Project management test 2
Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?
A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
A(n)_________ on a project is significant event that normally has no duration. a) milestone b) activity attribute c) activity sequence d) Schedule baseline
A) A milestone on a project is a significant event that normally has no duration. It often takes several activities and a lot of work to complete a milestone, but the milestone itself is like a marker to help in identifying
______ provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format. a) Gantt charts b) Critical path analysis c) Arrow diagramming method d) PERT analysis
A) Gantt charts provide a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in calendar form. They are sometimes referred to as bar charts because the activities start and end dates are shown as horizontal bars
Which of the following processes in project time management involves identifying the specific tasks that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables? a) Defining activities b) Sequencing activities c) Developing the schedule d) Estimating activity durations
A) In project time management, the process of defining activities involves identifying the specific activities that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables.
Which of the following types of dependencies are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project? a) Mandatory b) Discretionary c) External d) Random
A) Mandatory dependencies are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project. They are sometimes referred to as hard logic.
In project time management, the main goal of ______ is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work. a) defining activities b) estimating activity duration c) estimating activity resources d) controlling the schedule
A) The goal of defining activities is to ensure that the project team completely understands all the work it must do as part of the project scope so the team can start scheduling the work. Activity information is a required input to the other time management processes.
Which of the following is an output of schedule control? a) Lessons-learned reports b) Activity atributes c) Resources requirements d) Milestones list
A) The main outputs of schedule control include work performance measurements, organizational process assets updates such as lessons-learned reports related to schedule control, change requests, project management plan updates, and project documents updates.
Which of the following is one of the main outputs of estimating activity resources process? a) Project documents update b) Milestone list c) Work breakdown structure d)Activity duration estimate
A) The main outputs of the resource estimating process include a list of activity resource requirements, and resource breakdown structure, and project documents updates
A network iagramming technique in which boxes represent activities is known as a(n) __________. a) PDM b)CPM c) ADM d) PERT
A) The precedence diagramming method (PDM) is a network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities. It is particularly useful for visualizing certain types of time relationships.
_______ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date. a) Total slack b) Free float c) Backward pass d) Forward pass
A) Total slack or total float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date
Which of the following is a relationship in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started a) Start-to-start b) Finish-to-Finish c) Finish-to-start d) Start-to-finish
A) A start-to-start dependency is a relationship in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity or successor is started
_______ is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process. a) Design of experiments b) Backward pass c) Activity-on-arrow d) Crashing
A) Design of experiments is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process. Understanding which variables affect outcome is a very important part of quality planning.
ballpark
A rough order of magnitude can be referred to as a ________ estimate.
Which highly respected psychologist, rejected the dehumanizing negativism of psychology and proposed the hierarchy of needs theory
Abraham Maslow
Top-down
Analogous estimates are also known as _______ estimates.
The ___ for an activity is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date. a) early finish date b) Late finish date c) late start date d) early start date
C) The late start date is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date.
The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.
.deliverable
In an AOA network diagram, _____ occur when two or more activities follow a single node. a) combinations b) buffers c) mergers d) bursts
D) When creating an AOA network diagram, bursts occur when two or more activities follow a single node.
Six Sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than _____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities.
3.4
______ are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users. a) Features b) Outputs c) Maintainability d) Metrics
A Features are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users. It is important to clarify what functions and features the system must perform, and what functions and features are optional.
a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format.
Gantt charts
not directly related to the products or services of a project.
Indirect costs are:
Which of the following is an output of schedule control?
Lessons-learned reports
Definitive
A _______ estimate is used for making many purchasing decisions for which accurate estimates are required and for estimating final project costs.
A network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities is known as a(n) _____.
PDM
_____ help users to identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system.
Pareto charts
_____ states that work expands to fill the time allowed.
Parkinson's Law
work expands to fill the time allowed
Parkinson's law
_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
Prototyping
According to Herzberg, which is a motivational factor
Recognition
Bottom-up
A cost estimation tool which involves estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total is known as a _______ estimate.
Budgetary
A cost estimation tool which is used to allocate money into an organization's budget is known as a ______ estimate.
What is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Self- actualization
What term is used for taking time to renew oneself physically, spiritually, mentally and socially
Sharpening the Saw
_____ measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data.
Standard deviation
Managing changes to the project budget
The process of controlling costs primarily involves:
Intangible costs
These are the costs that are difficult to measure in monetary terms.
Life cycle costing
This helps develop an accurate projection of a project's financial expenses and benefits.
Estimates should become more accurate as time progresses.
True
a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration
critical path analysis
The main purpose of project planning is to
guide project execution
the sequencing of project activites or tasks.
relationship
6. Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management. a. planning b. monitoring and controlling c. closing d. executing
ANS: A Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the planning process of the project scope management.
9. A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed. a. requirements traceability matrix b. Gantt chart c. state transition table d. entity-attribute-value model
ANS: A A requirements traceability matrix (RTM) is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed
3. _____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. a. Collecting requirements b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope
ANS: A Collecting requirements involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products for the project as well as the processes used for creating them. The project team creates requirements documentation and a requirements traceability matrix as outputs of the requirements collection process.
23. _____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system. a. Prototyping b. Variance c. Decomposition d. Use case modeling
ANS: A Prototyping involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
20. Scope creep refers to: a. the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger. b. subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. c. the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS. d. a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
ANS: A Scope creep refers to the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
21. _____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. a. Scope validation b. Scope planning c. Scope control d. Scope baseline
ANS: A Scope validation involves formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables. This acceptance is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables.
8. Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____. a. variance b. benchmarking c. prototyping d. decomposition
ANS: B Benchmarking, or generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization, can be used to collect requirements.
4. _____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. a. Creating scope b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope
ANS: B Defining scope involves reviewing the scope management plan, project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved
17. In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
ANS: B In the bottom-up approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible. They then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS. Project managers often use the bottom-up approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team.
25. _____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. a. Prototyping b. JAD c. RAD d. Use case modeling
ANS: B Joint Application Design (JAD) uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders — the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on —to jointly define and design information systems.
19. Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS? a. Any WBS item should be the responsibility of all the people working on it. b. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS. c. Each WBS item should be created assuming that the requirements are inflexible. d. The work content of a WBS item is independent of the WBS items below it.
ANS: B Some basic principles apply to creating any good WBS and its WBS dictionary. Firstly, a unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS. The work content of a WBS item is the sum of the WBS items below it.
7. The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed. a. requirements traceability matrix b. requirements management plan c. WBS d. project scope statement
ANS: B The requirements management plan documents how project requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
13. The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project. a. project charter b. scope statement c. WBS d. Gantt chart
ANS: B The scope statement should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project. It is very important to ensure consistency between the project charter, scope statement, WBS, and Gantt chart to define the scope of the project accurately.
22. _____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance. a. Decomposition b. Variance c. Scope validation d. Scope creep
ANS: B Variance is the difference between planned and actual performance.
11. The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. a. conglomeration b. accumulation c. decomposition d. catalyzation
ANS: C The main tool or technique involved in creating a WBS is decomposition—that is, subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.
1. The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project. a. variance b. scope c. deliverable d. work package
ANS: C Thee term deliverable describes a product created as part of a project. Deliverables can be product related, such as a piece of hardware or software, or process-related, such as a planning document or meeting minutes
15. The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
ANS: C To use the top-down approach, start with the largest items of the project and break them into subordinate items. This process involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.
16. The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
ANS: C To use the top-down approach, start with the largest items of the project and break them into subordinate items.The top-down approach is best suited to project managers who have vast technical insight and a big-picture perspective.
14. In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. a. top-down b. bottom-up c. mind-mapping d. analogy
ANS: D A method for constructing a WBS is the analogy approach. In the analogy approach, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
12. A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS. a. variance b. objective c. deliverable d. work package
ANS: D A work package is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
10. A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. a. project charter b. business case c. project scope statement d. work breakdown structure
ANS: D After collecting requirements and defining scope, the next step in project scope management is to create a work breakdown structure. A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a deliverable oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.
18. The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
ANS: D Mind mapping is a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.Instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks, mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format
2. Scope refers to: a. each level of work that is outlined in a work breakdown structure. b. the end product created as part of a project that is delivered to the client. c. tasks that are decomposed into smaller tasks in a work breakdown structure. d. the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
ANS: D Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them
24. _____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. a. Prototyping b. JAD c. RAD d. Use case modeling
ANS: D Use case modeling is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. It is an effective tool for understanding requirements of information systems.
5. _____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables. a. Creating scope b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope
ANS: D Validating scope involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables. Key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables during this process.
16. The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps.
ANS: F A concern when creating a WBS is how to organize it to provide the basis for the project schedule. You should focus on what work needs to be done and how it will be done, not when it will be done. In other words, the tasks do not have to be developed as a sequential list of steps
13. The WBS is organized solely around project phases.
ANS: F A project team often organizes the WBS around project products, project phases, or the project management process groups.
14. A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver.
ANS: F A work package is a task at the lowest level of the WBS. It represents the level of work that the project manager monitors and controls.
15. A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work.
ANS: F A work package represents the level of work that the project manager monitors and controls. If a project has a relatively short time frame and requires weekly progress reports, a work package might represent work completed in one week or less. If a project has a very long time frame and requires quarterly progress reports, a work package might represent work completed in one month or more.
8. The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start.
ANS: F As time progresses, the scope of a project should become more clear and specific.
2. Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.
ANS: F Deliverables can be product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software, or process-related, such as a planning document or meeting minutes.
7. Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.
ANS: F Project scope statements should include at least a product scope description, product user acceptance criteria, and detailed information on all project deliverables. It is also helpful to document other scope-related information, such as the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.
17. The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.
ANS: F The executing tasks vary the most from project to project, but many of the tasks under the other project management process groups would be similar for all projects
5. The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning. undefined
ANS: F The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements.
12. The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors.
ANS: F The scope baseline includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.
20. The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects.
ANS: F WBS dictionary is a document that provides detailed information about each WBS item. The format of the WBS dictionary can vary based on project needs.ANS: F WBS dictionary is a document that provides detailed information about each WBS item. The format of the WBS dictionary can vary based on project needs.
21. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
ANS: T A basic principle of creating a good WBS and its WBS dictionary is that a unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS
22. Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects.
ANS: T Even when the project scope is fairly well defined, many IT projects suffer from scope creep—the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger. Many IT projects fail due to scope creep.
19. Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.
ANS: T Instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks, mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format. This more visual, less structured approach to defining and then grouping tasks can unlock creativity among individuals and increase participation and morale among teams
9. Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.
ANS: T Many IT projects require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.
18. Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.
ANS: T Many organizations provide guidelines and templates for developing WBSs, as well as examples of WBSs from past projects. Microsoft Project 2010 comes with several templates, and more are available on Microsoft's Web site and other sites.
1. Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
ANS: T One of the most important and most difficult aspects of project management is defining the scope of a project. Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
3. Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project.
ANS: T Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project. It ensures that the project team and stakeholders have the same understanding of what products the project will produce and what processes the project team will use to produce them.
6. Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.
ANS: T The charter describes the high-level scope, time, and cost goals for the project objectives and success criteria, a general approach to accomplishing the project's goals, and the main roles and responsibilities of important project stakeholders
11. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.
ANS: T The project scope management plan, scope statement, requirements documentation, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.
10. The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.
ANS: T The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are created or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced
4. The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.
ANS: T The scope management plan is a subsidiary part of the project management plan. It can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.
_____ should receive frequent performance feedback, and although money is not an important motivator to them, it is an effective form of feedback
Achievers
a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule.
Activity list
Which of the following is a difference between an activity list and an activity attribute?
An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list.
Which statement is one of Juran's ten steps to quality improvement?
An organization should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement.
Psychologist David Merril describes which behavioral profile as reactive and task-oriented
Analyticals
_____ is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range.
Appraisal cost
a ____ is a standard of measurement in quality management. a) milestone b) metric c) merge d) matrix
B A metric is a standard of measurement. Examples of common metrics include failure rates of products, availability of goods and services, and customer satisfaction ratings.
Multiple Choice ______ means that a product can be USED as it was intended. a) Conformance to requirements b) Fitness for use c) Critical chain scheduling d) Free slack
B Fitness for use means that a product can be used as it was intended.
______ addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use. A) Reliability B) Performance C) Maintainability D) Functionality
B Performance addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use.
The critical path is the _______ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _______ amount of slack or float. a) longest; longest b) longest; shortest c) Shortest; longest d) shortest; shortest
B) A critical path for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed. It is the longest path through the network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float.
AOA network diagrams use only ____ dependencies. a) start-to-start b) finish-to-start c) finish-to-finish d) start-to-finish
B) A finish-to-start dependency is the most common type of relationship or dependency and AOA network diagrams use only finish-to-start dependencies. It is a relationship in which the "from" activity or predecessor must finish before the "to" activity or successor can start
In project time management, the next step after defining project activities is: a) planning schedule management b) determining their dependencies c) Controlling the schedule d) Estimating activity duration.
B) After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is sequencing them or determining their dependencies. The sequencing process involves evaluating the reasons for dependencies and the different types of dependencies.
In project time management, a(n)____________ is an output of controlling the schedule a) activity duration estimate b) project management plan update c) Activity attribute d) milestones list
B) Controlling the schedule involves controlling and managing changes to the project schedule. Outputs include work performance information, schedule forecasts, change requests, project management plan updates, project documents updates, and organizational process assets updates
The technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost is known as _________. a) dependency b) crashing c) critical chain scheduling d) feeding buffers
B) Crashing is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost. The main advantage of crashing is shortening the time needed to finish a project.
Critical chain scheduling protects tasks on the critical chain from being delayed by using ________, which consist of additional time added before tasks on the critical chain that are preceded by non-critical-path tasks. a) critical paths b) feeding buffers c) dummy activities d) fast tracking
B) Critical chain scheduling protects tasks on the critical chain from being delayed by using feeding buffers, which consist of time added before tasks on the critical chain if they are preceded by other tasks that are not on the critical path.
Which of the following is a network diagramming technique used primarily to predict total project duration? a) Gantt chart b) Critical path analysis c)Resource breakdown structure d) Arrow diagramming method
B) Critical path method (CPM) - also called critical path analysis -- is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration. This important tool helps combat project schedule overruns.
In project time management, which of the following processes involve analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule? a) Planning schedule management b) Developing the schedule c) Controlling the schedule d) Defining activities
B) Developing the schedule involves analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule. Outputs include a schedule baseline, project schedule, schedule data, project calendars, project management plan updates, and project documents updates.
_______ dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options. a) Mandatory b) Discretionary c) External d) Inherent
B) Discretionary dependencies are defined by the project team. They are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options.
Which of the following is true of dummy activities? a) they have long duration. b) They show logical relationships between activities. c) They have a large range of resources. d) They have limited time periods
B) Dummy activities have no duration and no resources, but are occasionally needed on AOA network diagrams to show logical relationships between activities.
A draft schedule for a project is most likely to be found in a _____. a) project buffer b) project charter c) resource breakdown structure d)project's dummy activities list
B) One of the first reality checks for a project manager is to review the draft schedule that is usually included in the project charter. Although this draft schedule might include only a project start and end date, the project charter sets some initial schedule expectations for the project.
Multiple Choice Process improvement plan, quality metrics, and quality checklists are the outputs of _____ process of project quality management. a) controlling quality b) Planning quality management c) Quality certification d) performing quality assurance
B) The main outputs of planning quality management are a quality management plan, a process improvement plan, quality metrics, quality checklists, and project documents updates
In project time management, which of the following processes generate the main outputs of an activity list, activity attributes, and a milestone list? a) Sequencing activities b) Defining activities c) Resource estimating activities d) Estimating activity durations
B) In project time management, the main outputs of the sequencing activities process are an activity list, activity attributes, a milestone list, and project management plan updates.
_____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.
Benchmarking
Which of the following is a similarity between scope control and schedule control?
Both are portions of the integrated change control process under project integration management.
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the ____ subprocess of project quality management. a) Initiating b) Closing c) Monitoring and Controlling d) Executing
C Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the monitoring and controlling subprocess of the quality control process of project quality management.
Which of the following dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities? a) Mandatory b) Discreationary c) External d) Inherent
C) External dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project and non-project activities.
Which of the following techniques involve doing activities in parallel that one would normally do in sequence? a) Critical chain scheduling b) Crashing c) Fast tracking d) PERT analysis
C) Fast tracking involves doing activities in parallel that one would normally do in sequence. the main advantage of fast tracking is that it can shorten the time need to finish a project.
Which of the following is a simimartiy between scope control and schedule control? a) Both are initial processes of project time management. b) Both of their primary goals is to define project goals and milestones. c) Both are portions of the integrated change control process under project integration management d) Both of these processes should occur before estimating activity durations.
C) Like scope control, schedule control is a portion of the integrated change control process under project integration management. Controlling the schedule is the final process in project time management.
A similarity between the crashing technique and the fast tracking technique is that: a) both spread out tasks over a long period of time to ensure the quality of work is maintained. b) both invariably result in increases in total project costs. c) both can shorten the time needed to finish a project. d) both are network diagramming techniques used primarily to predict total project duration.
C) The main advantage of fast tracking, like cashing, is that it can shorten the time needed to finish a project.
In project time management, the ultimate goal of ---- is to provide a basis fro project progress for the time dimension of the project. a) Defining activities b) Sequencing activities c) Developing a schedule d) estimating activity resources
C) The ultimate goal of developing a realistic project schedule is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project. Project time management processes often go through several iterations before a project schedule is finalized.
Which of the following is true of a finish-to-finish dependency? a) It is a dependency in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity or successor is started. b) It is a dependency in which in which the "from" activity must finish before the "to" activity or successor can start. c) It is a dependency in which the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished d) It is a dependency in which the "from" activity must start before the "to" activity can be finished.
C) A finish-to-finish dependency is a relationship in which the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished. One task cannot finish before another finishes.
_______ states that work expands to fill the time allowed. a) Murphy's Law b) Miller's Law c) Parkinson's Law d) Einstein's Law
C) Parkinson's Law states that work expands to fill the time allowed
The first process involved in a project time management is _________? a) defining activities b) estimating activity duration c) panning schedule management d) sequencing activities
C) Schedule management is the first process in project time management and involves determining the policies, procedures, and documentation that will be used for panning, executing, and controlling the project schedule.
Which process helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes?
CMMI
_____ helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes
CMMI
_____ diagrams trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations.
Cause-and-effect
Which type of power involves using punishment, threats, or other negative approaches to get people to do things they do not want to do
Coercive
_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.
Collecting requirements
_____ means the project's processes and products meet written specifications.
Conformance to requirements
involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they are complete, correct, and meet customer expectations.
Controlling quality
a_____________is a time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance
Cost performance baseline`
Which of the following is a network diagramming technique used primarily to predict total project duration?
Critical path analysis
a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.
Critical path method(CPM)
Who wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects?
Crosby
The ____ process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling. a) Quality planning b) Quality certification c) Quality assurance d) Quality control
D Controlling quality involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality. This process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling
Performing quality assurance is a sub-process of the ____ process of project quality management. a) Initiating b) Closing c) Monitoring and controlling d) executing
D Performing quality assurance is a sub-process of the executing process of project quality managment
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities is known as a _______. a) forward pass b) backward pass c) fast tracking d) free slack
D) A technique that can help project managers make schedule trade-offs is determining the free slack and total slack for each project activity. Free slack or free float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities.
After working for the key stakeholder to define activities and calculate their resources, the next process in project time management is to: a) develop the schedule. b) control the schedule. c) determine their dependencies. d) estimate the duration of activities.
D) After working with key stakeholders to define actives, determine their dependencies, and estimate their resources, the next process in project time management is to estimate the duration of activities
______ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function. a) Reliability b) Validity c) Maintainability d) Functionality
D) Functionality is the degree to which a system performes its intended function. Features are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users. It is important to clarify what functions and features the system must perform, and what functions and features are optional.
A difference between the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and ciritical path method (CPM) is that: a) CPM addresses the risk associated with duration estimates wheras PERT does not. b)unlike CPM, PERT estimates only when there is no risk of uncertainty. c) CPM involves more work than PERT because it requireses several duration estimates. d) PERT uses different duration estimates whereas CPM uses one specific duration estimate.
D) PERT uses probabilistic time estimates ----- duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic setimates of the acitivity durations --- instead of one specific or discrete duration estimate, as CPM does.
Which of the following is a difference between an activity list and an activity attribute? a) As opposed to an activity attribute, and activity list provides resource requirements and constraints related to activities b) An activity list provides a more concrete list of milestones for a project than an activity attribute. c) An activity attribute is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule whereas an activity list is not. d) An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list.
D) The activity list is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule. The list should include the activity name, an activity identifier or number, and a brief description of the activity. The activity attributes provide more schedule-related information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, and so forth.
Which of the following documents is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule? a) Resource breakdown structure b)Milestones list c) Organizational process assets update d)Project charter
D) The project charter often mentions planned project start and end dates, which serve as the starting points for a more detailed schedule.
Which five-phase improvement process do projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally follow?
DMAIC
According to Maslow, only after meeting ______ needs can individuals act upon growth needs
Deficiency
What are the bottom four needs in Maslow's structure are referred to as
Deficiency
In project time management, which of the following processes generate the main outputs of an activity list, activity attributes, and a milestone list?
Defining activities
Which of the following processes in project time management involves identifying the specific tasks that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables?
Defining activities
_____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.
Defining scope
Which type of estimate should be used if the cost estimate for a project is used a basis for contract awards and performance reporting?
Definitive
_____ is a quality planning technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.
Design of experiments
_____ is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.
Design of experiments
What is the first step in planning a project schedule?
Developing an activity list
Which process involves building individual and group skills to enhance project performance
Developing the Project Team
The main outputs of which process are team performance assessments, change requests, and updates to several documents
Developing the Project team
In project time management, which of the following processes involve analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule?
Developing the schedule
_____ dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options.
Discretionary
Which statement is one of Deming's 14 Points for Management?
Eliminate the annual rating or merit system.
In project time management, which of the following processes involve calculating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities?
Estimating activity durations
Which of the following dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities?
External
A backward pass through the network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity.
F
A disadvantage of using Gantt charts is that they do not provide a standard format for displaying planned project schedule information.
F
A drawback of the precedence diagramming method is that it cannot be used unless dummy activities are employed.
F
A run chart is a bar graph that depicts data points and their order of occurrence.
F
Customer requirements are an important aspect of the quality planning process.
F
DeMarco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience, and salary.
F
Frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and system are called Six Sigma charts.
F
In a critical path analysis, the shortest path is what drives the completion date for the project.
F
In project time management, one should control the schedule before estimating the duration for each activity.
F
In project time management, the next step after sequencing activities is to define these activities.
F
Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
F
One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it does not address the risk associated with duration estimates.
F
Start-to-finish relationships are the most frequently used dependencies between activities.
F
Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development.
F
The final process in project time management is developing the schedule.
F
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the quality assurance process.
F
A RAM is used only to assign detailed work activities
False
A budgetary estimate is the most accurate of the three types of estimates.
False
A negative schedule variance means that it took lesser than planned to perform the work.
False
A run chart is a bar graph that depicts data points and their order of occurrence.
False
According to Covey, project managers must use a win/lose approach in making decisions
False
According to Herzberg, hygiene factors such as larger salaries, more supervision, or a more attractive work environment would motivate workers to do more if present
False
Analogous estimates are called activity based costing.
False
Analogous estimates are the most accurate technique to estimate costs.
False
Budgetary estimates are made even before a project is officially started.
False
Contingency reserves are also known as unknown unknowns.
False
DeMarco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience, and salary.
False
Extrinsic motivation causes people to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment
False
Frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and systems are called Six Sigma charts.
False
Gantt charts cannot be used to aid project quality management.
False
If cost variance is a positive number, it means that performing the work costs more than planned.
False
If the cost performance index (CPI) is less than 100 percent, the project is under budget.
False
In an earned value chart, when the actual cost line is right on or above the earned value line, it indicates that costs are less than planned.
False
Intangible costs can be easily measured in monetary terms.
False
Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
False
It is important for project managers to focus on indirect costs because they can be easily controlled.
False
Managers who believe in Theory Y assume that workers dislike and avoid work if possible, so managers must use coercion, threats, and various control schemes to get workers to make adequate efforts to meet objectives
False
Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.
False
Overrun is the additional percentage amount by which estimates exceed actual costs.
False
Project managers must try to avoid conflict at all costs as all conflict within groups is bad
False
Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under unusual conditions.
False
Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development.
False
The design of experiments technique cannot be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule tradeoffs.
False
The primary output of the planning cost management process is a change request.
False
The term sigma means median.
False
When deciding what projects to invest in or continue, one should include sunk costs.
False
True/False A backward pass through the network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity.
False A backward pass through the network diagram determines the late start and late finish dates for each activity. In contrast, a forward pass determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity.
True/False A merge occurs when one node precedes multiple nodes.
False A merge occurs when two or more nodes precede a single node. On the other hand, bursts occur when two or more activities follow a single node.
True/False Milestones are easy to achieve and are always achieved through one main activity.
False A milestone on a project is significant event that normally has no duration. It often takes several activities and a lot of work to complete a milestone, but the milestone itself is like a marker to help in identifying necessary activities.
True/False The arrows in a network diagram represent missed milestones in a project
False A network diagram is a schematic display of the logical relationships among project activities and their sequencing. The arrows in a network diagram represent the activity sequencing or relationships between tasks.
True/False A drawback of the project management software is that it does not have the capacity to calculate the critical path(s) for a project.
False A project management software can be used to draw network diagrams, determine the critical path for a project, create Gantt charts, and report, view, and filter specific project time management information.
True/False A run chart is a bar graph that depicts data points and their order of occurrence.
False A run chart displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time. It is a line chart that shows data points plotted in the order of occurrence.
True/False After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is developing the schedule
False After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is sequencing them or determining their dependencies.
True/False The term sigma means median.
False An important concept in Six Sigma is improving quality by reducing variation. The term sigma means standard deviation.
True/False Validated changes and validated deliverable are the outputs of the quality assurance process
False Controlling quality involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality. Validated changes and validated deliverable are the out puts of the quality control process.
True/False Critical chain scheduling assumes that resources multitask and maximizes multitasking.
False Critical chain scheduling is a method that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date. It assumes that resources do not multitask or at least minimize multitasking.
True/False De Marco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience, and salary.
False DeMarco and Lister also found no correlation between productivity and programming language, years of experience, or salary. Furthermore, the study showed that providing a dedicated workspace and a quiet work environment were key factors in improving productivity.
True/False The design of experiments technique cannot be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule trade-offs.
False Design of experiments is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of process. you can also apply design of experiments to project management issues such as cost and schedule trade-offs.
True/False In project time management, the next step after sequencing activities is to define these activities.
False Estimating activity resources involves estimating how many resources - people, equipment, and materials -a project team should use to perform project activities. In project time management, this process follows after sequencing activities.
True/False Gantt charts cannot be used to aid project quality management.
False Gantt charts can be created using project management software to help plan and track work related to project quality management.
True/False in a gantt chart, thick black bars represent milestones achieved in a project.
False Gantt charts provide a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in calendar form. In a Gantt chart, a black diamond symbol represents a milestone.
True/False In a critical path analysis, the shortest path is what drives the completion date for the project
False In a critical path analysis, several tasks are done in parallel on projects, and most projects have multiple paths through a network diagram. The longest path or the path that contains the critical tasks is what drives the completion date for the project.
True/False In project time management, the primary output of defining activities is a schedule management.
False In project management, the main output of defining activities are an activity list, activity attributes, a milestone list, and project management plan updates.
True/False Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.
False In-house auditors or third parties with expertise in specific areas can perform quality audits; these quality audits can be scheduled or random
True/False Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
False Integration testing occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components. It ensures that a subset or subsets of the entire system work together.
True/False Start-to-finish relationships are the most frequently used dependencies between activities.
False One of the four types of dependencies or relationships between activities is the start-to-finish dependency. This is a relationship in which the "from" activity must start before the "to" activity can be finished. This type of relationship is rarely used, but it is appropriate in some cases.
True/False One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it does not address the risk associated with duration estimates. and there are better probabilistic methods for assessing schedule risk.
False PERT's main disadvantages are that it involves more work than CPM because it requires several duration estimates, and there are better probabilistic methods for assessing schedule risk.
True/False Customer requirements are an important aspect of the quality planning process
False Quality planning also involves communicating the correct actions for ensuring quality in a format that is understandable and complete. In quality planning for projects, it is important to describe key factors that directly contribute to meeting the customer's requirements.
True/False Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under deviant conditions
False Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions
True/False Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development.
False Testing needs to be done during almost every phase of the systems development life cycle, not just before the organization ships or hands over a product to the customer.
True/False The final process in project time management is developing the schedule.
False The final process in project time management is controlling the schedule Like scope control, schedule control is a portion of the integrated change control process under project integration management
True/False The main disadvantage of crashing is that it lengthens the time needed to finish a project.
False The main advantage of crashing is that it shortens the time needed to finish a project. The main disadvantage is that it often increases total project costs.
True/False A disadvantage of using Gantt charts is that they do not provide a standard format displaying planned project schedule information.
False The main advantage of using Gantt charts is that they provide a standard format for displaying planned and actual project schedule information.
True/False In a network diagram, it is mandatory for every item on the WBS to be shown instead of only those activities with dependencies.
False The network diagram represents activities that must be done to complete the project. Not every item on the WBS needs to be shown on the network diagram; only activities with dependencies need to be shown.
True/Fase A drawback of the precedence diagramming method is that it cannot be used unless dummy activities are employed.
False The precedence diagramming method offers a number of advantages over the AOA technique. One advantage is that using the method avoids the need to use dummy activities.
True/False In project time management, one should control the schedule before estimating the duration for each activity.
False in project time management, before one can estimate the duration for each activity, one must have a good idea of the quantity and type of resources (people, equipment, and materials) that will be assigned to each activity.
Which of the following techniques involve doing activities in parallel that one would normally do in sequence?
Fast tracking
_____ are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users.
Features
_____ means that a product can be used as it was intended.
Fitness for use
_____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function.
Functionality
_____ provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format.
Gantt charts
sunk
Good Earth, a company manufacturing packaged food products, sets up stores in Baltonia. However, a year later, the company closes the store down due to high operating costs. In such a scenario, the money spent in paying for the rent of the store in Baltonia would be an example of _______ costs.
Which system involves a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization?
ISO 9000
_____, a quality system standard is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization.
ISO 9000
Definitive
If the cost estimate for a project is a basis for contract awards and performance reporting, it should be a(n) _______ estimate and as accurate as possible.
Which of the following is true of a finsih-to-finish dependency?
It is a dependency in which the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished.
_____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems.
JAD
______ power is getting people to do things based on a position of authority
Legitimate
Which of the following types of dependencies are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project?
Mandatory
Which concept refers to matching certain behaviors of the other person
Mirroring
direct
Newtech Inc. hires John for the position of a software programmer to work on their new project. Salary is paid to John by Newtech Inc. would be an example of _____ costs.
Cost budgeting
One of the main outputs of the ______ process is a cost baseline.
_______ means that not enough resources are available to perform the assigned work during a given time period
Overallocation
A difference between the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM) is that:
PERT uses different duration estimates whereas CPM uses one specific duration estimate.
Which chart helps users identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system?
Pareto
_____ addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use.
Performance
What needs are at the bottom of Maslow's structure
Physiological
_____ correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements.
Process adjustments
Revenues minus expenditures
Profits may be defined as:
a network analysis technique used to estimate project duration when there is a high degree of uncertainty about the individual activity duration estimates.
Program evaluation and review technique(Pert)
Which of the following documents is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule?
Project charter
Which of the following is one of the main outputs of estimating activity resources process?
Project documents update
According to Thamhain and Wilemon, what is the ability to improve a worker's position
Promotion
_____ are groups of non-supervisors and work leaders in a single company department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to improve the effectiveness of work in their department.
Quality circles
Which type of power is based on an individual's personal charisma
Referent
_____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.
Reliability
In project procurement management, which of the following is an output of the executing process?
Resource calendars
Genichi Taguchi's _____ methods focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific inquiry for trial-and-error methods.
Robust Design
_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.
Scope validation
In project time management, which of the following processes primarily involve identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities?
Sequencing activities
_____ is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities.
Six 9s of quality
Electricity used to run its factories
Soles is a footwear company which has recently set up its store in Ambrosia. To manufacture its products, Soles incurs a range of different costs. Which of the following would be an example of an indirect cost?
Which of the following is a relationship in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started?
Start-to-start
_____ involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
Statistical sampling
. _____ are the screens and reports the system generates.
System outputs
A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates.
T
In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.
T
Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
T
The quality assurance process involves taking responsibility for quality throughout the project's life cycle.
T
To plan how costs will be managed
The first step in project cost management is:
Cost budgeting
The main goal of the _______ process is to produce a cost baseline for measuring project performance and project funding requirements.
Managers who believe in McGregor's assume ______ that individuals do not inherently dislike work, but consider it as natural as play or rest
Theory Y
a management philosophy that states that nay complex system at any point in time often has only one aspect or constraint that is limiting its ability to achieve more of its goal.
Theory of Constraints (TOC)
Which of the following is true of dummy activities?
They show logical relationships between activities.
Project cost management
This includes the processes required to ensure that a project team completes a project within an approved budget.
Determining the budget
This involves allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance.
Cash flow analysis
This is a method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project.
_____ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date.
Total slack
A cost management plan can include organizational procedures links, control thresholds, and process descriptions.
True
A schedule performance index of one means that the project is on schedule.
True
Change requests and verified deliverables are the outputs of the controlling quality process.
True
Customer requirements are an important aspect of the quality planning process.
True
Definitive estimates are made one year or less prior to project completion.
True
Determining the budget involves allocating the project cost estimate to individual work items over time.
True
IT project managers must be able to present and discuss project information both in financial and technical terms.
True
If an important supplier goes out of business, management reserves can be set aside to cover the resulting costs.
True
In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.
True
In a bottom up estimate, the size of the individual work items is one of the factors that drives the accuracy of the estimates.
True
It is important for project managers to understand that every cost estimate is unique.
True
Managing quality includes all of the quality assurance activities plus product design and process improvements.
True
One of the reasons why project cost estimates are inaccurate is because human beings are biased toward underestimation.
True
Parametric models are reliable when the models are flexible in terms of the project's size.
True
Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables.
True
Project managers must conduct cash flow analysis to determine net present value.
True
Resource leveling results in fewer problems for project personnel and accounting departments
True
Spreadsheets are a common tool for cost estimating, cost budgeting, and cost control.
True
Supporting details for an estimate include the ground rules and assumptions used in creating the estimate.
True
The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance
True
The formulas for variances and indexes start with EV, the earned value.
True
The project management plan and project funding requirements are inputs of the process of controlling costs.
True
Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles.
True
project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
True
True/False A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates.
True A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates. It allows the project manager to monitor schedule progress on individuals tasks and the whole project.
True/False A dependency pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks.
True A dependency or relationship pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks. Determining these relationships or dependencies among activities has significant impact on developing and managing a project schedule.
True/False A schedule management plan includes information which describes the format and frequency of schedule reports required for the project.
True A schedule management plan includes information on reporting formats. This information describes the format and frequency of schedule reports required for the project. In addition, it also includes information on process descriptions and describes how all of the schedule management processes will be performed.
True/False Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables
True Acceptance decisions determine if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected. If they are accepted, they are considered to be validated deliverable.
True/False An activity is an element of work that has an expected duration, cos, and resource requirements.
True An activity or task is an element of work normally found on the work breakdown structure (WBS) that has expected duration, cost, and resource requirements.
True/False To define activities, the project team should start with reviewing the schedule management plan, scope baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational processes.
True Defining activities involves involves identifying the specific actions that will produce that project deliverable in enough detail to determine resource and schedule estimates. The project team reviews the schedule management plan, scope baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets to begin defining activities.
True/False In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.True/False
True In Total Quality Control, product quality is more important that production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.
True/False Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
True It is important for all project stakeholders to work together to balance the quality, scope, time, and cost dimensions of the project. Project managers, however, are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
True/False Knowing the amount of float allows project managers to know whether a project schedule is flexible.
True Knowing the amount of float or slack allows project managers to know whether the schedule is flexible and how flexible it might be. A fast and easy way to determine early and late start and finish dates and free and total slack amounts for activities is by using project management software.
True/False Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity sequencing.
True Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity sequencing. A network diagram is a schematic display of the logical relationships among project activities and their sequencing.
True/False The quality assurance process involves taking responsibility for quality throughout the project's life cycle.
True Performing quality assurance involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. The quality assurance process involves taking responsibility for quality throughout the project's life cycle.
True/False Project schedules grow out of basic documents as the project charter.
True Project schedules grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project. The project charter often mentions planned project start and end dates, which serve as the starting points for a more detailed schedule.
True/False The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance.
True The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance.
True/False It is important for the activity list and activity attributes to be in agreement with the work breakdown structure.
True The activity list and activity attributes should be in agreement with the work breakdown structure. Information is added to the activity attributes as it becomes available; this information includes logical relationships and resource requirements that are determined in later processes.
True/False The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses.
True The critical path represents the shortest time required to complete a project. The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses.
True/False The technique of fast tracking can result in lengthening the project schedule.
True The main disadvantage of fast tracking is that it can lengthen the project schedule because starting some tasks too soon often increases project risk and results in rework.
True/False Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles.
True using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment. CEOs, top managers, and all levels of employees in an organization that embraces Six Sigma principles have seen remarkable improvements due to its use.
_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.
Use case modeling
____ is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system.
User acceptance testing
_____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables.
Validating scope
_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
a______________ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
WBS
Estimating costs
What involves developing an approximation of the costs of resources needed to complete a project?
Analogous estimates
What is a type of estimate that uses the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project?
Work performance data
What is an input of the process of controlling costs?
Cost forecasts
What is an output of the process of controlling costs?
People lack estimating experience
What is most likely to be a reason for inaccuracies in information technology cost estimates?
It provides an estimate of what a project will cost
What is true of a rough order of magnitude estimate?
They are most reliable when previous projects are similar in fact with current projects.
What is true of analogous estimates?
They can be easily measured.
What is true of tangible costs?
Management reserves
What reserve allows for future situations that are unpredictable?
They are time intensive and expensive to develop.
Which of the following is true of bottom-up estimates?
They allow for future situations that can be partially planned for.
Which of the following is true of contingency reserves?
A_____________is a task at the lowest leve of the WBS that represents the level of work that the project manager uses to monitor and control the project.
Work package
Cost control
Work performance information and cost forecasts are main outputs of the _______ process.
Parametric estimating
_______ uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.
What can project teams create to help promote teamwork and clarify team communications?
a team contract
Multiple Choice _________ means the project's processes and products meet written specifications. a) Conformance to requirements b) Fitness for use c) Project feasibility d) Benchmarking
a) Conformance to requirements means that the project's processes and products meet written specifications. For example, if the project scope statement requires delivery of 100 computers with specific processors and memory, you could easily check whether suitable computers had been delivered
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Information that provides schedule-related information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity.
activity attributes
approach, or the arrow diagramming method(adm) a network diagramming technique in which activities are represented by arrows and connected at points called nodes to illustrate the sequence of activities.
activity-on-arrow(AOA)
One of Juran's ten steps to quality improvement states that:
an organization should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement.
the estimates that use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project
analogous estimates
In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
analogy
An important tool used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process is the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.
analyze
During which phase of the DMAIC process is the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram used?
analyze
What cost is the price of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range?
appraisal cost
A starting point, a management, or an observation that is documented so it can be used for future comparison; also defined as the original project plans plus approved changes.
baseline
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.
benchmarking
What process is used to generate ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization?
benchmarking
A similarity between the crashing technique and the fast tracking technique is that:
both can shorten the time needed to finish a project.
In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS.
bottom-up
cost estimates created by estimating individual activites an summing them to get a project total.
bottom-up estimates
additional time to complete a task, added to an estimate to account for various factors.
buffer
An accordance when two or more activities follow a single node on a network diagram.
burst
In an AOA network diagram, _____ occur when two or more activities follow a single node.
bursts
In project time management, the process of ____ primarily involves checking and managing changes to the project schedule. a) estimating activity duration b) developing the schedule c) controlling the schedule d) estimating activity resources
c) In project time management, the process of controlling the schedule involves controlling and managing changes to the project schedule. Outputs include work performance information, schedule forecasts, and change requests among others.
Complete the formula: sample size = 0.25 * ( _____ /acceptable error)2
certainty factor
Which term is used when the project's processes and products meet written specifications?
conformance to requirements
In the DMAIC process, the letter "C" stands for _____.
control
A _____ is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
control chart
Which graphic display of data illustrates the results of a process over time?
control chart
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the ____ subprocess of project quality management.
controlling
In project time management, the process of_____ primarily involves checking and managing changes to the project schedule.
controlling the schedule
The _____ means taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations.
cost of nonconformance
A time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance.
cost performance baseline
The technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost is known as _____.
crashing
a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost.
crashing
a mehod of scheduling that takes limited resources into account when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date.
critical chain scheduling
The ______method is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.
critical path
the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed; it is the longest path through the network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float.
critical path
The _____ ultimately decides if quality is acceptable.
customer
In project time management, which of the following processes involve calculating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities? a) Defining activities b) Sequencing activities c) Planning schedule management d)Estimating activity durations
d) Estimating activity duration involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities. Outputs include activity duration estimates and project documents updates.
The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.
decomposition
A(n) _____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.
defect
What term is used for any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements?
defect
Important tools used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process include a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data.
define
Which phase of the DMAIC process includes tools such as a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data?
define
In project time management, the main goal of _____ is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work.
defining activities
the sequencing of project activites or taks
dependency
Which technique helps identify variables that have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process?
design of experiments
In project time management, the next step after defining project activities is:
determining their dependencies.
In project time management, the ultimate goal of _____ is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project.
developing a schedule
The dependencies that are defined by the project team.
discretionary dependencies
the actual amount of time spent working on an activity plus elapsed time.
duration
The number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task
effort
After working with key stakeholders to define activities and calculate their resources, the next process in project time management is to:
estimate the duration of activities.
Performing quality assurance is a subprocess of the _____ process of project quality management.
executing
the dependencies that involve relationships between project and non-project activities.
external dependencies
Which term is used for a cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the customer?
external failure cost
a schedule compression technique where you do activites in parallel that you would normally do in sequence.
fast tracking
What are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users?
features
Critical chain scheduling protects tasks on the critical chain from being delayed by using _____, which consist of additional time added before tasks on the critical chain that are preceded by non-critical-path tasks.
feeding buffers
additional time added before tasks on the critical path that are preceded by non[critical -path tasks.
feeding buffers
What is the most common type of dependency between activities?
finish to start
AOA network diagrams use only _____ dependencies.
finish-to-start
The term _____ means a product can be used as it was intended.
fitness for use
Which term is used for the ability of a product to be used as it was intended?
fitness for use
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities is known as a _____.
free slack
Which term is used for the degree to which a system performs its intended function?
functionality
The _____ for an activity is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date.
late start date
The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _____ amount of slack or float.
longest; shortest
Which addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product?
maintainability
Performing quality assurance is a subprocess of which project quality management stage?
managing
The dependencies that are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project.
mandatory dependencies
a situation when two or more nodes precede a single node on a network diagram.
merger
22. Which term is used for a standard of measurement in quality management?
metric
A _____ is a standard of measurement in quality management.
metric
A(n) _____ on a project is a significant event that normally has no duration.
milestone
a significant event on a project
milestone
The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.
mind mapping
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the _____ subprocess of project quality management.
monitoring and controlling
when a resource works on more than on task at a time.
multitasking
if somehting can go wrong, it will.
murphy's law
A schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activites.
network diagram
The starting and ending point of an activity on an activity-on-arrow network diagram.
node
What term is used for a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical regarding the average value of the population (the data being analyzed)?
normal distribution
policies and procedures related to project managment past project files, and lessons-learned reports form previous, similar projects.
organizational process assets
What cost estimating technique uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs?
parametric modeling
a techinque that uses project characteristics(parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.
parametric modeling
Which addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use?
performance
Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.
planning
Process improvement plan, quality metrics, and quality checklists are the outputs of the _____ process of project quality management.
planning quality management
The main outputs of which process are a quality management plan, quality metrics, project management plan updates, and project documents updates?
planning quality management
The first process involved in project time management is _____ .
planning schedule management
A network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities.
precedence diagramming method(PDM)
Which process correct(s) or prevent(s) quality problems based on quality control measurements?
process adjustments
The additional time added before a project's due date to account for unexpected factors.
project buffer
A draft schedule for a project is most likely to be found in a _____.
project charter
Project teams develop a _________ to coordinate all other project plans
project management plan
a document, which is a deliverable for the project intergration mangement knowledge are, used to coordinate all project planning documents and to help guide a project's execution and control
project management plan
In project time management, a(n) _____ is an output of controlling the schedule
project management plan update
The purpose of _____ is to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
project quality management quality management
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines _____ as "the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."
quality
A(n)_____ is a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects.
quality audit
23. Which process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling?
quality control
The _____ process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling.
quality control
What term is used for the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions?
reliability
a condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system, product, service, result, or component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification or other formal document.
requirement
The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
requirements management plan
a plan that describes how project requriements will be analyzed, documented and managed.
requirements management plan
A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix
a table that list requirements, various attributes of each requirement, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all of them are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix(RTM)
Which process is an action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations?
rework
In a(n) _____, the closer data points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related.
scatter diagram
The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.
scope baseline
The tendency for project scope to continually increase
scope creep
The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.
scope statement
The _____ is a measure of quality control equal to one fault in one million opportunities problems.
six 9s of quality rule
Which is a measure of quality control equal to one fault in one million opportunities problems?
six 9s of quality rule
The amount of time an activity may be delayed without delaying a succeeding activity or the project finish date.
slack or float
Watts S. Humphrey defines a(n) _____ as anything that must be changed before delivery of the program.
software defect
Which process involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection?
statistical sampling
A document created to help promote teamwork and clarify team communications.
team contract
Scope creep refers to:
the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope refers to:
the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
An estimate that includes an optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimate.
three-point estimate
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.
top-down
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.
top-down
Which test is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible?
unit
A(n) _____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
unit test
Which testing involves an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system?
user acceptance
A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
work breakdown structure
a document that describes detailed information about WBS tasks.
work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in project that defines the total scope of the project.
work breakdown structure(WBS)
A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
work package
The _____ represents the number of units handled correctly through the process steps.
yield