Preventative Care Strategies

What are factors that fall under the purchasing policy?

-Adopt a Closed Herd System, avoid buying animals from outside. Difficult to follow. -Reduce the number of new animals brought to the farm. More animals-More Risk. -Limit the number of farms or sources from where you are buying the animals. -Determine the vaccination & health status of newly purchased animals and of the herd of origin. -Farms from which you buy animals or semen should have a higher sanitary status -Quarantine or keep newly arrived animals in isolation, away from the main herd. -The quarantine period should be long enough and depend upon the incubation period of important infectious diseases. -Use the quarantine period to test the animals for possible and important infectious diseases. -Vaccinate, if necessary

what are factors to consider for prevention and control of infectious disease transmission in pets?

-Avoid Overcrowding -Maintain temperature, humidity, ventilation -Separate enclosures, such as for -puppies/kittens, newly arrived pets and pets with known exposure to disease -Designated isolation and quaratine wards -Disinfection, sanitation and pest control -Reduction of stress -Ecto- and endo-parasite control -Good nutrition -Vaccination -Behavioral wellness/enrichment -Routine health monitoring and record keeping

Why is it important to manage vehicles entering and leaving farm?

-Cleaning and disinfecting vehicles when using them for livestock transportation between different farms. -Maintain a log book of all traffic that enter and leave the farm.

What biosecurity measures should be taken with equipment?

-Do not share equipment or vehicles between farms. -Avoid using manure handling equipment for handling feeds. -To avoid contamination, use different sets of equipment in different sections of Farm, often indicate by colors. -Clean and sanitize equipment and materials used for handling dead animals/birds. -Wash farm clothing and boots with detergents and bleach or washing soda.

Describe the importance and method of hand hygiene

-Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection. -Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene. -Hands should be washed before and after: Each patient After activities likely to cause contamination Before eating, drinking or smoking After leaving clinical areas After removing gloves Soap: Bar soaps not acceptable Use liquid or foam soap with antibacterial activity Skin disinfectants may be used

What biosecurity measures should be taken while monitoring animal health?

-Individually identify every animal. -Keep health records on every animal. -Review and update your vaccination and treatment protocols at least twice a year. -Monitor and inspect animals at least daily for signs of illness. -Isolation of sick animals from rest of Herd, Quarantine. -Undertake Treatment of Sick Animals. -Promptly euthanize (Cull/Kill) animals that are not going to recover. -Perform Necropsy. Send samples for Laboratory Testing. -Initiate Control measures for that Disease. -Disinfect Sick Pens after Sick animals have been removed.

What biosecurity measures should you implement when considering people (visitors and farm workers)?

-Keep Visitors to the minimum. -Current Health record/history of -Visitor and Workers. -Maintain a log book of all entering and leaving the Farm. -Make Visitors aware of farm protection methods. Train and Educate Farm workers. -Discourage visitors from entering the housing and feeding areas, and touching animals. -Ensure supply of clean rubber boots or plastic disposable boots and clean coveralls. -Provide a footbath containing disinfectant before entering Stables. -Insist workers wash their hands before and after handling animals. -Insist workers wear protective plastic or rubber gloves when required, such as for calving cows -Establish a working line. Attend animals in order of increasing age groups, and at the last, visit sick animals. -in most farms, visitors and staff should pass through the hygiene lock/dressing room before entering and leaving the farm

What biosecurity measures should be taken with housing?

-Minimize contact between young and older animals or consecutive production batches. -Maintain optimal Stocking density. High stocking density facilitates disease spread, and also increases stress, lowering immunity and predisposing animals to infectious disease. -Adoption of the All-in and All-out housing system

What biosecurity measures should be taken with vermin and bird control?

-Prevent contact with free roaming animals (e.g. wildlife, cats, dogs, etc.). -Minimize bird contact -Maintain a rodent and insect control program. -Secure all feed storage areas and clean up spilled feed to minimize access by pests. -Pasture management, for Microbes and Parasitic Diseases.

What are ways for veterinary standard precautions?

-Prevention of bites and other animal-related injuries Use of physical restraints, bite-resistant gloves, muzzles, sedation, or anesthesia -Sharps safety Needlestick injury prevention. Use of Barriers, such as gloves, masks, etc. -Extreme care and precautions during procedures involving surgery, obstetrics, and handling diagnostic specimens. -Proper decontamination and disposal of Veterinary Waste. -Vaccination of Vets against recommended Zoonotic Diseases.

What biosecurity measures should be taken with the disposal of cadaver/bodies of dead animals?

-Remove Cadaver as soon as possible from the stables. -Store them in a well insulated place, such as in cadaver storage room. -Use a cooled cadaver storage room. -Dispose dead animals within 48 hours of their death. -Dispose all contaminated bedding, milk, manure or feed. -Disinfect the Cadaver room.

What are features of a good vaccine?

-Safe to use -Effective against diverse strains of the same Pathogen -Few side effects -Give long lasting, appropriate protection -Low in cost -Stable with long shelf life (no special storage requirements) -Easy to administer -Inexpensive -Benefit outweighs the risk

How do you prevent transmission to livestock?

-Separate livestock from wildlife -Vector control -Vaccination of livestock Surveillance and risk assessment -Antemortem diagnostic tests -Necropsy -Wildlife Population control

What are biosecurity measures that need to be taken with fodder and water?

-Try to avoid feeding of animal byproducts/waste. Feeding of uncooked pork scraps (in Swill-Feeding) caused epidemics of Swine Fever. -Purchase feed from suppliers with quality assurance and monitoring programs. -Protect feeds from contamination, ensure Proper storage facilities. -Design and build storage facilities where animals do not cross feeding alleys. -Protect feed from manure contamination. -Monitor water quality and assure clean delivery systems.

What is decontamination?

-is a term used to describe a process or treatment that renders a medical device, instrument, or environmental surface safe to handle. A decontamination procedure can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap and water. Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis are all forms of decontamination.

What is the all in and all out system?

-production system whereby animals are moved into and out of facilities in distinct groups. -By preventing contact between groups, disease spread can be reduced. -Facilities are normally cleaned and disinfected thoroughly between groups of animals -housing is based on age groups

How do you control disease in wildlife?

Burning and burying of carcasses Disinfection of water holes Remote vaccination by darts, bio-bullets, baits. Bait vaccine- fox (rabies)

List and explain the common methods of disposal

Burying:-Far away from Farm or other farms and inhabited areas. -Avoid carcass being scavenged by dogs, birds and other animals. Therefore, It is better to over-dig than under-dig. -Avoid areas with drainage systems nearby. -Adding of disinfectants, such as Lime. Now not recommended. Composting:Natural breakdown of carcass. -Can be used as Fertilizer. -Use of substrates in Compost Pile, such as Sawdust, Straw, Hay to obtain proper moisture and Carbon:Nitrogen Ratio (6:1) required for composting. -Compost pile should be away from farm, drainage areas and inhabited areas. -Avoid Scavenging. Incinerator/burning - best way

What is the principle of dirty and clean road?

Dirty entrance: manure, dead animals, deportation of animals courier for semen drop off, feed, visitors Clean entrance: natural barrier, trees, water supply in animals in clean trucks, staff

What is GLEWS and who are they in collaboration with?

GLEWS- Global Early Warning System for major animal diseases including zoonoses Collaboration: FAO- Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations OIE- world organization of animal health WHO- world health organization

List and describe the zones/areas for emergency preparedness and contingency planning for FAD (foreign animal disease)

Infected zone (IZ)- zone that immediately surrounds an infected premises Buffer Zone (BZ)- zone that immediately surrounds and infected zone Control area (CA)- consists of an infected zone and buffer zone Surveillance zone (SZ)- zone outside and along the border of a control area Free Area (FA)- area not included in any control area Vaccination Zone (VZ)- emergency vaccination zone classified as either a containment vaccination zone (typically inside a control area) or a protection vaccination zone (typically outside a control area), this may be a secondary zone of designation

How do you control infectious disease in wildlife and why is it important?

Involves substantial challenges compared with their control in domestic animals. Objectives: Primarily to protect human health against zoonoses in wildlife (e.g. rabies) Prevent diseases in the wildlife from being transmitted Protect wildlife from certain destructive diseases

Describe the different methods of sterilization

Moist Heat: - Use of steam. Autoclave (Use of steam heated to 121°C (250 °F) for at least 15 min in 15 psi pressure). Dry Heat: - Hot air oven, at least two hours at 160 °C (320 °F). Chemical Methods: - Gases like Ethylene oxide, Ozone. - Chemicals like Hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations. Radiation: - Non-ionizing: Ultraviolet Radiation. - Ionizing: Gamma rays, X-Rays Sterile Filtration: - Microfiltration using membrane filters (pore size <0.2 μm remove most microbes

Describe the different ways you can decontaminate

Sterilization: describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/ Pathogens, including highly resistant pathogens, such as Bacteria with Spores. No degrees of sterilization: an all-or-nothing process Disinfection: describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects. Less effective than sterilization, does not necessarily kill all microorganisms. Antisepsis: the application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

What is diagnostic capability? What aspects are included in this?

The programme should be supported by diagnostic facilities with adequate capability and capacity. National labs- have unique resources to handle highly infectious agents and the ability to identify specific strains Reference labs- can perform tests to detect and confirm the presence of a threat agent, these labs ensure timely local response in the event of a threat incident sentinel labs- represents the thousands of hospital-based labs that are on the front lines, have direct contact with patients

What are the surveillance networks?

WAHID- world animal health information database Oie- World organization for animal health

What are the four W's of immunization?

Where?- primarily populations in endemic areas When?- If the disease has a distinct "season," such as seen with Vector-borne agents, immunization just before the season will provide the maximum efficiency. Outbreak of a nonendemic disease occurs Who?- population at risk Why?-For a program of vaccination to be justifiable, the loss caused by the disease must be greater than the cost of immunization.

What is herd immunity?

a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant/large portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for the small number of individuals who have not developed immunity.

What is farm biosecurity?

biosecurity on a farm comprises all measure taken to minimize the risk of the introduction and the spread of infectious agents

What is the difference btwn external and internal biosecurity?

external biosecurity- measures taken to prevent an infectious disease from entering or leaving the farm internal biosecurity- measures taken to combat spread of an infectious disease within the farm

Describe the one health triad

healthy people= healthy environments= healthy animals

What is the difference between infected premises and contact premises?

infected premises- premises where a presumptive positive case or confirmed positive case exists based on laboratory results, compatible clinical signs, case definition and international standards, infected zone Contact premises- press with susceptible animals that may have been exposed to the FAD agent, either directly or indirectly, including but not limited to exposure to animals, animal products, fomites, or people from infected premises, infected zone, buffer zone

What are the categories of biosecurity measures?

purchasing policy, the principle of the dirty and clean road, vehicles entering and leaving the farm, people (visitors and farm workers), fodder and water, equipment, housing and management, vermin and bird control, monitoring animal health, disposal of cadaver/ bodies of dead animals

What is immunization?

vaccination,Protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease., Prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population.