Protobowl Set #1

Tornadoes

"Wedge" and "rope" are informal terms used to denote large and small forms of these phenomena. Twenty-eight different damage indicators help measure their severity via the enhanced Fujita scale. These phenomena occur when a funnel cloud touches the ground. For 10 points, name these violently rotating windstorms that most often occur in their namesake "Alley" in the American Midwest.

United Nations

A financial arm of this organization was founded at the Bretton Woods conference, and a conference that oversaw its creation was held in San Francisco. Its former leaders include Dag Hammarskjold ("DOG HAHM-ahr-SKEEOLD") and Kurt Waldheim ("VALD-hime"). It encompasses the World Bank and General Assembly. For 10 points, Ban Ki-moon is the current Secretary General of what international organization?

Whitman

A poem by this man lists body parts like "upper-arm, armpit, elbow-socket," and he describes "drops of red / Where on the deck my Captain lies" in a poem for (*) Abraham Lincoln. "I Sing the Body Electric" is by this poet, who said "I celebrate myself and sing myself." For ten points, name this American poet whose collection Leaves of Grass includes "O Captain! My Captain!" and "Song of Myself."

Derek Jeter

A scout quit his job when Houston didn't pick this player #1 overall in 1992. In 2011, he homered off David Price for his 3,000th hit. A recording of Bob Sheppard's voice introduced this player's home at-bats, including a (*) walk-off single in his final home game. For 10 points, name this captain who wore number 2 as the starting shortstop for five World Series-winning New York Yankees teams before retiring in 2014.

Cheese

A self-help book by Spencer Johnson asks "Who Moved?" this object. The main character of the title "Fairly Stupid Tale" in a collection by Jon Scieszka ("SHEESH-kuh") is a man made of a "stinky" kind of this food. In "The Farmer and the Dell," it stands alone. The moon is not actually made of a green version of it. For 10 points, name this dairy product that comes in provolone and Swiss varieties.

Atlanta

A team in this city drafted Alge Crumpler, and this city's NFL team lost a 2016 draft pick for piping in fake crowd noise at their home games. This city is building SunTrust Park in Cumberland for its baseball team, which spent 20 years in (*) Turner Field. Freddie Freeman plays first base and Matt Ryan quarterbacks in, for ten points, what city, home to the Falcons and Braves and the 1996 Summer Olympics in the South?

Neptune

A triangular patch of clouds that circulates this planet quickly is known as The Scooter. Its atmosphere contains the fastest winds in the solar system. Its existence was predicted by Alexis Bouvard, and it was discovered by Johann Galle. It often contains the Great Dark Spot. Its largest moon, which has a retrograde orbit, is Triton. For 10 points, name this gas giant, the farthest from the Sun in the solar system.

Sikhism

After initiation into the Khalsa (KAHL-sah) in this religion, adherents must wear a wooden comb, known as the "kanga"(KAHN-gah), and a steel bracelet, known as the "kara" (KAH-rah), which are two of the five K's. Arjun (AR-joon) Dev compiled this religion's holy text, the Adi Granth, which contains many of the sayings of the first leader, or guru, of this religion. For 10 points, identify this religion founded by Nanak, whose adherents are mostly found in the Punjab region.

Electronegativity

Allred and Rochow related effective nuclear charge and this quantity. This quantity equals the mean of the electron affinity and first ionization energy by Mulliken's definition. When molecules have atoms with differences in this quantity, they are deemed (*) polar. Fluorine has the highest value for this quantity on the Pauling scale. For 10 points, name this quantity which measures an atom's likeliness to attract electrons.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Although he is not Sun Tzu, this man wrote a version of The Art of War. He wrote a critique of Roman history in his Discourses on Livy. This man used the term virtu to describe a leader's ability to adapt to different circumstances in a work that also discusses how it is better to be feared than loved. He wrote a history of his native Florence for Giulio de' Medici. For 10 points, name this author of The Prince.

Frankenstein

At the beginning of this novel, the explorer Robert Walton watches a huge figure ride a sledge pulled by dogs across the Arctic Circle. The protagonist's brother William, friend Henry Clerval and wife Elizabeth Lavenza are all strangled to death by a creature that protagonist vows to destroy. For 10 points, name this Mary Shelley novel about the mad scientist Victor and the monster he creates.

Scooby-Doo

Big Bob Oakley was the first person on this show to say "I'd have gotten away with it too, if it weren't for those kids," and one show in this series introduced a character named Scrappy. In 2002, a film of the same name starred Freddie Prinze, Jr. as Freddy and Sarah Michelle Gellar as Daphne. For 10 points, name this cartoon franchise, named for a cowardly Great Dane.

Special Relativity

Calculations in this theory can be simplified in a manifold named for Minkowski. This theory includes the "pole in the barn" and "twin" paradoxes, and it predicts length contraction and time dilation. This theory assumes the (*) speed of light to be constant in all reference frames; that fact can be used to derive E = mc². For 10 points, name this theory, proposed by Einstein before its "general" counterpart.

Second Temple of Jerusalem

Cyrus the Great allowed this structure to be built to replace a similar building destroyed during Nebuchadnezzar II's reign. Judas Maccabaeus cleansed and rededicated this structure in events celebrated during Hanukkah. This building served as the Sanhedrin's meeting place and was mostly destroyed in 70 AD. For 10 points, the West, or Wailing, Wall is the only remaining part of the latter of what Jewish holy site?

Coral reefs

Darwin's first paper was on the formation of this biome, whose organisms are threatened by white-band disease. Acidification removes the minerals needed for this ecosystem to grow as each new generation builds on the calcium carbonate skeletons of the previous one. Constructed by tiny relatives of (*) jellyfish, about 10% of these have been bleached by global warming. For 10 points, name this most diverse aquatic ecosystem that includes the Great Barrier one.

Gold

During an experiment named for this material, Hans Geiger counted flashes of light on a zinc sulfide screen, generated after an alpha particle was shot at a foil of this metal; that experiment was overseen by Ernest (*) Rutherford. This highly malleable metal dissolves in aqua regia and is used in electrical connectors to prevent corrosion. For ten points, name this precious metal whose purity is measured on a scale up to 24 karats.

MacArthur

During his final command, he planned the amphibious assault at Inchon. Nearly a decade before that, he took command of American troops in the Pacific, but lost the Philippine Islands to the Japanese in 1942.For 10 points, name this American general who accepted the surrender of Japan in 1945 and vowed, "I shall return."

Battle of Shiloh

During this battle, Confederate armies attempted to drive their opponent towards Owl Creek, but Union forces fell back towards an area known as the Hornet's Nest instead. Albert Sidney Johnston was killed on the first day of this battle, and the arrival of General Buell's troops sent the Confederates packing after day two. For 10 points, name this April 6, 1862 battle fought in Tennessee.

Battle of Hastings

During this battle, Senlac Hill was the site of a defensive position set up by housecarls. The losing side's forces had been weakened in a previous battle against Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge. The winning side's commander claimed to be the rightful successor to Edward the Confessor. King (*) Harold Godwinson was killed during this battle. For 10 points, name this 1066 battle in which William of Normandy conquered England.

Joplin Tornado Outbreak

Four people were killed in this city's St. John's Regional Medical Center, which is now closed and scheduled for demolition. The Red Cross estimated 25% of this town was destroyed that same day, including about 7,000 houses. For 10 points, identify this Missouri city devastated by a tornado rated as an EF-5, the highest on the Enhanced Fujita scale, in May 2011.

Matrix

Gaussian elimination can reduce these mathematical entities into row echelon form. Their addition is commutative, but generally, multiplication of them is not. The determinant can only be found in square ones; and in a two by two one, the determinant can be found using the formula ad-bc. For 10 points, name this term for a set of numbers arranged in a rectangular box usually offset by brackets.

Infinity

Hilbert's Grand Hotel paradox is a thought experiment concerning this concept in sets, and taking the limit to it is used to find a function's horizontal asymptote. Irrational numbers are defined to have this quantity of digits, and Euclid proved that there are this many prime numbers. For 10 points, name this concept in math which is defined as the largest, boundless quantity.

Mubarak

In 2003, this person warned that the Iraq War would create 100 bin Ladens. This person did not have a vice president until he appointed Omar Suleiman (OH-mar sue-LAY-mon) to that position. He originally declared he would not resign, which caused Tahrir Square to "[erupt] with anger," but reversed that decision the next day. For 10 points, name this former president and subject of mass uprisings in Egypt.

Earth

In Jainism, this object's central point is Mount Meru. In Chinese mythology, this object is the lower half of a cosmic egg split by Pangu, while in ancient Egypt the original form of this object was the primordial (*) mound. This region will be reborn from a massive flood after Rangarok. For 10 points, name this planet subjected to a massive flood that Noah escaped.

California

In November 2010, this state's voters rejected a proposition legalizing marijuana. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals will determine the constitutionality of "Proposition 8," which put a stop to gay marriages in this state. Former HP executive Carly Fiorina (fee-OH-ree-nuh) was defeated by this state's incumbent U.S. Senator, Barbara Boxer, and eBay executive Meg Whitman lost the governor's race to Jerry Brown. For 10 points, name this state formerly headed by Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Jane Austen

In a novel by this author, Edward Ferrars and Colonel Brandon marry Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, who represent the title concepts. In another work by this author, Mr Darcy falls in love with (*) Elizabeth Bennett despite their preconceived ideas about each other. For ten points, name this English author of "sentimental novels" like Emma, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice.

Paradise Lost

In book one of this work, the word Pandemonium is first used to describe Satan's palace. Satan eventually tricks Uriel into letting him escape, and he makes his way to earth to tempt mankind. The archangel Michael leads mankind out of the (*) garden in, for 10 points, what John Milton epic poem that chronicles the fall of Adam and Eve?

Garcia Marquez

In one novel by this author, the death of Juvenal Urbino allows Florentino Ariza to re-profess his love for Fermina Daza. This author's short story "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings" is a landmark in magical realism, as is his novel about the city of Macondo, founded by José Arcadio (*) Buendia. For 10 points, name this Nobel Prize-winning Colombian author of Love in the Time of Cholera and One Hundred Years of Solitude, who died in April 2014.

Botticelli

In one of this artist's paintings, Mercury wears a red sash as he reaches up to an orange in an orange grove; that painting, whose central figure stands next to the Three Graces, is La Primavera. Zephyrus and Chloris [KLOR-iss] blow a goddess to land as a horae greets her at a shore in this artist's most famous work.(*) For 10 points, name this Italian artist who featured a large seashell in his The Birth of Venus.

Last of the Mohicans

In this book, the French general Montcalm shows one character a letter from General Webb, which prompt ons a long march during which a massacre occurs. The beginning of this novel sees Colonel Munro's two daughters being escorted to Fort William Henry. The evil Magua kills Uncas and Cora only to be shot later by (*) Natty Bumppo in this work. For 10 points, what second novel of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales is titled for the sole survivor of a Native American tribe?

Chess

In this game, one can play the Ruy ("ROY") Lopez or the Dragon Sicilian. ELO rankings were first computed for competitors in this game, whose special moves include the en passant ("AHN pah-SAHN") capture and castling. Pieces that move in an L-shape in this game are called knights. For 10 points, name this game in which white and black each try to put their opponent in checkmate.

Moby-Dick

In this work, Fedallah's three prophecies come true, including the main character's death by hemp rope. The protagonist uses a gold doubloon to gain his men's support, but in the end, the coffee-addicted Starbuck dies, as do Tashtego and Queequeg. The Rachel rescues the only survivor of the Pequod, Ishmael, who narrates this novel. For 10 points, name this novel featuring Captain Ahab, written by Herman Melville.

The Odyssey

In this work, a ship's crew is cursed after they kill cattle belonging to Helios in an effort to get past a whirlpool, and Laertes's daughter-in-law repeatedly weaves and unravels a burial shroud. (*) Penelope is reunited with her husband in this epic poem after he gets past Scylla, Charybdis, and sirens to return to Ithaca. For ten points, name this epic poem by Homer in which a namesake king returns home after the Trojan War.

The Scarlet Letter

One character in this novel is asked by Mistress Hibbins to join her in a witches' sabbath. After being delayed from going to Boston by Native Americans, the protagonist's husband, Roger (*) Chillingworth, meets with the protagonist in jail. Pearl is rumored to be fathered by the devil in, for 10 points, what novel in which Hester Prynne wears the title piece of cloth, a work by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

New York Giants

One former player for this team was the 1986 NFL MVP as well as the defensive player of the year, but that player may be more famous for the hit that broke Joe Theismann's leg. Lawrence Taylor played for this team that also defeated a (*) Tom Brady-led Patriots team to win the 2012 Super Bowl. Hakeem Nicks and Victor Cruz play on, for 10 points, what NFL team that features Eli Manning at quarterback?

Apollo Program

One mission in this program docked with the spacecraft used by Soyuz (soy-"OOZE") 19. The numerically first mission in this program was retroactively named after a fire burst out during a test run. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was part of its last mission, number 17. One mission in this program spawned the line, "Houston, we've had a problem." For 10 points, name this NASA program whose mission 11 saw man first walk on the moon.

Jules Verne

One novel by this writer is about a man who enters an extinct volcano in Iceland and emerges in Italy. In another novel by him, a detective named Fix is suspicious of the protagonist, Phileas Fogg. In another work, Pierre Arronax narrates on the (*) Nautilus about Captain Nemo. For 10 points, name this author of A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Bases

One of these compounds used to treat fats in soap-making is sodium hydroxide. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, these substances accept hydrogen ions, and according to the Lewis definition, they donate (*) electron pairs. Litmus paper is turned blue by, for ten points, what type of bitter, slippery chemical compound that has a pH value greater than 7 and that can neutralize acids?

Tectonic Plates

One of these objects is named after Cocos Island and is next to one named after a region of Peru, Nazca. The spaces between them are usually classified as divergent or convergent transform faults. The theory of these objects has become connected to theories of mantle plumes, and the original theory came out of the continental drift ideas of Alfred Wegener. For 10 points, name these shifting sections of the Earth's surface.

Secretary of State

Resignations of the President or Vice-President must be delivered to this person. Madeleine Albright was the first woman to hold this position, and one candidate for this position in the second Obama administration withdrew her candidacy due to controversy over the (*) Benghazi attacks. Susan Rice was a potential nominee for, for 10 points, what cabinet post dealing with diplomacy and foreign affairs held by John Kerry?

Spring

The "Augurs" of this time period is the first dance in a work choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky. The arrival of this period inspires ritual dancing in an Igor Stravinsky ballet that triggered riots in 1913 Paris. (*) Vivaldi included a "barking dog" in a violin concerto named for this period. For ten points, name this first of Vivaldi's Four Seasons, which precedes the movement "Summer."

Magic: The Gathering

The "Power Nine" of this game includes the Moxen and Black Lotus. In January 2017, this game announced the banning of Smuggler's Copter, an Artifact vehicle, from Standard play. A player may lose this game by being (*) "decked" or if their life total falls from 20 to 0, due to spells or creature attacks. For ten points, name this trading card game in which planeswalkers tap lands to produce mana.

Electrons

The Aufbau ("OUF-bou") principle explains how these particles are placed in their "shells." The discovery of these particles in cathode rays by J.J. Thomson led him to formulate the plum pudding model. The charge on one of these particles is also known as the fundamental charge. In the Bohr model of the atom, these particles orbit the nucleus. For 10 points, name these negatively charged particles.

Mantle

The D double prime layer lies in the lowest part of this region. The upper part of this region mainly consists of magnesium-iron silicates such as pyroxene ("pie-ROX-een") and olivine ("olive een"). This layer extends to a depth of 2890 kilometers and contains more than half the Earth's mass. For 10 points, name this molten layer of the Earth that is found between the crust and the core.

Viruses

The T2 type of these were labeled with radioactive sulfur and phosphorus in the Hershey-Chase experiment. Latency results when these entities enter a lysogenic cycle. The first discovered one of these causes tobacco mosaic disease, and AZT is a (*) treatment for a widespread retro- one. A protein capsid surrounds these entities, which are unable to reproduce outside a host cell. For 10 points, name these non-living pathogens, such as influenza and HIV.

Brahms

The University of Breslau gave this composer of 21 Hungarian Dances an honorary doctorate degree; he returned the favor by composing the Academic Festival Overture. One of his works replaces the Latin text with verses from the Lutheran Bible, and his 1st Symphony is so heavily inspired by (*) Beethoven that it's often called "Beethoven's Tenth." For 10 points, name this composer of A German Requiem and a children's lullaby.

Lord of the Flies

The characters in this novel are either "biguns" or "littluns." In this novel, a fat asthmatic is killed by a falling rock that also shatters a conch shell, and a group of choir boys led by Jack Merridew kill a sow and impale her head on a stick as an offering for "the beast." Ralph, elected leader of a group of stranded boys, fails to prevent their descent into savagery in, for 10 points, what novel by William Golding?

Current

The density of this quantity is equal to electrical field times conductivity. The integral of the magnetic field is proportional to this quantity by Ampere's Law. For a diode, this is proportional to the exponential voltage. Ohm's Law states that voltage is equal to this quantity times resistance. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in amperes, the amount of charge flowing through a point over time.

Slope

The difference quotient calculates this value for a secant, and the derivative is this for a tangent line. The product of these quantities for perpendicular lines is negative one. This is undefined for (*) vertical lines, and for horizontal lines it is zero. It can be calculated as delta y over delta x. For 10 points, name this quantity which is represented by m in the equation y = mx + b and measures the steepness of a line.

Frequency

The energy of electromagnetic waves is obtained by multiplying Planck's constant "h" by this quantity. When an object such as a bridge vibrates at the natural state of this quantity, resonance occurs. For rotating devices, it is symbolized by omega and expressed in revolutions per second. For 10 points, name this property referring to the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time, which is measured in Hertz.

The Wind in the Willows

The fourth chapter in this collection of adventures features a sensible Badger attempting to curb the reckless behavior of a fellow Wild Wood citizen. That effort fails, causing the Badger to put the citizen under house arrest. While the Water Rat stands guard, Mr. (*) Toad escapes his prison by feigning illness and stealing a car before setting off on a Wild Ride. For 10 points, name this book by Kenneth Grahame.

Yellowstone

The last wild herd of bison in the United States was located in this park, where today they are hunted by grizzly bears and wolves reintroduced in the 1990s. This site that became America's first national park in 1872 is located north of the Grand Teton Range. Geothermal features like the Old Faithful geyser are found in, for 10 points, what national park of northwestern Wyoming?

Gangnam Style

The music video for this song begins with a reflection of an airplane and a female tennis player in the sunglasses of the singer, who lolls his head and then says the title line. The video also features a scene where the lead singer lays in an elevator under a pelvic-thrusting man in a cowboy hat, a (*) "horse riding dance," and a scene where he mimes screaming at a "sexy lady." For 10 points, name this 2012 K-Pop single by Psy.

Mass

The period of a spring is given by two pi times the square root of this quantity over the spring constant. Heat transfer is equal to the specific heat times the change in temperature times this quantity. A "rest" type is multiplied by the square of the speed of light to give energy. For 10 points, name this quantity that is the "m" in "E equals m c squared."

Filibuster

The two-tiered tracking system during the Civil Rights era was one attempt to avoid this practice. Appropriations bills are not subject to it, and Strom Thurmond once did this for 24 hours and 37 minutes. The cloture rule requires a three-fifths majority to stop it. For 10 points, what is this practice found exclusively in the Senate, often used by minority parties to block legislation from passing?

Don Quixote

The wife of one character in this novel is named Teresa Cascajo ("cas-CAH-ho"). That character's donkey is named Dapple and accompanies Rocinante ("ro-sin-AHN-tay"), the nag of this novel's protagonist. A long-legged paunchy rustic named Sancho Panza is the squire of the title character. For 10 points, name this novel by Miguel de Cervantes ("ser-VAHN-tayss") in which a chivalry-obsessed title character tilts at windmills.

Giffords

The would-be assassin of this person clashed with his attorney, Judy Clarke, when told his target survived. She received a standing ovation from Congress when she appeared to cast a vote in August 2011. Less than 7 months earlier, she was fighting for her life, after being shot in the head by Jared Loughner in a Safeway parking lot. For 10 points, name this Arizona congresswoman who resigned her office in January 2012.

Michelangelo

This artist's statues of a dying slave and a horned Moses were to adorn the tomb of Julius II. His only signed work is one in which Mary holds the dead body of Jesus, entitled Pietá ("pee-AY-tuh"). One of his works depicts a nude giant killer holding a sling. This man depicted several scenes from Genesis in The Last Judgement. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance painter of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Swift

This author represented three branches of Christianity as Peter, Martin, and Jack in A Tale of a Tub. One satire by this man facetiously calls for serving Irish babies as food and is called A Modest Proposal. His most famous work depicts the travels of the title captain to various fantastical lands, including Glubbdubdrib. For 10 points, name this Irish author of Gulliver's Travels.

Ramona Quimby

This character feels nauseous at the sight of blue oatmeal and befriends Yard Ape. She ends a book report with the line, "I can't believe I ate the whole thing." In one appearance, she makes a gravestone for the cat Picky-Picky and recovers Aunt Bea's wedding ring. For 10 points, name this pest of Klickitat Street and friend of Howie Kemp, the younger sister of Beezus Quimby in a series of books by Beverly Cleary.

Vivaldi

This composer of the oratorio Judith Triumphans and the opera Orlando Furioso composed a set of twelve violin concertos titled The Contest Between Harmony and Invention, the first of which simulates a barking dog using forte violas and the fourth of which uses pizzicato notes to mimic icy rain in winter. Nicknamed the Red Priest, for 10 points, name this Italian composer who included La Primavera (PREEmah- VAIR-uh), or "Spring," in The Four Seasons.

China

This country's Four Classics include the novels Water Margin and a novel in which the Monkey King is trapped under a mountain by the Buddha, titled Journey to the West. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is from this nation, home to the poet (*) Li Po. For ten points, name this large Asian nation, whose Tang dynasty was known as its Golden Age.

Syrian Arab Republic

This country's Minister of Defense Dawoud Rajiha [dah-WOOD RAJ-ha] was rumored to be assassinated in May 2012 and was then killed in a July 2012 bombing at Rawda Square. Opposition forces in this country are backed by (*) Turkey, and it has experienced fighting in its cities of Homs and Aleppo. For 10 points, name this country currently led by Bashar al-Assad that has also experienced fighting in its capital of Damascus.

Finland

This country's Petsamo province was ceded to its eastern neighbor in 1922, but it recaptured much of Karelia during the Continuation War. This country's Sami people live in its province of Lapland, which was the site of late fighting against the Nazis. Fighters from this country used (*) "Molotov cocktails" against Soviet bombings during the Winter War. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country with capital at Helsinki.

Abbasid Caliphate

This dynasty established the House of Wisdom, or Bayt al-Hikma (BITE all HEEK-mah), at which algebra was invented. Under al-Mu'tasim (al MOO-tah-SEEM), this dynasty established an army of military slaves known as Mamluks (MAMM-lukes). The last member of this dynasty was rolled up in a carpet and trampled to death after the sack of Baghdad in 1258. Harun al-Rashid (hah-ROON al rah- SHEED) ruled during its political peak. For 10 points, name this Arabian dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads (OO-my-AHDS).

Anubis

This father of Kebechet had a cult centered at Cynopolis. This Egyptian god was associated with the Greek deity Hermes because of their similar roles. His mother is given as either Bast or Nephthys, and he predates one of his potential fathers, Osiris, as god of the underworld. This god weighs the heart of the dead against Ma'at's (MAHT's) feather. For 10 points, identify this jackal-headed Egyptian god of mummification.

Friction

This force can decrease with increasing velocity in an effect named for Stribeck, and it is described by Amonton's laws. Magnetic levitation avoids the "rolling" type of this force typically experienced by cars. The (*) coefficient for this force, symbolized μ [mew], relates the magnitude of this force to the normal force. For 10 points, name this force, whose static and kinetic types arise from resistance to motion.

Zero

This is the only number that satisfies the equation sine x equals x. The additive inverse property says that the sum of any number and its additive inverse equals this number, while the additive identity property says that any number plus this number equals the original number. For 10 points, name this only non-positive whole number, which yields itself when multiplied by any number.

Hispaniola

This island's native Taino people fought the settlers of La Navidad, which was founded after Columbus' Santa Maria ran aground on this island's western shore. In 2010, this island was rocked by a massive earthquake near the city of (*) Port-au-Prince. For ten points, name this Caribbean island that is politically divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic and whose name illustrates its possession by Spain.

Louis XVI

This king was in power during the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. His advisor Maurepas appointed Turgot as finance minister, and he was later served by the author of the compte rendu, Jacques Necker. When his ministers were unable to raise enough revenue, this king was forced to call the (*) Estates-General. For 10 points, name this husband of Marie Antoinette deposed in the French Revolution.

Hamid Karzai

This leader's half-brother is believed to be a drug trafficker, but serves as the chief of a provincial council. This leader was originally put in power by a loya jirga (LOY-uh JER-guh). In October 2010, this man admitted to receiving bags of cash from Iran. In 2010, he stormed out of a meeting with David Petraeus and was accused of holding a rigged election against Abdullah Abdullah. For 10 points, name this leader of Afghanistan.

Cleopatra

This leader's sister, Arsinoe, was controversially killed on the steps of the Temple of Artemis. This leader's son, Caesarion, lived briefly as the last Pharaoh of Egypt one year after this leader ordered a decisive retreat from (*) Octavian's navy at the Battle of Actium with her lover, Marc Antony. For 10 points, name this Egyptian Pharaoh who, shortly after Marc Antony's suicide, legendarily killed herself by snakebite.

Constantine I

This man became sole emperor of the Western Roman Empire following Maxentius' death at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. This man would later gain control of the Eastern Roman Empire following his victory over Licinius (lih-SIN-ee-uss) at the Battle of Adrianople. This man issued the Edict of Milan, which established religious toleration throughout the Roman Empire. For 10 points, name this first Christian emperor.

Aneas

This man is told by the ghost of his wife Creusa to leave for Hesperia after carrying his father Anchises (ann-KYE-sees) and son Ascanius out of a besieged city. He visits the underworld with the help of a golden bough, on the advice of the Cumaean Sibyl. He duels Turnus for the hand of Lavinia. After this son of Venus leaves Carthage, Dido kills herself. For 10 points, name this Trojan who founds Rome according to an epic by Virgil.

Picasso

This man painted five subjects modeled on Spanish prostitutes and African masks in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. In a mural-sized painting inspired by the (*) Spanish Civil War, this artist painted a bull standing over a screaming mother under an exploding black-and-white light bulb. For ten points, name this painter of Guernica, who helped found the Cubist movement.

Nobel

This man patented a smokeless propellant known as ballistite. Another of his inventions consisted of diatomaceous earth. He developed a substance containing nitrocellulose, saltpeter, wood pulp, and an explosive. Used in blasting gelatin, that explosive was also used in an earlier invention. Dynamite was created by, for 10 points, what scientist whose namesake prizes are given out by the Swedish Academy of Sciences?

Teddy Roosevelt

This man sent the Great White Fleet on a tour of the world to impress Japan, and ended a conflict between Japan and Russia with the Treaty of Portsmouth. He recruited several college buddies to serve together as the Rough Riders unit during the Spanish-American War. He began "trustbusting" with the Standard Oil Case. For 10 points, name this president from 1901 to 1909, whose nickname provided the name for a toy bear.

Warhol

This man used scotchpak to make his Silver Clouds exhibit, and made Silver Car Crash as part of his Death and Disaster series. This artist did much of his work at The Factory, where he painted a set of fifty images called the (*) Marilyn Diptych using silkscreen. He created thirty-two paintings with legends like "Chicken" and "Tomato." For 10 points, name this American Pop artist who painted Campbell's Soup Can.

Richard I of England

This man was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging the castle Charlus-Chabrol. After the departure of Philip Augustus of France, this man led the Christian armies in the Third Crusade, during which he achieved peace with Saladin. He was succeeded by his brother John. For 10 points, name this 12th-century King of England known by an epithet signifying his bravery.

Gautama Buddha

This man's Five Companions included Kaundinya, the first arhat. This man's cousin Ananda recorded the Sutta PItaka, part of the Pali Canon, for this man, who sat under a (*) Bodhi tree and preached about the Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths. For ten points, name this religious leader, born Siddhartha Gautama, who founded a meditative Indian religion.

Ulysses S. Grant

This man's secretary, Orville Babcock, and vice president, Schuyler ("SKOY-ler") Colfax, were accused in the scandals of the Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier. He captured Fort Donelson and opened the Mississippi River at Vicksburg before he was promoted to command all the Union armies and accepted the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox. For 10 points, name this Union general and eighteenth President.

Pericles

This man's sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, died of a plague that killed him a few months later. In peaceful times, this leader hired Phidias to sculpt a statue of Athena for the Acropolis. This statesman delivered a funeral oration after the first year of the Peloponnesian War, in which his city-state opposed (*) Sparta. For ten points, name this leader during the Golden Age of Athens.

Portugal

This nation's Diogo de Silves discovered the Azores. It split lands with Spain in the Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-day-SEE-yahs). This nation's Henry the Navigator promoted exploration, and its explorers were the first Europeans to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail to India. Those explorers were Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama. For 10 points, name this country that colonized Brazil.

Vietnam

This nation's cities include Pleiku in the Central Highlands and the port of Haiphong on the Gulf of Tonkin near the Red River delta. The Mekong River also has its delta in this country, south of Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon. For 10 points, what Southeast Asian nation was divided between "North" and "South" governments during a war that saw the commitment of U.S. troops in 1965?

Catcher in the Rye

This novel's protagonist has a sister for whom he buys the record "Little Shirley Beans." The main character of this work loses the fencing team's equipment on the subway and has siblings named D.B, Allie, and Phoebe. That protagonist gets kicked out of (*) Pencey Prep, and walks around New York City complaining about the "phoniness" of the world. For 10 points, name this novel about Holden Caulfield by J.D. Salinger.

Pluto

This planet and Earth are the only ones whose atmospheres are mostly nitrogen. Pictures of it were taken during a search for the hypothetical Planet O. Perceval Lowell predicted the presence of this planet discovered by Clyde Tombaugh ("TOM-baw"). Charon has long been considered its satellite, though that classification is now ambiguous. For 10 points, name this celestial object, recently relegated to the category of "dwarf planet."

Poe

This poet wrote about a maiden who was killed by jealous angels and who lived "in a kingdom by the sea." He wrote about a creature that sits "On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door." That poem of his begins, "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary." For 10 points, name this poet of "Annabel Lee" who wrote about the title creature repeating the word "nevermore" in "The Raven."

Project Mercury

This project's "Original Seven" included Gordon Cooper and Deke Slayton. The number 7 featured in the names of every vehicle used, including Friendship 7, flown by John Glenn, and Freedom 7, flown by Alan Shepard, the first American in space. It was succeeded by the Gemini project and the Apollo program. For 10 points, give NASA's first manned space flight project, named for the Roman messenger god.

I Have A Dream

This speech notes that America has given a "bad check," but its speaker refuses to believe that "the bank of justice is bankrupt." This speech hopes that the "table of brotherhood" will join together the sons of slaves and slave owners and that the speaker's (*) "four little children" will be judged "by the content of their character." For 10 points, name this speech, given at the March on Washington on August 28, 1963 by Dr. Martin Luther King.

Oregon

This state's MLS team plays in the former Multnomah Stadium. Its flagship state university is home to the legendary track-and-field venue Hayward Field and is supported by Phil Knight, the co-founder of Nike. This state's NBA team was led by Bill Walton to a 1977 title and is currently led by (*) Damian Lillard and LaMarcus Aldridge. College football's Ducks play in, for 10 points, what Pacific Northwest state home to the Timbers and Trail Blazers, based in Portland?

Snowflakes

This substance forms in the Bergeron process, in which vapor pressure drops as crystals grow. It can be produced by the lake effect, and it always stays below (*) freezing, unlike sleet, which melts and refreezes as it falls. For 10 points, name this type of precipitation which falls as six-sided flakes.

Water

This substance, along with milk, is a symbol of fertility in Hinduism. It's not fire, but it has a namesake temple in Zoroastrianism, and Shintoism describes an island that is made from this substance. In Roman Catholicism, this substance is paired with chrism in its most famous use, and Jesus used it to (*) wash the Apostles' feet. For ten points, name this substance that John the Baptist used for baptism in the Jordan River.

Detroit Lions

This team won the NFL championship in 1957, but is the only NFC team to never play in a Super Bowl since the start of the Super Bowl era. Former stars for this team are Doak Walker, Billy Sims, and Barry Sanders. Its current quarterback is Matt Stafford. In 2008 it became the first team to lose all sixteen regular season games. For 10 points, name this team that plays in the NFC North with the Packers, Vikings, and Bears.

Fermentation

This type of respiration takes place when limited oxygen is available. It is used to make sauerkraut, kimchi, and yogurt, and can be carried out by (*) microorganisms such as yeast. For 10 points, name this process in which sugars are converted into ethanol, examples of which include the conversion of grapes to wine and wheat to beer.

The Giver

This work opens with stories of a pilot who misread his directions and a friend who was distracted by a salmon hatchery. This book's protagonist runs off with his baby brother Gabe to avoid punishment by "Release." The title character is able to turn off the speaker, see colors, and transfer memories from the past world. For 10 points, what novel about a "Receiver of Memories" named Jonas was written by Lois Lowry?

Anderssen

This writer depicts a one-legged ballerina falling in love with the title character in "The Steadfast Tin Soldier." Gerda saves Kai from the title character in his short story entitled "The Snow Queen." The Sea Witch gives a knife to one of this writer's title characters, while another one eventually matures into a swan. For 10 points, name this Danish writer who wrote "Little Mermaid" and "The Ugly Duckling."

Divergent

Two characters in this novel climb a ferris wheel during a game of capture the flag. In this work, Caleb commits his first selfish act by choosing to leave his parents and sister to join Erudite. That sister later shortens her name after joining (*) Dauntless. Sixteen-year-olds in dystopian Chicago are sorted into one of five factions, with the exception of the title group in, for ten points, what novel by Veronica Roth, in which Tris Prior shows aptitude for three factions?

Kidney

Vasopressin inserts aquaporins into sections of this organ to regulate blood pressure. A concentration gradient is created by reabsorbing ions through this organ's Loop of Henle. The Bowman's capsule encloses this organ's filtering portion, the glomerulus, at the beginning of its (*) functional unit, called a nephron. Dialysis is used after this organ fails. For 10 points, name this bean- shaped organ that filters blood and concentrates urine.

Moon

Vast amounts of data concerning this body were gathered by the Clementine mission. Rilles are faults found on the surface of this body. The Tycho Crater and Montes Pyrenaeus (MON-tays pee-reh-NAYuss) are found here. Its movement is calculated using sidereal and synodic periods. This body's surface contains several maria (MAH-ree-ah), including the Sea of Tranquility. For 10 points, name this celestial body that revolves around Earth.

American Revolutionary War

Victorious soldiers in this war, worried about unfunded pensions, tried to organize the Newburgh Conspiracy. The Conway Cabal was a short-lived attempt to replace the winning leader. During this war, John André was hanged for his role in an attempted (*) betrayal of the fort at West Point, a plan organized by Benedict Arnold. For 10 points, name this war, which ended when Lord Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown to George Washington.