PRES-110 Midterm
Archaeological Conservation
The goal of archaeological conservation is to stabilize and preserve archaeological sites, rather than encourage their immediate excavation. This will allow conserved sites to be examined in the future, when better technology, improved field methods, and more enlightened research questions are available
Remote Sensing
A non-intrusive method of detecting objects or sites underground or underwater, without contacting them physically. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an instrument used to find sub-surface features by recording differential reflection of radar pulses; it is used in certain circumstances on archaeological sites. Other methods used to find archaeological sites include side scan sonar for underwater features, color infrared aerial photography, satellite imaging, and geophysical techniques such as magnetometry, resistivity, and conductivity. GPR technology is used in many different fields for various purposes (e.g. locating underground utilities); however, it is only a trained archaeologist who can interpret this type of data to determine if it indicates the presence of cultural resources.
Industrial Archaeology
A sub-discipline of archaeology, industrial archaeology is the study of sites related to technological and industrial development, such as those dating to the industrial revolution. An industrial archaeologist would be interested in sites like iron ore or coal mines, manufacturing plants, or truss bridges.
Underwater Archaeology
The investigation of archaeological sites in or associated with the ocean, rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, or other bodies of water. An underwater archaeologist is trained in the same archaeological theory, methods, and ethics as a terrestrial archaeologist but also has SCUBA-type training and certification.
National Register Process
nps.gov
Protection (treatment)
the act or process of applying measures designed to affect the physical condition of a property by defending or guarding it from deterioration, loss or attack, or to cover or shield the property from danger or injury. In the case of buildings and structures, such treatment is generally of a temporary nature and anticipates future historic preservation treatment; in the case of archeological sites, the protective measure may be temporary or permanent. [This treatment standard and definition was deleted in The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, 1995.]
Archaeological Curation
Curation is the permanent storage of analyzed artifacts and associated records from an archaeology project, in a curation facility that meets federal government standards. Such standardized storage is an environmentally safe, monitored, and secure location that can provide access for future research, benefiting archaeology and the general public for educational purposes. The cost for curation is borne by the owner of the land from which the artifacts were retrieved.
Integrity
"The ability of a property to convey its significance". The evaluation of integrity is sometimes a subjective judgment, but it must always be grounded in an understanding of a property's physical features and how they relate to its significance. Within the concept of integrity, the NPS recognizes seven aspects or qualities that, in various combinations, define integrity. They are; location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. A property which retains its integrity will possess several, if not most, of these aspects. "Historic properties either retain integrity (this is, convey their significance) or they do not."
Restoration 1st Use
19th century, in Europe, on early churches and cathedrals. There were no established standards at the time, so architects would study the buildings to become qualified to restore them.
Cultural Landscape Report
A cultural landscape report (CLR) is an approach developed in the late 1980s for the documentation and evaluation of a landscape's character-defining features, materials and qualities. The intent is to minimize the loss of character-defining features and materials, so its key components are a physical history and site analysis upon which treatment and development alternatives are based. A CLR narrative should provide historical context, key developments, design intent, primary design principles, patterns, features and significant events or individuals associated with the landscape.
Developmental Histories
A developmental history is a documented account of the physical development of a historic property or district and the people, events, and activities that shaped its development over time. Developmental histories document the acquisition of land, land subdivision or planning, the construction of buildings and structures, landscaping, and changes to these physical features over time, as well as the people, events, and activities associated with these features. Key developmental factors are identified - for example, the opening of territory for white settlement, the coming of the railroad, new agricultural practices, industrialization - as well as specific land uses.
Surveys
A survey is the first level of intensity in archaeological fieldwork and is designed to provide just a sample of information available in a specific area. A survey can be a nonintrusive method of systematically observing the ground surface in search of sites, without excavation, or of collecting data using remote sensing technology. A survey on land can also involve systematically digging test holes at specific intervals following a precise grid pattern over the project area in order to obtain a statistically sound sample of information. Artifacts and other data collected are mapped, analyzed, and used to support the interpretation of human activity there, as well as the potential for other archaeological sites to be found intact. (see also Archaeology Fieldwork)/ Historic resources field surveys compile information about extant historic buildings, structures, and landscapes in a defined geographical area through systematic field investigation and reporting. In Georgia, most field surveys cover entire counties or cities. Field survey information includes the location of the historic resource, a description of it, brief historical information if readily available, an initial assessment of its potential significance, photographs, and a mapped location.
National Register Criteria For Evaluation
A. by association with historic events B. by association with historic people C. significance due to architecture (integrity and authenticity) D. archaeology
Archaeology Fieldwork
Archaeological fieldwork is undertaken by a professional archaeologist to systematically investigate an area for clues to past human activity. The work is done in gradually more intensive phases: Phase I is a "walk over" to collect visual clues along with digging small holes in a pattern across the tract, in order to sample the extent of artifacts found there. This level of examination is often called "survey" or "reconnaissance." If information revealed at that level indicates the possibility of sites being intact, then more intensive Phase II work is done: digging larger holes in areas previously noted to have many artifacts. This level of examination is known also as "intensive survey" or "testing." Phase III work is the most intensive level of investigation, comprising full-scale systematic excavation of a site, and is also known as "data recovery" or "mitigation." This level of work is rarely done because it is not usually needed to "clear" a tract for development, for example, and it is expensive both in time and money.
Archival Research
Archaeologists perform archival, or background, research before beginning any project in order to have a context within which they can interpret information collected from their investigation of the project land area. Sources examined routinely are: published archaeological reports and records of identified sites in or near the project area, county histories, deed records and other public documents, historic maps, aerial photos, National Register of Historic Places files, and scholarly publications on specific topics relevant to the project area, such as its geology, climate, known ethnic affiliations, cultural traditions, and its historical development The practice of thorough study and investigation into the historic aspects of a building, structure, site, or district, or in some aspect of historic context. An archive is a repository for public records and documents, often specialized in type or category. Many historic properties require in-depth investigation of primary and secondary sources to compile the required comprehensive documentation for significant designation.
Photography
Archival photography provides a permanent pictorial record of a historic property. Archival photographs should provide a straightforward visual representation of the physical qualities of a historic property. By definition, archival photography is done to archival standards; depending on the circumstances, these standards can be those of the Historic American Building Survey (HABS) or the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), the Georgia state historic preservation office, or the National Park Services' standards for National Register photography. The critical element in archival photography is the quality and permanency of the original photographic negative or digital image.
Cemetery Consulting
Cemetery consulting covers a variety of activities and services associated with old and historic cemeteries (rather than newer or perpetual care cemeteries), which require special knowledge and skills. Additionally, because issues involved with correcting and alleviating the problems associated with these often neglected cemeteries are particularly sensitive, use of professional assistance to deal with them is especially important to ensure appropriate treatments are employed and methods followed. Typical cemetery consulting services include: identification of unmarked burials and mapping of marked and unmarked graves so that cemetery boundaries can be delineated; condition assessments of grave markers and cemetery furniture; condition assessments of landscape features or grounds, including erosion control and plants and trees; development of cemetery preservation plans; and stone grave marker repair. However, some cemetery consultants specialize, providing some but not all these services. It is also important to note that moving a cemetery is regulated under Georgia law. Among other things, the statute requires that a professional archaeologist, registered land surveyor, and genealogist be employed to conduct disinterment, identification of descendants, and re-interment of human remains.
Non-Profit Organizations
Charitable groups, advocacy groups, 501 c3's (can't promote directly. contributions are tax deductible), 501 c4's, national trust (is a 501 c3. does lobbying for preservation, and provides training for preservationists)
Colonial Williamsburg
Colonial Williamsburg is a living-history museum and private foundation presenting part of a historic district in the city of Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. Colonial Williamsburg's 301-acre (122 ha) Historic Area includes buildings from the eighteenth century (during part of which the city was the capital of Colonial Virginia), as well as 17th-century, 19th-century, Colonial Revival structures and more recent reconstructions. The Historic Area is an interpretation of a colonial American city, with exhibits of dozens of restored or re-created buildings related to its colonial and American Revolutionary War history.[citation needed] Colonial Williamsburg's Historic Area's combination of restoration and re-creation of parts of the colonial town's three main thoroughfares and their connecting side streets attempts to suggest the atmosphere and the circumstances of 18th-century Americans. Colonial Williamsburg's motto has been "That the future may learn from the past". In the late 1920s, the restoration and re-creation of colonial Williamsburg was championed by the Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin, other community leaders, such organizations as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (now called Preservation Virginia), the Colonial Dames, the Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Chamber of Commerce as well as the scion of the Rockefeller family, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, to celebrate rebel patriots and the early history of the United States.
Cultural Resource Exhibits
Cultural Resource Exhibits are display centers or exhibit spaces created to interpret historic buildings, sites, and events. Planning and design of Cultural Resource Exhibits typically includes historic narrative research and artifact collection, with subsequent display design (ensuring artifact preservation and protection), artifact labeling, informational and educational panels, and overseeing installation of the exhibit. Examples of Cultural Resource Exhibits include display cases with historic objects in museums or other public venues, signage and interpretive panels at historic sites, and displays and interpretive panels associated with house museums (buildings that themselves are the main part of the exhibit, such as Mount Vernon and Monticello).
Design Guidelines
Design Guidelines are guidance directives developed by local governments to protect and preserve the historic character of local historic districts. Design Guidelines are typically associated with a local historic preservation ordinance and are applied only within designated historic districts. Design Guidelines are used to determine the appropriateness of proposed exterior changes; first by property owners when planning their projects and also by historic preservation commissions in their review of the work as part of a building permit approval process.
Downtown Development Planning
Downtown Development Planning (also referred to as Downtown Revitalization Planning or Downtown Redevelopment Planning) focuses on the downtown commercial core of a city. To revitalize a downtown commercial core, a comprehensive revitalization process that improves all aspects of a commercial district must be put in place. Associated planning components include identification of existing resources, infrastructure and physical improvement needs, sustainable business mix planning, and quality of life issues. The process must ultimately integrate a practical management strategy with the physical improvement of buildings and public spaces, aggressive promotion and image building, and the economic development of the area. Beyond planning, essential to the success of a downtown program is a professional program manager to coordinate the downtown revitalization program effort.
Easements
Easements are a private legal right given by the owner of a property to a qualified nonprofit organization or governmental entity for a particular purpose. An easement is considered a "partial interest" in real property - the property owner continues to own the property but transfers the specific set of rights represented by the easement to the easement-holding organization. As such, it is recorded as part of the property's title and deed (in legal terms, an easement "runs with the land") and this title interest is binding on both present and future owners. Preservation-related easements can be known by a variety of terms, however, their general purpose is to protect a property's conservation and preservation values. A Conservation Easement would be used to protect land that has outdoor recreational value, natural environmental value (including natural habitat), open space (including farmland, forest land, and land with scenic value). Preservation Easements have a principal purpose of protecting a property with historic, architectural, or archaeological significance. As an easement inherently protects a property against changes that would be inconsistent with its current appearance or use, there are often overlaps in the protection it provides. For instance, a preservation easement restricting changes to a property's historic setting may also protect natural land values. Other common types of easements are Scenic Easements protecting scenic viewsheds and Historic Façade Easements preserving historically significant building elevations. Consultants providing easement consultation typically help establish the scope and terms of an easement, aid in finding a qualified easement-holder, assist in determining its value, and perhaps provide advice regarding an easement's potential as a charitable contribution deduction for tax purposes.
Environmental Review Consulting
Environmental Review Consulting includes preparation of documentation for compliance with the federal laws and regulations associated with the identification and protection of American cultural resources (archaeological sites, historic buildings, urban districts, sacred sites and objects, shipwrecks, and archives). Terms associated with Environmental Review Consulting include Section 106 (National Historic Preservation Act of 1966), Section 4(f) (Amended Department of Transportation Act [1987]), and Environmental Assessments (National Environmental Policy Act [NEPA] of 1969).
Genealogical Research
Genealogical research documents the facts about an individual's life, family, and community associations. These facts include: birth and death dates and places; identification of parents, children, and other family members; the individual's occupation(s); information about the individual's family and social life; and the location(s) where the individual lived at different times in his or her life.
Heritage Education
Heritage Education is the use of local cultural and historic resources for teaching required curricula of grades K-12, but it may also be for instruction of other interested parties outside a primary or secondary school setting. Activities, lesson plans, and units of study typically focus on, but are not limited to, architecture, archaeology, cemeteries, documents, folk ways, objects and artifacts, community and family history, photographs/portraits, historic sites, museums, and the urban and rural landscape.
HABS/HAER Documentation
Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record documentation is intended to preserve an accurate record of historic properties that can be used in research and other preservation activities. Associated work product must be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Architectural and Engineering Documentation. Work product for HABS/HAER falls into the following categories: Measured Drawings, Large Format Photography, and Written History and Description.
Historical Landscape Planning
Historic Landscape Planning involves identifying, documenting, and planning for the preservation of a variety of historic cultural landscapes including gardens, parks, battlefields, cemeteries, college campuses, etc. Comprehensive historic landscape preservation plans provide guidance for retaining, maintaining, and interpreting significant landscape features and also address site development and land use issues
Historic Structure Reports
Historic Structure Reports (HSR) documents and characterizes a historic structure and its associated environment, identifies and evaluates the existing condition of its material elements, and generates the information and recommendations necessary to responsibly deal with existing issues and concerns about the structure and its current and future uses. Included within a HSR are written history and description of the property, "as built" drawings, and photographs. HSRs are often a component of a Preservation Plan.
Archaeological Monitoring
In order to comply with state and federal environmental laws, a developer may need to hire an archaeologist to watch for indications of archaeological sites or artifacts to be revealed during land disturbing activities. An infrequent requirement, this is usually done only in large-scale development projects and when previous surveys have indicated the potential for intact sites or human burials.
Independence Hall (public sector preservation)
Independence Hall is where both the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted. It is now the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building was completed in 1753 as the colonial legislature (later Pennsylvania State House) for the Province of Pennsylvania. It became the principal meeting place of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and was the site of the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. A convention held in Independence Hall in 1915, presided over by former US president William Howard Taft, marked the formal announcement of the formation of the League to Enforce Peace, which led to the League of Nations and eventually the United Nations. The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and is listed as a World Heritage Site. In 1948, the building's interior was restored to its original appearance. Independence National Historical Park was established by the 80th U.S. Congress later that year to preserve historical sites associated with the American Revolution.
Site Interpretation
Interpreting an archaeological site is the goal of doing archaeology. The artifacts and information collected in background research, fieldwork, and laboratory analysis can be interpreted to reveal the "who, what, when," and maybe the "why" of human activity at a particular archaeological site. The interpretation can give direction to further research, be used as educational material for students, and provide enjoyment for the general public./ Historically significant sites, property, or buildings that are developed as points of interest require interpretation to inform and educate visitors or other interested parties as to their history and importance. Interpretation of a site typically includes research into the property's history, collecting or organizing artifacts illustrating its history, developing exhibits or constructs to represent missing features, and creating informational and educational display panels.
Materials Conservation
Materials Conservation involves skilled repair and preservation of historic materials, textiles, coatings, artifacts, and objects in order to extend their existence while retaining their aesthetic qualities. Materials Conservation requires proficient knowledge of the traditional production or manufacturing methods of the particular substance being conserved. It also requires knowledge of associated scientific testing, techniques, and other modern methodology, and of display, maintenance, and storage approaches, as applicable, to ensure the material's continued preservation. (see also Architectural Conservation; Paint Analysis)
Mt. Vernon (private sector preservation)
Mount Vernon was the plantation house of George Washington, first President of the United States and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince George's County, Maryland. The mansion is built of wood in a loose Palladian style, and was constructed by George Washington in stages between 1758 and 1778. It occupies the site of an earlier, smaller house built by George Washington's father Augustine, some time between 1726 and 1735. It remained Washington's country home for the rest of his life. Following his death in 1799, under the ownership of several successive generations of the family, the estate progressively declined as revenues were insufficient to maintain it adequately. In 1858, the house's historical importance was recognized and it was saved from ruin by The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association; this philanthropic organization acquired it together with part of the Washington property estate. Escaping the damage suffered by many plantation houses during the American Civil War, Mount Vernon was restored. Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association.
Revolving Funds
Non-profits buying property from owner to fix and sell with easements and covenants. Money comes from donations to non-profits.
Preservation Easements
Or covenants.
Oral History
Oral history documents past events, activities, and persons through information conveyed orally by people who have direct knowledge of them or who have had information about them passed down from others who had direct knowledge. Oral histories are based on first-person interviews with the individuals who possess this information.
Human Osteology
Osteology is the anatomical study of bones. See also Physical Anthropology.
Paint Analysis
Paint analysis is the scientific testing of paint samples taken from historic buildings to determine the age, color, type, and composition of various layers of painted surfaces. Paint analysis is often used in restoration projects to help determine the original appearance of a historic room in conjunction with other documentation, such as a historic photograph. It is also used in determining appropriate materials conservation treatments for historic paint finishes.
Preservation Planning
Preservation Planning is the practice of identifying and carrying out particular goals and strategies to protect historic and archaeological resources. Preservation Planning may be part of local government comprehensive planning, including local preservation ordinances and redevelopment plans. It can also be master or project planning for continued or redevelopment use of historic property owned by individuals or organizations. Reports, studies, development plan drawings, Historic Structure Reports, and other documents that assess and make recommendations pertaining to historic resources are common work product resulting from Preservation Planning.
Cultural Resource Planning
Preservation planning generally involves the following steps: historical research; inventory and documentation of existing conditions; site analysis and evaluation of integrity and significance; development of a cultural resource preservation approach and treatment plan; development of a cultural resource management plan and management philosophy; the development of a strategy for ongoing maintenance; and preparation of a record of treatment and future research recommendations.
Rehabilitation Plans and Soecifications
Rehabilitation Plans and Specifications are construction drawings and documents developed by architects, engineers, or designers for local building officials review and to direct contractors doing the construction work involved in the rehabilitation of an existing building.
Scrape vs. Anti-Scrape
Scrape = Viollet-le-duc Anti-Scrape= John Ruskin Philosophical arguments between the Scrapists and the Anti-Scrapists focused on three major issues; 1) the retention of latter additions to medieval churches ad cathedrals, 2) principle of preference/unity of style, and 3) improvements were allowed in reconstructions. The term scrape came from the practice of chiseling or scraping off original gothic stone carvings and replacing them with new carvings, often with very different designs. Instead of removing architectural elements that Morris saw as adding to the significance of historic structures, particularly their value as documents of the past, he proposed that ancient buildings should be protected, not restored, so that their entire history would be preserved as cultural heritage.
John Ruskin
Some of his strongest words were written in In the Lamp of Memory: "The greatest glory of a building is not in its stones, or in its gold. It is in its age. . . it is impossible as impossible to raise the dead, to restore anything that has ever been great or beautiful in architecture . . ." . According to Ruskin "this generation had no right to destroy anything that was old—it is a record of the past. He called the "restorer" a "revolutionist". "Architecture is to be made historical and preserved as such." "To falsity history cannot be accepted." "Restoration, so called, is the worst manner of Destruction. Ruskin argued that if you take proper care of the monument you will not need to restore it. ANTI-SCRAPE.
Rehabilitation Incentive Programs (State and Federal Tax Incentives)
State and Federally administered programs designed to provide an opportunity for owners of historic properties who undertake a certified rehabilitation to take federal and state income tax credits and an eight year property tax assessment freeze. Participating rehabilitations must meet certain investment criteria, undergo an application review process, and be completed in accordance with associated rehabilitation standards.
Streetscape Planning
Streetscape Planning is the process of developing coordinated design plans for physical improvements to roadways and associated sidewalks in order to create more inviting pedestrian environments, calm traffic, and provide cohesiveness to and otherwise beautify and visually enliven business districts. Improvements typically include new paving, crosswalks, landscape planting, street trees, site furnishings, lighting, signs, and burying utilities
Structural Assessments
Structural Assessments, also sometimes termed a Conditions Assessment Report, identifies and evaluates the existing condition of the material elements of a historic structure and its associated environment and makes recommendations for correcting deficiencies or improving the structural capacity of a building for continued or new uses. Structural Assessments/Conditions Assessment Reports are a major component of Historic Structures Reports.
Tabby Rehabilitation
Tabby is a mixture of shell, lime, sand, and water used as a construction material in coastal Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina in the 16th through 19th Centuries. It is often described as an early form of concrete. Tabby rehabilitation planning involves inspection of tabby structures and ruins, investigation to determine a particular structure's tabby formulation, and developing associated plans, as applicable, for stabilization, protection, preservation, and repair.
Authenticity
The "measure of the degree to which the values of a heritage property may be understood to be truthfully, genuinely and credibly expressed by the attributes carrying the values." In short, authenticity is a measure of the truthfulness of the site.
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP)
The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) is an independent agency of the United States government that promotes the preservation, enhancement, and productive use of the nation's historic resources, and advises the President and Congress on national historic preservation policy.
Antiquities Act
The Antiquities Act of 1906, is an act passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. This law gives the President of the United States the authority to, by presidential proclamation, create national monuments from public lands to protect significant natural, cultural, or scientific features. The Act has been used over a hundred times since its passage. Its use occasionally creates significant controversy.
Congress on International Modern Architecture (CIAM)
The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne (CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others).
Federal Tax Incentives
The Federal government encourages the preservation of historic buildings through various means. One of these is the program of Federal tax incentives to support the rehabilitation of historic and older buildings. The Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program is one of the Federal government's most successful and cost-effective community revitalization programs. 1. Eligible for or listed on national register 2. Income producing, privately owned
Historic American Building Surveys
The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) is the nation's first federal preservation program, begun in 1933 to document America's architectural heritage. Creation of the program was motivated primarily by the perceived need to mitigate the negative effects upon our history and culture of rapidly vanishing architectural resources.
Historic Sites Act
The Historic Sites Act of 1935 was enacted by the United States Congress largely to organize the myriad federally own parks, monuments, and historic sites under the National Park Service and the United States Secretary of the Interior. However, it is also significant in that it declared for the first time "...that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national significance...".[1] Thus it is the first assertion of historic preservation as a government duty, which was only hinted at in the 1906 Antiquities Act.
National Historic Preservation Act (1966)
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) is legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices.
State Tax Incentives
The National Park Service administers the program with the Internal Revenue Service in partnership with State Historic Preservation Offices. The tax incentives promote the rehabilitation of historic structures of every period, size, style and type. They are instrumental in preserving the historic places that give cities, towns and rural areas their special character. The tax incentives for preservation attract private investment to the historic cores of cities and towns. They also generate jobs, enhance property values, and augment revenues for State and local governments through increased property, business and income taxes. The Preservation Tax Incentives also help create moderate and low-income housing in historic buildings. Through this program, abandoned or underused schools, warehouses, factories, churches, retail stores, apartments, hotels, houses, and offices throughout the country have been restored to life in a manner that maintains their historic character.
National Register For Historic Places (NRHP)
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. A property listed in the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred preserving the property.
National Register Nominations
The National Register of Historic Places is our country's official list of historic buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts worthy of preservation. It is maintained on a nationwide basis by the National Park Service (NPS) and expanded through a formal nomination and review process. Proposed nominations are submitted to and reviewed by HPD and the Georgia National Register Review Board, with approved nominations forwarded to NPS for final review and subsequent listing. Certain criteria must be met for a property to be eligible for the National Register and applications must include supporting documentation and research completed consistent with associated national standards. Properties listed in the National Register may qualify for preservation benefits and incentives, including certain types of grants, tax incentives, and easements.
National Trust for historic Preservation (NTHP)
The National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) is a privately funded, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States. The member-supported organization was founded in 1949 by congressional charter to support the preservation of America's diverse historic buildings, neighborhoods, and heritage through its programs, resources, and advocacy.
Heritage Tourism
The National Trust for Historic Preservation defines heritage tourism as traveling to experience the places, artifacts, and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes visitation to cultural, historic, and natural resources. Research and planning for Heritage Tourism would include identifying local or regional points of interest, developing or organizing those points of interest for visitation, and developing promotional and informational materials and guides for distribution to travelers and tourists through tourism bureaus, chambers of commerce, and by other marketing methods
NAGPRA Documentation
The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is a federal law passed in the early 1990s. It directs that American Indian groups are to have returned to them any human remains and burial goods with which they are culturally affiliated. The law charges museums, universities, and other institutions that have held archaeological collections containing remains and burial goods, to consult with tribes claiming affiliation with their collections and to facilitate repatriation to those groups
Secretary of Interiors Standards
The Secretary of the Interior is responsible for establishing professional standards and providing advice on the preservation and protection of all cultural resources listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, apply to all proposed development grant-in-aid projects assisted through the National Historic Preservation Fund, and are intended to be applied to a wide variety of resource types, including buildings, sites, structures, objects, and districts. They address four treatments: Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration, and Reconstruction. The treatment Standards, developed in 1992, were codified as 36 CFR Part 68 in the July 12, 1995 Federal Register. They replace the 1978 and 1983 versions of 36 CFR 68 entitled, "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects." The Guidelines in this book also replace the Guidelines that were published in 1979 to accompany the earlier Standards. Please note that The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties are only regulatory for projects receiving federal grant-in-aid funds; otherwise, the Standards and Guidelines are intended only as general guidance for work on any historic building.
1976 Tax Act
The Tax Reform Act of 1976 was passed by the United States Congress in September 1976, and signed into law by President Gerald Ford on October 4, 1976. The act increased the percentage standard deduction to 16% ($2,800 max) and minimum standard deduction to $2,100 (joint returns). The general tax credit (max of $35/capita or 2% of $9,000 income) was temporarily extended and small business tax rates were temporarily lowered through 1977. The act delayed the decrease in the investment tax credit through 1980, expanded the individual minimum tax, and increased the long-term capital gains holding period from 6 months to 1 year. A unified rate schedule for the estate and gift taxes with a $175,000 exemption was created.
Venice Charter: Conservation & Preservation
The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is a set of guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation professionals in Venice, that provides an international framework for the conservation and restoration of historic buildings.
Context Reports
The compiling of information derived from various research sources to document a pattern or trend in history by which a specific property is understood and its significance is made clear. Facts for a historic context should be organized by theme, geographical place, and period of time. The report should explain the role of the property in relationship to broad historic trends, using specific facts about its community or surroundings.
Rehabilitation Consulting
The practice of advising and guiding both the professional and the laymen in the process of historic building rehabilitation. The consultant should be educated and experienced in a comprehensive scope of historic preservation, including National Register nominations, tax incentive applications, façade easements, and grant application processes. The consultant should also be an effective liaison between government regulation and owner needs, providing effective solutions and suggestions.
Zooarchaeology
The study of animal remains (bones, shell, teeth, etc.) from archaeological sites to understand human diet, subsistence practices, and site formation processes.
Physical Anthropology
The study of human skeletal material for purposes of interpretation within the context of a past culture. A physical anthropologist is able to determine whether discovered bone is human or animal and if human, the sex, race, approximate age at death, and certain information about the health of the individual during life. A coroner or medical examiner examines the recently deceased; however, a physical anthropologist is trained to identify and investigate much older remains that primarily consist of just bones.
Viollet-le-duc
Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris with Jean-Baptiste Lassus brought him national attention. Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification. For example, under his supervision, Notre Dame was not only cleaned and restored but also "updated", gaining its distinctive third tower (a type of flèche) in addition to other smaller changes. "to restore a building is not to preserve it, to repair, or rebuild it. it is to reinstate it in a condition of completeness that could never have existed at any given time". SCRAPE.
State Historic Preservation Offices
Your State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) is the appointed official in each of 59 states, territories and the District of Columbia who is responsible for helping to save the places that matter. Whether it is guiding citizens through the process of listing important historic resources or neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places, or considering the impact of large renewable energy projects on historic landscapes or archeological sites, your SHPO is your partner in preservation.
Historic Preservation
is an umbrella term encompassing a multidisciplinary movement, including, but not limited to, its primary meaning: to keep from injury or destruction, to save.
Restoration
is defined as the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period. The limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a restoration project. (Secretary of the Interior's Standards, 1995)
Preservation
is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. New exterior additions are not within the scope of this treatment; however, the limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a preservation project. (Secretary of the Interior's Standards, 1995)
Reconstruction
is defined as the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location. (Secretary of the Interior's Standards, 1995)
Rehabilitation
is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values. (Secretary of the Interior's Standards, 1995)
Renovation
is the modernization of a historic building in which inappropriate alterations are made and important features and details eliminated. This treatment is not considered a preservation option.
Adaptive Use
is the process of converting a building to a use other than that for which it was designed, e.g., changing a factory into housing.
Architectural Conservation
is the science of preservation. It is the scientific method of observing and analyzing the evolution, deterioration, and care of buildings; the carrying out of non-destructive investigations to determine cause, effect, and solution to problems; and the directing of remedial interventions focused on maintaining the integrity and quality of historic resources. It is the technical means through which the whole spectrum of preservation processes such as preservation, restoration and rehabilitation is ultimately accomplished
Stabilization (treatment)
the act or process of applying measures designed to reestablish a weather-resistant enclosure and the structural stability of an unsafe or deteriorated property while maintaining the essential form as it exists at present. [This treatment standard and its definition was deleted in The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, 1995.]
