Principles of Management Ch. 12

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influences by three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ___ theory.

(Deci and Ryan's ) self-determination

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? Hygiene factors to motivating factors. Equity to justice Performance to outcomes Effort to performance

-Effort to performance -Performance to outcomes

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas? Employees will eventually adapt to their positions. Employees are underutilized. Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. Employees can only handle a limited number of tasks.

-Employees are underutilized. -Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? Expectancy theory Hierarchy of needs theory Equity theory Goal-setting theory

-Expectancy theory -Equity theory -Goal-setting theory

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? Fairness Justice Motivation Dissonance

-Fairness -Justice

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? Combine punishment and positive reinforcement. Administer punishment in private. Give rewards as soon as possible. Be clear about what behavior is desired.

-Give rewards as soon as possible. -Be clear about what behavior is desired.

Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Autonomy Love Physiological Safety Esteem

-Love -Physiological -Safety -Esteem

Which statements about motivation are true?

-Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior. -Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation.

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do? Design jobs to be less repetitive. Raise employee productivity. Increase employee efficiency. Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs.

-Raise employee productivity. -Increase employee efficiency. -Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs.

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans? They are designed to meet employee, not company, needs. They link rewards to performance. They are agreed on by both employees and managers. They involve generally unattainable stretch goals.

-They link rewards to performance. -They are agreed on by both employees and managers.

What are 2 means by which jobs are fitted to people?

1. Job enlargement 2. Job enrichment

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. 2. McClelland's acquired needs theory. 3. Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory. 4. Herzberg's two factor theory.

Which are principal perspectives on motivation?

1. content 2. process 3. job design 4. reinforcement

What are 3 types of learning opportunities?

1. studying co-workers 2. tuition reimbursement 3. learning and development

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?

Challenging, specific, achievable

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

What are the 3 major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? Psychological states Instrumentality Core job characteristics Work outcomes

Core job characteristics --> psychological states --> work outcomes.

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

What theory asserts motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy

True or False: Money is the best motivator.

False. (Although money is a motivating factor, praise and other non-monetary rewards can be even more motivating.)

T or F: There is one main theory of what motivates people and it is accepted by most people.

False. (There is no single theory of motivation that is accepted by everyone. Rather, there are multiple perspectives on what motivates people. Four primary perspectives.)

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ____ theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ___.

McClelland's acquired needs theory

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something that we learn from our culture.

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ___.

design

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?

extinction and punishment

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

fitting jobs to people

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ___.

give rewards as soon as possible

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

goal-setting theory

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ___.

human capital

Which of the following focuses on 5 core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

job characteristics model

Scientific ___ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ___.

measurable

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ___.

modification

The physiological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ___.

motivation

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ____.

needs

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

process perspectives

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

reinforcement theory

Negative reinforcement

strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative.

Positive reinforcement

the use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior.

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

two-factor theory

Extinction

weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

Punishment

weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive.

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ___.

working at a job they found meaningful