environment.

Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor? a) Physiologic risk factor b) Environmental risk factor c) Lifestyle risk factor d) Health habits risk factor

b) Environmental risk factor Explanation: Working and living environments may contribute to disease. Working with cancer-causing chemicals is an example of an environmental risk factor for illness.

The nurse in a free clinic caring for clients uses the Health Belief Model, which is based on three components. What is the main focus for this model? a) It focuses on factors that predispose a person to infectious diseases. b) It focuses on what people believe to be true about their health. c) It focuses on how health is a constantly changing state. d) It focuses on how people interact with their environments.

b) It focuses on what people believe to be true about their health. Explanation: The Health Belief Model focuses on what people perceive or believe to be true about themselves in relation to their health. The Health Promotion Model focuses on how people interact with their environments, as they pursue health. The Health Illness Continuum Model focuses on health as a constantly ever-chaining state, while The Agent-Host-Environment Model explains how certain factors place a person at risk for an infectious disease.

The client who has cancer has adapted to her diagnosis and has recently returned to work. When first diagnosed she was depressed and told everyone how sick she was. Since undergoing the chemotherapy she states that she now feels better than ever. The nurse recognizes that which of the following models of health promotion is most appropriate for this client? a) The Agent-Host-Environment Model b) The Health-Illness Continuum Model c) The Health Belief Model d) The Health Promotion Model

b) The Health-Illness Continuum Model Explanation: The Health-Illness Continuum is a model that views health as a constantly changing state, with high level wellness and death at opposite ends of a scale. This continuum illustrates the ever-changing state of health as a person adapts to changes. For example, a person with cancer may view himself or herself at different points on the continuum at any given time.

What have the models of health promotion and illness prevention been used for? a) To create a forum for improving rehabilitative care. b) To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors. c) To define a medical framework for the care of the disabled. d) To formulate care plans for the disabled population.

b) To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors. Explanation: Several models of health promotion and illness prevention have been used to help health care providers understand health-related behaviors and adapt care to people from diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. The models include the health belief model, the health promotion model, the health-illness continuum model, and the agent-host-environment model. These models do not define a medical framework in the care of the disabled; these models do not create a forum for improving rehabilitative care; and these models do not formulate care plans for use with the disabled.

A client with Crohn's disease in remission is admitted to the nursing unit for follow-up care. The remission state is characterized by: a) permanent relief from the signs and symptoms. b) disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with the disease. c) periodic occurrence in clients with long-standing diseases. d) reactivation of the disease and presence of symptoms.

b) disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with the disease. Explanation: Remission is a temporary state of disappearance of the signs and symptoms related to a particular disease. It is of short duration, but the duration is unpredictable. It is a condition opposite to exacerbation, which is characterized by reactivation of symptoms. Remission is not permanent, but is rather a temporary relief from signs and symptoms. Exacerbation is the periodic occurrence of disease in clients with chronic diseases.

The nursing instructor is teaching the students about health and wellness and identifies which of the following as the best definition for health? a) Health is the absence of disease. b) Health is how people feel. c) Health is a state of complete well-being. d) Health is the lack of physical symptoms.

c) Health is a state of complete well-being. Explanation: A classic definition of health is that health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

A patient with a lump in her breast calls her primary care physician to schedule an appointment for an evaluation. Based upon the patient's actions, what stage of illness is the patient demonstrating? a) Achieving recovery and rehabilitation b) Experiencing the symptoms c) Assuming the sick role d) Assuming the dependent role

c) Assuming the sick role Explanation: Seeking out a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment is an example of assuming the sick role. Experiencing the symptoms occurs when a person recognizes one or more symptoms. Assuming the dependent role is characterized by the patient's decision to accept the diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation is characterized by the patient giving up the dependent role and resuming normal activities and responsibilities.

What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity? a) Wellness b) Holism c) Health d) Host

c) Health Explanation: The World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

The nursing instructor identifies the need for further instruction in regards to health and illness when a student makes which statement? a) "Spiritual beliefs can influence a person's health." b) "The intellectual dimension is very important to a person's health." c) "There are several factors that make up the physical dimension." d) "Self-concept does not influences a person's health."

d) "Self-concept does not influences a person's health." Explanation: Self-concept is very important to a person's health. It incorporates how a person feels about himself and the way that person perceives the physical self. Spiritual beliefs, intellectual dimension, and physical dimension all are factors that influence a person's health-illness status.

A nurse observes that a patient who has pneumonia is in the recovery and rehabilitation stage of the illness. What statement describes the patient response that the nurse would expect at this stage of the illness? a) The patient assumes a dependent role. b) The patient recognizes symptoms of illness. c) The patient seeks medical attention. d) The patient gives up the dependent role.

d) The patient gives up the dependent role. Explanation: In the recovery and rehabilitation stage, known as Stage 4, the person gives up the dependent role and resumes normal activities and responsibilities. The client would not seek medical attention, assume a dependent role, or recognize symptoms of illness in this stage. Stage 1 is when the client would recognize symptoms of the illness. Stage 2 is when the client would seek medical attention. Stage 3 is when the client would assume a dependent role.

A community health nurse arranges for a dental checkup camp for the local children in the school district. Which of the following would most likely be the nurse's goal for this health camp? a) reversal of self-care deficit b) illness prevention c) high-level wellness d) health promotion

d) health promotion Explanation: The education on lifestyle choices is part of health promotion activity, which focuses on protecting the person's health. The goal of the prevention of illness is to detect and prevent the illness. High-level wellness focuses on maximizing the person's highest potential for functioning. Reversal of self-care deficits would involve therapeutic interventions that are directed at contributing factors.