Probation, Parole and Alternative Disposition 3/4

progessive sanctions

supervision or treatment modifications in liew of filinf a revocation that can be used by a community supervision officer when a rpobationer or parolee shows initial sings of resistence or technicl violations. These actions are taken upon supervisory approval or using written department guidelines

aftercare (parole in adult world)

support services and supervision for a juvenile deliquent discharged from detention or other out of home placement to the community

negligence

the failure of an officer to do what a reasonablely prudent person would do in like circumstances

halfway houses

the oldest and most common type of community residential facility for probationers or parolees who require a more structured setting than would be available if living independently

boot camps (shock incarceration programs)

- a from of shock incarceration that involves a military style regimen designed to instil disciplin in young offenders - technically are institutional programs, not communty based. They are considered intermediate sanctions and are similar to shock probation programs - programs not viewed as succesful in rehabilitating offenders - well - documented studies found programs did not reduce crime, but in fact, individuals often reoffended at higher rates (rearrest rates nearly doubled)

effective practices in community supervision** know steps

- (805) EPICS (new model) - purpose of this model is to teach probation and parole officers how to apply the principles of effective intervention (core correctional practices/relationship skills) to community supervision - EPPICS model - officers follow a structured approach tpo thier interactions with thier offenders - *EPICS model is designed to use a combination of: monitoring refferras face to face interactions - purpose is to provide the offender with a sufficient "dosage" of treatment interventions and make the best posibile use of time to develop a collaborative working relationship - *each session between the officer and offender includes four components: check in review intervention homework and rehersal Check in- determine if offendr has any crisis or acute needs, vuild rapport, discuss compliance issues review - focus on skills discussed in the prior session, application of those skills, troubleshooting of continued problems in the use of those skills intervention - officer identifies continued areas of need, trends in problems the offender experiences, teaches relevant skills, targets problematic thinking homework and rehearsa - offender given an opprotunity to see tge model the probation officer is talking about, role plays, assigned homework, given instructions to follow before next visit EPICS model helps translate risk, need and responsivity (RNP) principles into practise offenders are taught to increase dosage to higher-risk offenders, stay focused on criminogenc needs, thought-behaviour links importance, and use of social learning, cognitive behavioural approach to thier interactions EPICS not intended to replace other programming and services - an attempt to more fully utlizie officers as agents of change - combines casework and brokerage

Halfway House

- a community based residential facility for offenders who are either about to be released from an institution or, immediately after release, are in the initial stages of return to society - some designed as alternatives to jail or prison, primarily for probationers - halfway could mean halfway into or halfwat out, of prison

intensive supervision probation/parole

- a form of porbation/parole that stressed intensive monitoring, close supervision and offender control - view as an alternatove to incarceration - most widely used in community-based intermediate sanction - those on intensive probation could have been sentenced to prison - study: ISP's emphrasize punishment more than rehabilitation - offender reoffend at no higher a rate than those who were placed on regular probation - ISP's probationers abscond at higher rates - according to this study, offenders offended at no higher than regular pobation cases. - they did abscond at higher rates - chraged more often with technical violations - sentenced to prison at higher rates - no two jurisdictions define intensive supervision exactly the same way - one common characteristic: more control exerted over the offender + restrictions of liberty of movement + coercion into treatment programs + employment obligations + or all three mechanisms - increased level of control obtained by: reduced caseloads increased number of contacts range of required activities for participating offenders - victim restitution - community service - employment - random testing (substance abuse) - electronic monitoring - payment of probation fee - ISP's programs usually classified as: prison diversion enhanced probation enhanced parole - each has a different goal: diversion - a "front door" program with goal to limit the number of offenders entering prison enhacning programs - select already sentenced probationers and parolees and subject them to closer supervision in the community than regular probation or parole (serious offenses, failure under route supervision) - treatment/service compinents - drug/alcohol counseling, employment, community service, restitution payment - ISP's often have an increase in technical violations for ISP offenders as compared to offenders placed in other offenses - no significant decrease in new offendses - IsP's may not be effective in creating a safer community - as currently designed - fail to produce significant reductions in recidivism or alleviate prison overcrowding - *positive* may encourage participation in treatment with lower failure rates

Community Residental Correctional Programs

- a long history in the United States - until recently known as haflway houses - Today referred to as Community Resudential Facilities (CCF) - Concept first began in England and Ireland - 1800s + transitional residences for criminal offenders + concept spread to the U.S (1817) - legislature feared "contamination" if offenders houses togather, neutralizing prison experience +1845 New York - private sponsorship - operates today as the Women's Prison Association and Hopper Home + 1896 Hope Hall - New York cuty. Other around the country - Movement didnt last - parole was introduced and implemented widely in early 1990s - contamination concerned continued - Great-depression weaken private funding for halfway houses - phase I of development ended shortly thereafter. Revived in 1950s - 1961 federal funding for publically operated halfway houses - Pirson rehabilitation act of 1965 authorized the bureau of prisons to establish community-based residences for adult and youthful prerelease offenders and transfer federal prisoners to privetly-sponcered halfway houses - halfways houses has become an obsolete term - community corrects residential facility now used - shift in idelology also factor inluenecing rise in community residental centers - from medical model to reintergration - movement due to three factors 1) widespread correctional acceptance of the reintergration mission 2) success of the reintergration movement in mental health field 3) loweer costs of halwayd houses compared to prison - prison overcrowding an issue - lack of prison capacity and better re-entry services - "war on drugs" and "get tough" -Ramifications + larger numbers of offenders on probation and parole + greater number of high risk offenders supervised in the comunity + hieghtened demand for community residential treatment facilities for transitional placement for offenders + respone to special needs population as narcotics and drug abusers + DUI offenders + mental health clients

Model

- a model is a picture or representation showing the part of a system. Models suggest the ways that segments of the criminal justice system (courts, probation, piron, parole) fit together and interrelate - one implication of a model is that change is on part of the system will have an impact on other parts of the system - increase in arrests impact other components

driving under the influence (DUI) offenders

- a nationwide problem - legal bloog alcohol limit has been reduced for individuals 21 and over to ).8 - zero tolerance for drivers under 21 - targeted heavily - more drivers under influence of drugs/alcohol - supervising DUI offenders is not easy - recidivism relatively low but detection is also low - interlock devices or portable in-home devices to monitor offender's alcohol consumption and limit vehicle use being utilized - interlock devices are only effective for alcohol - dont detect drugs - DUI offenders can also be required to go to substance abuse treatment - while offenders are on supervision, it is important to address belief systems that support drinking and driving - often offenders require problem-solving skills, managing peers effectvely, restructuring criminal attitudes

Special Populations in Community Corrections

- a need for specialized officers and specialized training to supervise these catagories of offenders - staff able to work with these populations - catagories of specialized offenders: sex offenders mentally disordered offenders DUI offenders domestic violence offenders youthful offenders

Increasing Offenders skills

- a third tool - can be used to change an offenders behaviour cognitive skills considered a core function of cognitive-behavioural interventions - designed to teach offenders new way.... ... ... cognitive skills might include - problem solving - learning to manage negative peers managing situations. ............ ....... ..........

reinforcement systems

- an aspect of gradated responses - a bhevaioural change rechnique - designed o reinforce desired behaviour - * two specific ways in which offenders can be reinforced 1) positive reinforcement - delivery of something pleasurable 2) negative reinforcement - when something not desired is removed - important that the justice system (judge, officer, parole, authority) acknowledge offenders positive change and reward

use of volunteers

- basic philosophy of community correctional programs - reintergation connecting offenders with legtimate oppurtunitiy and reward structure uniting the offender with the community - cannot achieve this without assistance - reintergration requires the assistance and support of the community - use of volnteers - a asset - can help alleviate the problem of excessive caseloads and contribute to rehabilitation and reintergration goals for the offender - volunteerism - situations in whcih individual citizens contribute thier time, talents wisdom, skills and resources within the context of the justice system - offenders might be helped by volunteer services - minimal cost - cost saving - direct or support services - means of amplifying the time, attention, types of services given to clients by the system - agency cannot become over-reliant on volunteers

supervision strategies

- brokerage supervision - view the officers role as connecting offenders to community resources, issuing referrals to external agencies and monitoring the offenders compliance with these referrals - officer is not charged with understdanding or changing the behaviour of the offender - officers role is to assess the concrete needs of the individual and send them to services that address identified needs - less emphrasis placed on the development of a close, one-on-one relationship between officer and offender - supervising officer functions as a manager or broker of resources and social services available from other community agencies - officer tasks assess offender needs locate social service agenciy that can address those needs as its primary function refer offender to appropriate agency follow-up referrals to make sure offender has recived services - officers relationships wit community service agencies more important than relasionshp with an offender - focus on management of community resources and requires knowledge of the services in the community and the conditions under which each service is available - if individual officers have specialized knowledfe about community agencies and services - would be helpful for departments - closely related to the brokerage approach - the role of advocate - probation and parole officers should work with community agencies to develp necessary services - pure brokerage approach does have drawbacks lack of reltionsjip between officer and offender community service might not be available some services not deisned to work with offender populations resistant to accepting justie involved individuals - more offenders in need of specialized treatment than there is programs space - casework supervision - style of supervision asks the oficer to be an agent of change - directly responsible for helping the offender change behaviour - not synonymouse with 'social work' - one of three specialties of social work - definition: social caseworj is an area in which knowlesge of the science of human reations and skills and relasionshops are used to mobilize capabilities in the individual and resources in the community appropriate for better afjustment between client and all or any part his/her total enviroment.

sex offenders *

- each state has differing laws that regulate sexual conduct - correctional system typically deal with two special-need groups of sexual offenders: rapists child molesters (pedophiles) - each category has differing motivations modes of operation challenges dangers - almost all are handled, either intially or later, by community corrections - public opinion and fear - impact both legal and treatment issues

caseworker skills - addressing needs

- focus on criminogenic needs - relationship between and offender very important - relationship necessary for change - but not sufficient - relationship builds trust building on trust - interventions or tools officer uses can be introduced in a mannor offender is receptive towards - interventions address three broad catagories: 1) increase offender motivation to change 2) restruture (change) offender thinking about crime 3) increase offenders skill

Meghan's law (1996)

- gives states discretion to establish criteria for disclosure, but comples them to make personal and private information abour registered sex offenders available to the public assists law enforcement agencies during investigation estbalishes legal grounds to hold offenders deters sex offenders from cimmitting new offenses offers citizens information useful in protecting thier childre from victimization - some states mandate registration and penalize non-registration with imrpisonmen. Probation/parole responsibilities impact negatively

graduated responses to behavior

- intermediate sanctions - a spectrum of community supervision strategies that vary greatly in terms of supervision level and treatment capacity, ranging from diversion to short-term duration in a residential community facitily - intermediate sanctioning - a punishment option that is considered on a continuum to fall between traditional probation and traditional incarceration - developed to relieve prison/jail overcrowding and to saticsfy publics desire for new correctional alternatives program designed to: punish control reform - front-end of the system - alternative ways to sentence offenders - back-end of the system - respond to offenders behaviour - front-end alternatives to incarceration jail plus probation intesive monitoring sentencing to local residential programs - back-end responses - similat alternatives: graduated sanctions to non-compliant behaviour structured reinforcement system to incentivize compliant behaviour - two primary decision points for usage initial screenining - intermediate sanctioning response to non-compliant behaviour - graduate response

Community Residential Programs

- more humane than imprisonment - established to address devastating economic and psychological effects of prison and prisonization on inmates - prison overcrowding - gorss idleness of inmates absence of meaningful work and vocatiomal training - unhealthy and unsafe physical plants - prison rape - gang conflict

collateral consequences - possibilities

- occupational hiring restrictions liscense requirements bonding restrictions no union officer - military barred from serving in the armed forces dishonorable discharge and loss of military benefits - personal safety fiream prohibition sex offender registry - family grounds for divorce grounds for parental termination stress and conflict within the family - civic duties loss of voting rights restrictions on holding public office loss of right to servce on a jury loss of credibility - denial of governmental benefits welfare federal financial aid for higher education (felony drug offenders) section 8 housing (felony drug offenders) social security, medicare, medicaud - Undocumented immigrants possible deportation ineligible for naturalization - personal loss of income negative impact of incarceration - stigma, physical harm, psychological damage

assigning offenders to officers

- officer can be assigned to a primary officer or to teams that supervise offenders - single officer assigned supervision responsibilities - best-case scenario - offenders matched specifically to a probation or parole officer (officer skills/offenders need): offenders need personality factors demographics types of offense motivation to change - most agencies dont go to that extent in reality - two primary means by which cases distributed horizontal model vertical model - horizontal model (conventional) - pool of offenders that needs to be distributed and assigns them, officer by officer, until all assigned - simplest and straughtforward method for case assignment - each officers caseload reflects the general pool of offenders - significant probelms with this apporach: officer would need to be adapt in dealing with a wide range of offenders (property offenses - violent offenses caseload size will fluctuate significantly over time (not uniform sentence lenght, not all offenders will remain on supervision for full term of sentence (revocation/termination) varied end points - caseloads will be different between officers geographical size od supervision jurisdiction - officers could be covering a wide area - significant barrier to field visits - horizontal model (geographic) - offenders grouped by geographic location solved the issue of field visits officers assigned to specific zip codes or geographic location - horizonatal (caseload) - calculates average caseload size for the existing population (number offenders divided by number of officers) and maintain the average accross officers - this model still ignores differences in officers and offenders - agency or department assigns cases to keep the average caseload similar across the officers supervising offenders - offenders still randomly assigned without consideration for geographic location, skills of officer, type of offenders - issue: caseload equal but workload could be .....

Community Residential Centers (CRS's)

- often are non-confining residential facilities serving adjudicated asults and juveiles or those subject to criminal or juvenile proceedings - intended as an alternative for persons no suited to probation or who need a period of readjustment to the community folowing imprisonmenr - more porviding transitional and extensive services for juveniles than adults

domestic violence offenders

- one of the most difficult types of offenders to supervise - there is a negative public perception of domestic violence offenders - probation and parole supervision has been based on a containment model - treatment mostly limited the Duluth Model. (Box 11.8) - domestic violence caseloads tend to be smaller than general caseloads - four successful charactertisitics of successfuly DV caseload: 1) specialized training for supervision officers 2) mandatory treatment 3) 4)

sex offenders

- persons who have committed a sexual act prohibited by law, such as rape, incest, child molestation, or prostitution for sexual, economic, psychological, or situational reasons .... ..... ... - estimated 24% of those serving time for rape and 19% of those serving time for sexual assault had been on probation or parole at the time of the offense - with the possible exception of violent offenders - no type of correctional client evokes more concern from the public - treated with distain and violence - especially child molestters - child molesters are stigmatized and reviled - many american fear sexual assaults (grang rapists, srial rapitsts, stranger rapists, chuld abductors and child abusers) - rape is one of the most feared events as well as a frightenting and misunderstood crime - politicans tend to follow public opinion - evidence is support of treatment - it can work - dangerous sex offenders - washington state community protection act (1990) 1st law authorising public notification when dangerous sex offenders are released into the community sex offender registration laws - offenders pose high risk of reoffending after release - information contributes to safety

considerations

- philosophical models of treatment delivery - planning process of supervision - diffferent levels of caseload size - developments in officer/offender interaction - contracting for services - managing community resource

treatement vs punishemtn/control supervision

- philosophically thier goals differ - measures of success vary depending upon goals - two overriding themes of recent ISP's expected to divert offenders from incarceration - reduce overcrowding avoid exorbitant costs of building and operating prisons prevent negative and stigmatizing effects of imprisonment expected to promote public safetly - surveilliance strategies promoting a sense of responsibility and accountability through probation fees, community service work, restitution

mental health disorders - offenders

- prevalence of mental health issues accrosss jails and prisons - most have co-occuring substance abuse probelms, either drugs, alchohol, or both - most general mental health facilities existing in the mid-twentieth centurt have closed - remaining primarility focus on court-ordered patients remnded by courts; those not guilty by reason of insanity guilty but mentally ill those who are a danger to themselves or others transfereed from probate court order due to mental illness some completed incarceration sentences but ordered into mental health due to probability of repeating heinous crimes - mental disorders among prisoners occur at five times the rate found in the general population - represents the 'criminalization of the mentality ill' - research has not found that these population recidivate at any higher rate - presence of a mental illness is not predictive of future recidividm * - mentally ill offenders are more likely to be returned for technical violations - mentally ill offenders often have a co-occuring substance abuse issue - have a higher level of criminal attitudes - have a significantely more conditions of supervision (medication compliance) - generally supervised on more intensive caseloads - officers tend to respond quickly with technical violations - view these offenders as higher risk (regardless of risk assesment) - two greates challenges - a) coordinating treatment, b) ensuring compliance with medication and counseling sessions

effectivesness of community correctional centers

- programs should be evalutated across three dimensions: humaneness recidivism cost studies

goals of electronic monitoring

- provide cost effective supervision tool - administer sanctions appropriate to seriousness of the offense - promote public safety via surveillance and risk control - increase the confidence in ISP design as a viable sentencing option

intermediate sanctions - range/severity

- range from day fines to "boot camps" - intermediate sanctions enable the criminal justice system to tailor punishment more closely to the nature of the crime and criminal - can hold offenders strictly accountable for thier actions alternative (intermediate) sanctions in lieu of incarceration: intensive supervision day-reporting centers community service home confiement, electronic monitoring, GPS tracking shock incarceration programs

Improving Community Supervision

- recent empirical evidence on the effectiveness of traditional community supervision to benefit offenders much more than incarceration challenges that assumption - research indicates no significant relationship between community supervision and recidivism - studies show that supervision is ineffective at reducing recidivism - a move to combine community superviion with "what works" literature - relatively poor adherence of officers to basic principles of effective intervention - officers spend to much time on the enforcement aspect of supervision: monitoring compliance with conditions of supervision - not enough time focused on service delivery role of supervision - major criminogenic needs often ignored (antisocial sttitudes, social supports for crime) - officers showed few of the skills (prosocial modeling, differential reinforcement) required to influence behaviour change in offenders - trained officers have higher caseload retention rates (fewer technical violations, new arrests, AWOLS) - research supports the use of core correctional practises in community supervision: establishing accruate roles working with clients to define individualied goals reinforcing prosocial values - important factors: client-working relationship case planning use of community resources training families to support behavioural change

treatment for sex offenders

- risk factors have historically been more static for prediction of sexual recidividsm age previous offense history onset of sexually deviant interests marital status specific offense charactersitics (stranger, victim, male victim, contact/non-contact offense) - recently - importance of dynamic risk factros underscored for sexual recidivism - dynamic risk factors for sexual recidivism can be subdivided into catagories stable (reltively enduring) acute (rapidly changing) - stable risk factors include: social influences sexual entitlement attitudes sexual self-regulation general self-regulation - acture dynamic risk factors include: access to victim non-cooperation with supervision anger - these risk factors known as 'psychologicaly meaningful risk factors' - note: the risk principle states that criminal behaviour is predictable using acturial assessments of both static and dynamic risk factors - most commony used static risk assessment tools for sexual recidividm; static-99 risk matric - selection of risk assessment tools for sex offenders consider both: sexual recidivism general recidivism - view these as seperare outcomes - important to assess all offenders with a composite measure for risk and need - but also use an addtional measure to predict sexual recidivism - many sex offenders score low risk for general recividism, but atr same time can be high risk for sexual recidividm. - failure to use a sex-offense-specific tool couls result in the misclassification of sex offenders - sex offenders identified as high risk for recidivism should recieve intensive services than those identified as low risk recidividm - in terms of treatment - considerable heterogeneity of sex crimes and specific acts of violence - treatment programs are as varied as crime type - some programs failt ot focus on those factors contributing to the commission of the crime and address the incorrect objectives to reduce reoffending

Response Matrix (figure 9.4 - page 238) *

- seperated into three specific types of response: treatment (behaviour linked to criminogenic need) supervision (officer increases supervision requirements) judicial (jail time, additiona community service, revocation

revocation hearing

- the process of hearing that results when a probationer or parolee is noncompliant with a current level of porbation or parole supervision - revocation results either in modifying conditions to a more intensive supervision level or a complete elimination of probation and parole, with a sentence to a residential community facility, jail, or prison.

Increasing Offender Motivation to Change

- without motivation difficult to get offender to engage - motivational interviewing - an intervention technique - applied to correctional populations - a counseling style that elicits behavioural change through strenghtening motivation for change - uses collaberation, reflective stat...... - officers also use cost-benfit toll or a decisional balance to help offenders establish some motivation to change - decisional balance tools assists with understadning long-term consequences of behavour - tool helps point out both the positive and negative aspects of behaviour

stigmatization

A process, in effect long after an offense has been committed, whereby an offender continues to experience social disapproval and bias and is never fully welcomed back into society nor provided an opportunity to start anew.

addressing criminogenic needs

1) - increasing offender motivation to change motivational interviewing 2) - restructuring thinking ABC model (activating events, beliefs, consequences) 3) - increasing offenders skils cognitive skills - thought behaviour link - the connections between what we think and how we behave internal dialog - problem solving - a problen is a specific situation or set of related situations to which a person must respond in order to function effectively. Teaching steps to problem solve: - stop and think - identify problem - clarify goals - generate alternative solutions - evaluation - implement the plan - evaluate the decision

supervision strategies/delivering service

1) community safety = supervising offenders protecting the community helping offenders change 2) caseloads ebb and flow political climate fiscal climate existing laws size of prison overcrowding prevailing philosophy about probation and parole

types of community centers

1) day reporting center 2) center 3) work release and furlough center

house arrest

A community-based sanction in which offenders serve their sentence at home. Offenders have curfews and may not leave their home except for employment and correctional treatment purposes. Also called home detention or home confinement.

electronic monitoring

A correctional technology tool in intensive supervision probation, parole, day reporting, or home confinement, using a radio frequency or satellite technology to track offender whereabouts via a transmitter and receiver.

prisoner reentry

Any activity or program conducted to prepare prisoners to return safely to a community and to live as law-abiding citizens.

day-reporting centers

Nonresidential programs typically used for defendants on pretrial release, for convicted offenders on probation or parole, or for probation or parole violators as an increased sanction. Services are provided in one central location, and offenders must check in daily.

reintergration

a broad correctional ideology stressing acquisition of legitimate skills and opportunities for testing, using, and refining those skills, particularly in community settings.

surveillance

a method of community monitoring that ascertains offender compliance through one or more of the following means: - face to face home visits - curfew - electronic monitoring - phone verification - drug testing - internet site oversight/monitoring

restructuring thinking

a primary need of offenders is changing thier belief systems that support crime refereed to as thinking erros or criminal thinking beliefs that support crime are core drivers for criminal behaviour techniques of neutralization (matza) - deny injury - deny responsibility - deny victim - appeal to higher loyalties - codemn the condemners neutralization techniques allow the offender to convicnce themselves that the beaviour is justified officer uses tools that focus on the thought behaviour link *** (pg 209) example ABC model (figure 8.7) - be familiar - activating event (benign or specific) - beliefs about situation (rational or irrations) - consequences

GPS - global positioning system

a system that uses military satellites orbiting the earth to pinpont an offender's exact location inter,ittently or at all times

restitution center

a type of residential community facility specifically targeted for property or first time offenders who owe victim restitution or community service

home-based radion frequency (RF)

an intermittent or continous radio-frequency signal transmitted through a landline telephone or wireless unity into a reciever that determines whether an offender is home

field contact

an officer's personal visit to an offender's home or place of employment for the purpose of monitoring progress under supervision

exclusion zones

exact locations an offender is prohibited from being in or near

inclusion zones

exsact locations, such as locus of employment, school or appointme, where an offender is required to be at a certain time

fines and fees

fine - a fixed monetary sanction defined by statite and imposed by a judge, depending on the seriousness of the crime fee - a monetary amount imposed by a court to assist in administering the criminal justice system through an offenders repayment of the debt accrued by an investigation, prosecution, and supevision of a case

Prison Costs - Misc. Information

initial cost to build a new prison is high between 98million and 162 million, depending upon: - level of security - capacity - site-specific facotrs - services opperating costs of a prion vary depending on the location - national average per diem to house a single-prisoner for one year exceeds 30,000 prison perdiem costs cary - 60,000 per (federal prison colorado) state prison per diem costs vary from 14,603 (kentucky) to 31,286 (new york) operating costs that make up per diem include: - cost of security - healthcare - operations - administration - support - rehabilitation programs beyond the cost to build and operate jails and pirons - there is a social cost - individuals who spend time in jails and prisons (especially low-risk offenders) are exposed to significant collateral consequences - possibly causing more harm than good collateral consequences: consequences of a criminal record/incarceration reach weel beyond the intended punishment civil/political rights that are lost temperoraily in some cases, or permanently in others following a felony convictions/incarceration

Case planning

· essential ingredient to successful supervision is planning · Supervision plan includes: identifying the needs and problems of the offender, developing strategies to address those needs, evaluating the effectiveness of those strategies · More high-risk offenders on probation and parole today due to jail and prison overcrowding · Offender population growing older · Changes bring a need to improve planning · Supervision plan takes risk, need, and responsivity factor and develop a plan or strategy to target or reduce those factors · Set priorities, and establish criteria to measure offender progress · Case plans required by auditors, not used day to day · Supervision plan can be a meeting guide · Work on offender problems before trouble begins · Officer should be prescriptive not reactive · Prescriptive approach- where an officer works with the offender to identify criminogenic needs and starts working on them before they become a threat · Complete an assessment prior to creating the plan · Within the plan gauge offender's: risk factors, strengths, barriers · Identify offender needs and engage interventions designed to address them · Develop ways to track progress on each need identified · A risk assessment is a tool to gather information · Designed to identify highest risk factors for an offender · Highlight areas of need · Officer must decide how an area or criminogenic domain applies to the individual offender