Project Quality Management
1. Affinity diagrams, 2. Flow charts, 3. Histograms, 4. Matrix diagram, 5. Scatter diagrams, 6. Cause and effect diagrams such as Ishikawa diagrams, Fishbone diagrams, and why-why diagrams
Example of data representation techiniques
1. Flow charts, 2. Logical data models, 3. Matrix diagrams and 4. Mind mapping
Examples of data representation techniques used during the plan quality management process
Flow chart
is a graphical representation of a process. It allows a project team to create a map of the events in a process
Mind mapping
visually depicting relationships between items to help understand relationships
Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle
Deming's improvement cycle based on the scientific method
Just in Time
An inventory-management approach that brings inventory down to zero levels. It focuses on quality since there is no excess inventory on hand to waste.
Test and evaluation documents
An output of manage quality process. The documents are generated based on the needs of the industry and typically based on organizational templates. They can include checklist and detail requirements traceability matrices.
Quality reports
An output of manage quality process. These reports may be generated to outline quality management issues that were uncovered, process recommendations, improvements, and summary of findings.
Control chart
Chart used to evaluate an attribute of a product or service, allowing you to identify trends that could suggest the process is moving out of control
1. Cost of conformance 2. cost of non-conformance
Cost of quality can be classified into two main groups
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements
Definition of quality
Manage Quality process
Focuses on executing quality process ACTIVITIES and quality AUDITS to ensure correct policies and procedures are used to perform project work to ensure quality products and overall cost reduction
Process analysis
It aims to identify where improvements can be made to project processes. It allows you to assess processes and determine strategies for improvement. Using this technique helps to streamline a project's processes and produce high quality deliverables
1. Project Management Plan (quality management plan) 2. Project Documents (lessons learned register, quality control measurements, quality metrics, risk report) 3. Organizational Process Assets
Manage quality process inputs
1. Project Management Plan (quality management plan) 2. Project Documents (lessons learned register, test and evaluation documents, quality matrices) 3. Organizational Process Assets (guidelines, procedures, policies) 4. Enterprise Environmental Factors (govt agency regulations, standards and guidelines, project management information systems, quality management software) 5. Project Deliverables 6. Approved Change Request
Manage quality process inputs include
1. Quality Reports 2. Test and Evaluation Documents (checklists, requirement traceability matrix) 3. Change Requests 4. Project Management Updates 5. Project Document Updates
Manage quality process outputs include
1. Verified Deliverables (input to Validate Scope process) 2. Quality Control Measurements (how does actual deliverable compare to required quality standards) 3. Change Requests 4. Work Performance Information (result of analyzed data) 5. Project Management Plan Updates 6. Project Document Updates
Manage quality process outputs include
1. Decision Making (multi criteria decision analysis) 2. Quality Improvement Methods (Six Sigma) 3. Problem Solving 4. Design for x (technical guidelines) 5. Audits (uncover inefficiencies, ensure approved changes carried correctly, ensure project work IAW policies and procedures) 6. Data Gathering (checklist) 7. Data Analysis (alternative analysis, document analysis, process analysis, root cause analysis) 8. Data Representation ( affinity diagrams, flow charts, histograms, matrix diagram, scatter diagrams, cause and effect diagrams such as Ishikawa diagrams, Fishbone diagrams, and why-why diagrams)
Manage quality process tools and techniques
1. Inspection (e.g. review, walkthrough, audit - inspections performed after production to detect or corret errors, prevention performed before production to ensure zero defects and errors) 2. Testing and Product Evaluations (to identify bugs, errors, defects, or non-conformance problems) 3. Data Gathering (checklists, checksheets, statistical sampling, questionaires, surveys) 4. Data Analysis (performance reviews, root cause analysis) 5. Data Representation (visually represent data using cause and effect diagram, control charts, histograms, scatter diagrams) 6. Meetings
Manage quality process tools and techniques
1. Project Management Plan (requirement management plan, risk management plan, stakeholder engagement plan, scope baseline) 2. Project Documents 3. Project Charter 4. Enterprise Environment Factors 5. Organizational Process Assets
Plan Quality Management process inputs
1. Quality Management Plan 2. Quality Metrics 2. Project Management Plan Updates 3. Project Document Updates
Plan Quality Management process outputs
1. Decision Making (multi criteria decision analysis) 2. Testing and Inspection Planning 3. Expert Judgement 4. Meetings 5. Data Gathering (bench marking, brainstorming, interviews) 6. Data Analysis (cost benefit analysis, cost of quality) 7. Data Representation (visually represent data using flow charts, logical data models, matrix diagrams and mind mapping)
Plan Quality Management process tools and techniques
1. Plan Quality Management - Planning 2. Manage Quality - Executing 3. Control Quality - Monitor and Control
Processes that make up the Quality knowledge area
Precision
Repeated measurements are similar or repeatable, but not necessarily close to the target value. Often characterized in terms of standard deviation from a norm
Accuracy
Requires the measured value to be very close to the true value.
ISO 9000 standards
Series of standards, developed/published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that ensures companies document what they do and do what they document
1. If one sample, just a single one, falls above the upper control limit or below the lower control limit or 2. Rule of 7: A series of seven consecutive samples fall on one side of the mean, either between the mean and the upper control limit or between the mean and the lower control limit.
Situations where a process is considered to be out of control.
1. Develop a list of causes, or error 2. Record frequencies at which each error type has occurred. 3. Rank the top six or seven causes in descending order 4. Find the cumulative percentages 5. Create a histogram, or bar chart, that displays the data 6. Draw a line that plots the cumulative percentage for each cause.
Six steps used to create a Pareto diagram
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DEMAIC/DMAIC)
The Six Sigma methodology phases
Cause and effect diagrams such as: Ishikawa diagrams, Fishbone diagrams, and Why-why diagrams
The charts are used to help identify root causes
1. Prevention costs 2. Appraisal costs
The cost of conformance categories include
1. Internal failure 2. External failure
The cost of non-conformance categories include
1. prevention cost 2. appraisal cost 3. internal failure cost 4. external failure costs.
The total cost of quality can be seen as the sum of
Histogram
These data representation technique is normally used to manage quality to show the number of times an issue occurs
Quality metrics
They help you evaluate quality performance and ensure that deliverables and project work processes meet quality standards. They are often defined in terms of rates of performance, production, or error
Grade
This is a category assigned to products that have similar functional features but different technical characteristics. It covers the number of features present in the product or service.
Pareto chart
This is a type of histogram where issues are ranked by frequency of occurrence from greatest to least
Root cause analysis
This method is used to find the source of a problem and to determine why underlying issues exist. Once you have got to the root of the problem, you can find a solution to deal with it.
Control quality
This process is responsible for measuring, inspecting, testing and documenting project results (deliverables) to determine whether results (deliverables) meet project quality requirements
Scatter diagram
This type of data representation technique is used for spotting trends in data
Pareto principle.
Which principle states that 80% of project defects are caused by 20% of the possible sources of error. This is commonly referred to as the 80/20 principle. It means that for any project, most defects are caused by a small set of errors.
Plan Quality Management
Which process identifies project and product quality requirements and standards and also policies and procedures for manage quality and control quality process
Six Sigma
Which quality management theory's goal is to refine the process so that human error and outside influence no longer influence results and any remaining variations are completely random. Only allowing 3.4 defects per 1,000,000 opportunities or 99.99966% outputs meet quality standards.
continuous improvement
Which quality theory 1. is also known as Kaizen 2. stresses constant process improvement in the form of small changes in product and service
Total quality management (TQM)
Which quality theory 1. states everyone is responsible for quality and is able to make a difference in the ultimate quality of the product 2. shifts focus away from product that is produced but instead focuses on the underlying processes
quality audit
Which technique's main function include: 1. uncovering inefficient policies and procedures 2. ensuring approved changes are carried out correctly 3. ensuring project work is carried out in accordance with policies and procedures
Multicriteria Decision Analysis (type of decision making technique)
a matrix that allows several factors to be ranked and prioritized so that the most important or critical ones become evident
Inspection
concerned with identifying and catching errors that have occurred before they impact others outside the project
Cost of conformance
consists of all costs incurred to ensure the product conforms to the required level of quality
Cost of non-conformance
consists of all costs incurred when the product fails to meet the required level of quality.
Internal failure
costs incurred before the product or services release to the customer. This can include cost to rework elements of the product, fix faulty areas of the product, postpone product release, and even scrap the product where necessary. Wasted related costs are also included in this category such as time wasted due to internal errors.
External failure
costs incurred only once the product or service has been released and the customers are not satisfied that the requirements have been met. This can include liability and penalty costs, warranty work, the cost of developing and distributing a product fix, and any customer service costs such as technical support calls or visits
Appraisal costs
costs incurred to find quality problems, and to check that the product or work processes are meeting project requirements. Simply put, any kind of testing and inspection falls into this category. For example, product testing
Prevention costs
costs incurred to prevent the customer from receiving a poor quality or defective product or service. Examples include spending money on staff training, on making sure you document processes clearly and accurately, on using good equipment for project work, and on taking the time to do work right.
Affinity diagram
helps visualize relate bits of information to other bits of information and are used to help discover or create meaningful systems of organization
Quality Management Plan
outlines the policies, procedures, and guidelines that can be used to meet quality requirements
Prevention
taking steps to keep defects from happening
1. List and calculate the cost. 2. List and calculate the benefits. 3. And compare the results.
three steps to take when performing cost-benefit analysis.
Cost of Quality (COQ)
total cost of all efforts related to quality throughout the life of the product. This includes efforts to prevent non-conformance to requirements, quality testing to make sure the product or service does conform to requirements, and rework when the product or service fails to meet requirement.