PS 101 Final Exam

Various parts of the cortex--such as the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes-- control different a. aspects of personality b. sensory systems c. muscles d. emotions

b. sensory systems

Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of a. operant conditioning b. social-learning theory c. behavior modification d. classical conditioning

d. classical conditioning

Your friend asks, "What's the name of our chemistry lab instructor? I think it starts with a J." This is which type of memory test? a. implicit memory b. source amnesia c. savings d. cued recall

d. cued recall

The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the _____, and the _____. a. glia...dendrites b. action potential...membrane c. glia...axon d. dendrites...axon

d. dendrites...axon

The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche, meaning ______, an logos meaning ______. a. mind...body b. word...study c. normal...abnormal d. mind... word

D. mind...word

What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question? a. "how does brain activity relate to mental activity?" b. "which is stronger, the mind or the body?" c. "is the mind aware of anything that goes on in the body?" d. "do you mind what I do with your body?"

a. "how does brain activity relate to mental activity?"

In 1905, who developed the first useful intelligence test? a. Alfred Binet b. Sigmund Freud c. William James d. John Watson

a. Alfred Binet

What does The Individuals with Disabilities Act in the United States require? a. public schools must provide free and appropriate education for all children regardless of their limitations b. individuals with physical or mental disabilities must be given IQ tests at regular intervals c. states must remove test scores for disabled individuals from the public record d. all students with disabilities must be placed in special classrooms

a. Public schools must provide free and appropriate education for all children regardless of their limitations

What is a neurotransmitter? a. a chemical that neurons release b. an electrical charge found in neurons c. a device for recording the activity of neurons d. a device for stimulating neurons

a. a chemical that neurons release

According to Freud the "anal stage" is a. a normal part of psychosexual development b. an indication of probable parental abuse c. the result of failure to thrive during the oral stage d. an indication that someone's superego is dominating over the id

a. a normal part of psychosexual development

If you remember the number "14916253649" as "1-4-9-16-25-36-49" (the squares of the first seven integers), you are improving your ability to store the information by the means of a. chunking b. the von Restorff effect c. the savings method d. confabulation

a. chunking

We identify the direction of a source of sound by attending to the a. difference between responses from the left ear and those from the right ear b. velocity of impulses coming from hair cells in the basilar membrane c. changes in loudness from the beginning of the sound to the end of the sound d. location of activity along the basilar membrane

a. difference between responses from the left ear and those from the right ear

Many television viewers assume that an actor who plays the role of a kindly parent really is a kindly parent. What principle does this tendency illustrate? a. fundamental attribution error b. cognitive dissonance c. central route to persuasion d. group polarization

a. fundamental attribution error

The presence of many other people will decrease the probability that you will a. help a person in distress b. be influenced by group polarization c. make internal attributions d. make external attributions

a. help a person in distress

The learning approach to personality emphasizes which fact about someone's personality? a. it varies from one situation to another b. it can be described in terms of 5 big traits c. much of personality arises from the unconscious mind d. most people remain fairly consistent in personality from early childhood onward

a. it varies from one situation to another

According to Freud, what is repression? a. making an unpleasant thought or memory unconscious b. diverting a thought or behavior toward a less threatening target c. suppressing or preventing an urge to do something d. a return to an infantile mode of thinking

a. making an unpleasant thought or memory unconscious

The X chromosome has the colorblindness gene. Why is colorblindness more common in men? a. men have only one x chromosome b. men have two x chromosomes c. women have no x chromosomes d. men's x chromosome is larger than women's x chromosome

a. men have only one X chromosome

With regard to schizophrenia, hallucinations are considered a _____ symptom and delusions are a _____ symptom. a. positive...positive b. positive...negative c. negative...positive d. negative...negative

a. positive...positive

A psychotherapist with an M.D. degree is a _____. One with a Ph.D. is a _____. a. psychiatrist...clinical psychologist b. clinical psychologist...psychiatrist c. psychoanalyst... psychiatrist d. clinical psychologist...psychiatrist

a. psychiatrist... clinical psychiatrist

Researchers survey people they selected to include the same percentages of male and female, old and young, etc., as the whole population. What kind of sample is this? a. representative sample b. random sample c. convenience sample d. longitudinal sample

a. representative sample

Which of the following is an example of synethesia? a. someone insists that Tuesday is green b. someone looks at a square and a circle and can't tell which one is green c. someone stares at a red object for a minute, looks away, and then sees green d. someone has trouble finding a green object against a gray background

a. someone insists that Tuesday is green

2 people tell you something about Pete, whom you have not met yourself. One of those statements is favorable, the other is unfavorable. Which statement will probably have a greater influence on you impression of Pete? a. the one you hear first b. the one you hear second c. the more favorable one d. the one that is states in fewer words

a. the one you hear first

Why do many psychologists criticize Freud's theory of psychosexual stages? a. the theory makes not clearly testable predictions b. children go through the stages in a variety of orders c. he dealt only with normal development, not with disorders d. he neglected the stages of adolescence and adulthood

a. the theory makes no clearly testable predictions

When American soldiers at Abu Gharib prison brutally abused their prisoners, what interpretation did psychologists favor? a. these soldiers were reacting to a terrible situation b. these soldiers were mentally ill c. these soldiers were habitually cruel d. the soldiers were acting under direct orders from their government

a. these soldiers were reacting to a terrible situation

What would be the best way to increase your depth of processing when you read a list of words? a. think about the meaning of the words on the list b. repeat each word over and over as many times as possible c. count the number of letter in each word d. think of other words that rhyme with each word on the list

a. think about the meaning of the words on the list

When is the median a better indicator of most people's scores than the mean? a. when most scores were low but a few scored were very high b. whenever the scores follow the normal distribution c. when the mean score is larger than the standard deviation d. when the mean is equal to the mode

a. when most scores were low but a few scores were very high

Many psychologists and psychiatrists have offered criticisms of both DSM-IV and DSM-5. Which of the following is NOT one of those criticisms? a. DSM gives too many people the stigma of mental illness diagnosis b. DSM includes only the most serious mental illnesses c. many troubled people do not neatly fit any of the diagnoses d. it is often difficult to distinguish between one diagnosis and another

b. DSM includes only the most serious mental illnesses

Trust vs. mistrust, intimacy vs. isolation, and generativity vs. stagnation are stages in a. Freud's stages of psychosexual develoment b. Erikson's ages of social and emotional development c. Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning d. Maslow's hierarchy of needs

b. Erikson's ages of social and emotional development

When you see something, what happens? a. you send rays from your eyes to the object b. light bouncing off the object strikes your eyes c. you send out rays from your eyes AND light strikes your eyes d. nothing passes in either direction between your eyes and the object

b. Light bouncing off the object strikes your eyes

Which of the following is most likely to increase your feelings of self-efficacy? a. a balance between the effects of vicarious reinforcement and the effects of vicarious punishment b. a balance between the effects of conditioned reinforcers and the effects of unconditioned reinforcers c. successful performance of tasks similar to the one you are considering d. training on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

b. a balance between the effects of conditioned reinforcers and the effects of unconditioned reinforcers

Compared to other high school girls, high school girls who are having unprotected sex give lower estimates of the chances of becoming pregnant through unprotected sex. This "it can't happen to me" attitude is a clear example of a. an identity foreclosure b. a personal fable c. a cohort effect d. authoritarianism

b. a personal fable

An example of a self-handicapping strategy would be a student who a. barely studied for a test on which he expected a good grade b. barely studied for a test he expected to fail c. studied hard for a particularly challenging course d. studies hard for his difficult courses and less for his easier courses

b. barely studied for a test he expected to fail

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the _____ and blinking is the _____. a. conditioned stimulus...unconditioned simulus b. conditioned stimulus... conditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response d. conditioned response... unconditioned response

b. conditioned stimulus...conditioned response

In which disorder do people enter REM sleep more quickly than normal after falling asleep? a. paranoid schizophrenia b. depression c. social phobia d. panic disorder

b. depression

On the first floor of your dormitory are 2 vending machines. The one o the left always works: the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning? a. stimulus generalization b. discrimination c. belongingness d. shaping

b. discrimination

Which of the following methods leads to conclusions about cause and effect? a. correlation b. experiment c. case study d. naturalistic observation

b. experiment

In contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what? a. crystallized intelligence b. fluid intelligence c. social skills d. athletic skills

b. fluid intelligence

A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as a/an a. replication b. hypothesis c. demand characteristic d. correlation

b. hypothesis

What is spontaneous remission? a. the sudden appearance of symptoms of a disorder b. improvement of psychological problems without therapy c. the progressive degeneration of psychological well-being d. a spiritual insight providing one with meaning in life

b. improvement of psychological problems without therapy

Nearly all types of psychotherapy have the following feature in common a. they all attempt to probe the unconscious mind b. in all, the client makes a commitment to try to improve in some way c. they all teach clients to reinterpret situations in non-threatening ways d. in all, the clients supplements the psychotherapy with antidepressants or other drugs

b. in all, the client makes the commitment to try to improve in some way

Why is the Rorchach Inkblot test considered a "projective" technique? a. it is still in the stage of being a research project b. it asks people to project their personality onto an ambiguous figure c. it invites people to describe their projects for the future d. it asks people to throw projectiles and engage in other motor tasks

b. it asks people to project their personality onto an ambiguous figure

What do the findings in epigenetics imply about the concept of heritability? a. heritability is almost always .5 b. it is difficult or impossible to separate the effects of heredity and environment c. heritability tends to decreases from one generation to the next d. genes affect body development but they have no influence on behavior

b. it is difficult or impossible to separate the effects of hereditary and environment

Wilhelm Wundt was one of the first people to demonstrate that a.talking with people can help relieve their psychological disorders b. it is possible to measure psychological processes scientifically c. mental processes depend on the activity of the brain d. behavior is controlled by both a conscious mind and an unconscious mind

b. it is possible to measure psychological processes scientifically

One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that a. we forget long-term memories by decay and short-term memories by interference b. long-term memory holds much more information than short-term memory c. short-term memory hold language items and long-term memory holds skills d. short-term memory holds skills and long-term memory holds language items

b. long-term memory hold more information than short-term memory does

Compared to the rods, the cones in the retina are a. more sensitive to very dim light b. more common toward the fovea c. less sensitive to detail d. less important for color vision

b. more common toward the fovea

What did Francis Galton cite as evidence for the importance of heredity in intelligence? a. on average, the IQ of twins is similar b. often the sons of eminent men become eminent themselves c. certain types of mental retardation can be traced to a single gene d. on average, human intelligence has been increasing over generations

b. often the sons of eminent men become eminent themselves

Suppose we find that how many hours people spend studying correlates -.60 with their knowledge about current television programs. What can we conclude? a. people who study more tend to know more about television b. people who study more tend to know less about television c. study habits have nothing to do with knowledge of television d. people spend more time studying than watching television

b. people who study more tend to know less about television

You do not understand your professor's lecture. You would like to ask a question, but you see others quietly taking notes. Because you assume they understand, you don't ask your question. The other students are thinking just as you are, so nobody asks any questions. This situation illustrates which concept? a. the diffusion of responsibility b. pluralistic ignorance c. social loafing d. group polorization

b. pluralistic ignorance

The tendency to remember the first items on a list is the _____ effect. The tendency to remember the last items is the _____ effect. a. recency...primacy b. primacy...recency c. retrograde... anterograde d. anterograde... retrodgrade

b. primacy...recency

Two standard ways to evaluate a test are to measure its _____ and its _____ a. regression...clarity b. reliability...validity c. normality...difficulty d. length...user-friendliness

b. reliability...validity

If someone achieves fame and fortune for a new style of singing, other people will copy that style even though they have never been reinforced for it themselves. Which of the following attempts to account for this observation? a. the law of effect b. social-learning approach c. the Premack principle d. the principle of temporal contiguity

b. social-learning approach

Which of the following does the biopsycholosocial model of mental illness emphasize? a. some mental disorders have biological causes and others have psychological or social causes b. something that seems normal in one culture might be abnormal in another c. drug treatments are generally the more effective treatments for mental illness d. mental illnesses are more common in some countries than in others

b. something that seems normal in one culture might be abnormal in another

Below are descriptions of 4 children. Which one is in Piaget's stage of formal operations? a. performs well on tests of object permanence; still has trouble with conservation b. systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions c. understands conservation but has trouble with abstract and hypothetical questions d. does not speak in complete sentences; fails tests of object permanence

b. systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions

"I got angry because someone insulted me. He got angry because he is a moody person." This set of attributions illustrates which phenomenon in social psychology? a. the inoculation effect b. the actor-observer effect c. cognitive dissonance d. self-fulfilling prophecy

b. the actor-observer effect

The central nervous system consists of a. the brain b. the brain and the spinal cord c. the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that carry messages to and from the periphery d. the spinal cord and the nerves that carry messages to and from the periphery

b. the brain and spinal cord

Why do you have better color vision in the fovea than in the periphery of the retina? a. in the fovea, more receptors pool their resources to excite the next cell b. the fovea has a higher proportion of cones than the periphery does c. the eyeball is more spherical near the fovea than in the periphery d. the periphery is in the shadow of the pupil

b. the fovea has a higher proportion of cones than the periphery does

What is true of "flashbulb" memories of highly emotional events? a. they are extremely detailed and accurate b. they are extremely detailed but not always accurate c. they capture only the gist of the event but they are highly accurate d. they fade rapidly after the event

b. they are extremely detailed but not always accurate

The MMPI includes some items concerning rare virtues, such as "Without fail, I always stop to help a person who is having trouble." Why? a. to identify extremely conscientious people b. to check whether people are answering honestly c. to break up a long string of items to which most people answer "true" d. to identify a rare form of depression

b. to check whether people are answering honestly

The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

b. variable ratio

Harriet has taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 question correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore a. her score is in the 88th percentile b. we do not know how her score compares to that of other people c. we can be sure that her score is neither reliable not valid d. we know that her IQ is below average, but we do not know how much below average

b. we do not know how her score compares to that of other people

What is the main emphasis of Gestalt psychology? a. the fundamental principles of vision are different from those of hearing b. we perceive an object as a whole, not as the sum of its parts c. different brain areas are responsible for different aspects of vision

b. we perceive an object as a whole, not as the sum of its parts

What's a research question that's most directly related to the nature-nurture issue? a. are some areas of the brain more active than others during a given behavior? b. are certain behaviors completely random or unpredictable? c. are behavioral differences between boys and girls due to dif. in their genes? d. is personality consistent from one situation to another?

c. Are behavioral differences between boys and girls due to differences in their genes?

Who was Clever Hans? a. a dog that seemed to speak in german b. Clever Gretel's brother c. a horse that seemed to do arithmetic d. a psychic who was popular in the 1930s

c. a horse that seemed to do arithmetic

What is an "action potential" in the nervous system? a. a chemical that builds up at the tip of the axon b. an electrical charge that builds up at the tip of the axon c. a message that travels along an axon d. a pattern of simultaneous activity in the left and right hemispheres

c. a message that travels along an axon

"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person." This is an example of a. biased attribution b. an external attribution c. an internal attribution d. a reflexive attribution

c. an internal attribution

Stereotype threat lowers performance for what kind of people? a. anyone in an identifiable group b. anyone in a minority group c. anyone who is told that his/her group does poorly on a given task d. everyone, in all situations

c. anyone who is told that his/her group does poorly on a given task

One effective way to break down the stereotypes that individuals form about one another is to a. arrange tasks that encourage them to compete b. make use of the sleeper effect c. arrange tasks that encourage them to cooperate d. make use of the forewarning effect

c. arrange tasks that encourage them to cooperate

The original goal of psychoanalysis was to a. prevent the process known as catharsis b. help the patient reexamine the assumptions behind his or her style of life c. bring the contents of the unconscious mind into the conscious mind d. help the patient probe the contents of the collective unconscious

c. bring the contents of the unconscious mind into the conscious mind

Sound waves are carried through the ear by three tiny bones to a fluid-filled, snail shaped structure called the a. malleus b. incus c. cochlea d. auditory cortex

c. cochlea

The prisoner's dilemma is an attempt to investigate a. factors that change people's political attitudes b. the development of prejudices c. cooperation and competition d. under what circumstances people help or ignore a person in distress

c. cooperation and competition

An experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. We can say that the driver has increased his or her: a. fluid intelligence b. triarchic intelligence c. crystalized intelligence d. multiple intelligence

c. crystallized intelligence

It is May 7 and you have not yet begun to look for a summer job. You say, "Nothing to worry about...I won't have any trouble finding a job." This is an example of which defense mechanism? a. displacement b. projection c. denial d. regression

c. denial

People with bipolar disorder alternate between periods of a. obsessions and compulsions b. alcohol abuse and abstention from alcohol c. depression and mania d. one personality and another

c. depression and mania

Someone who supports the position of determinism (as opposed to free will) believes that... a. people can change their own behavior if they try hard enough. b. the development of behavior depends more on the environment than on genetics. c. every behavior has a cause d. the only way to find out why people act as they do is simply to ask them.

c. every behavior has a cause

If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show? a multiple intelligence b. triarchic intelligence c. fluid intelligence d. crystallized intelligence

c. fluid intelligence

What does it mean to say that Raven's Progressive Matrices is a "culture-reduced" test? a. performance on this test has been declining over the years in our culture b. it measures abilities that are taught in some cultures and not in others c. it calls for little factual information or use of language d. it was prepared by representatives of all the world's major cultures

c. it calls for little factual information or use of language

What is one implication of the results of Milgram's study on obedience to authority? a. there is a growing tendency for young people to show disrespect for their elders b. only uneducated people follow orders without questioning them c. many normal people will follow unreasonable an dangerous measures d. the government needs strong law enforcement if it expects people to obey the law

c. many normal people will follow unreasonable and dangerous orders

One explanation for many optical illusions is that people a. ignore information that suggest three dimensions b. have more feature detectors sensitive to vertical lines than to horizontal lines c. misjudge sizes because they misjudge distances d. make more vertical eye movements than horizontal movements

c. misjudge sizes because the misjudge distances

According to the "feature detector" approach to vision, your ability to see a line or any other pattern depends on a particular kind of a. social situation b. hormone c. neuron d. attitude

c. neuron

Research on human perception leads to this conclusion: a. the pattern of input onto the retina powerfully determines a person's perception b. any two people looking at an object necessarily see it in the same way c. perception is an interpretation we draw from many subtle cues d. perception is a random process unrelated to the pattern of input on the retina

c. perception is an interpretation we draw from many subtle cues

Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of which type of memory? a. declarative b. episodic c. procedural d. semantic

c. procedural

A student who fails an exam begs, cries, and pouts. This is apparently an example of which defense mechanism? a.repression b. projection c. regression d. displacement

c. regression

If you choose a job because you consider it "man's work" or "woman's work," you have been influence by what? a. pheromones b. ethnocentrism c. sex roles d. sex hormones

c. sex roles

Susan has seen a shark attack someone; she has also seen a dog attack someone. One reason why she is more likely to develop a phobia of sharks than a phobia of digs is that a. dogs have been dangerous to humans for a longer time than sharks have been b. attacks by sharks are predictable while dog attacks are not c. she has probably had a number of safe experiences with dogs d. more people are injured by sharks than dogs

c. she has probably had a number of safe experiences with dogs

Which of the following is an external attribution for someone's behavior? a. she played tennis because she likes to exercise b. she played tennis because she likes to get out of the dormitory c. she played tennis because her friend asked her to come along d. she played tennis because she enjoys being outside on a sunny day

c. she played tennis because her friend asked her to come along

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capacity of a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. short-term memory d. flashbulb memory

c. short-term memory

One unusual feature of implicit memories is that a. implicit memories grow stronger and stronger over time b. implicit memories relate only to actions or skills, not to words c. someone can have an implicit memory without knowing it d. implicit memories are the ones most likely to be damaged in amnesia

c. someone can have an implicit memory without knowing it

The terms "positive" and "negative" in positive and negative reinforcement refer to whether a. the behavior is productive or destructive b. the behavior increases or decreases c. something is presented or removed d. reinforcement is larger than or small than expected

c. something is presented or removed

In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning, a. every response leads to a combination of both reinforcement and punishment b. individuals learn without actually doing anything c. the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment) d. the stimuli will be presented at certain times regardless of the individual's actions

c. the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment)

Under which condition do infants most easily recognize face? a. they are best at recognizing faces they see in the morning b. they are best at recognizing faces they see in the afternoon c. they are best at recognizing the kinds of faces familiar to them d. they are best at recognizing faces that lack any emotional expression

c. they are best at recognizing the kinds of faces most familiar to them

How does DSM help psychologists do research? a. DSM clarifies the laws ad rules for ethical treatment of human participants b. DSM helps researchers identify other psychologists who are doing similar studies c. DSM provides a way to referee among researchers who have disputes d. DSM helps researchers identify psychological disorders the same way

d. DSM helps researchers identify psychological disorders the same way

Why do most introductory psychology courses today spend relatively little time discussing Freud? a. Freud's ideas are more appropriate for psychiatry than psychology b. Freud's ideas are too complex to discuss in an introductory course c. most colleges forbid professors to talk that much about sex d. Freud's influence within psychology has declines greatly

d. Freud's influence within psychology has declined greatly

Suppose you try as hard as possible to avoid thinking about polar bears. You are likely to have a temporary experience that resembles which disorder? a. dissociative identity disorder b. phobia c. bipolar disorder d. OCD

d. OCD

A maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people is defined as a. schizophrenia b. a dissociative disorder c. a compulsive disorder d. a personality disorder

d. a personality disorder

Drugs that affect behavior- including both medical drugs such as Ritalin and illegal drugs such as cocaine- exert their effects mainly by altering the a, pattern of blood flow to the brain b. velocity and amplitude of action potentials c. birth and death of neurons d. activity of synapses

d. activity at synapses

What evidence, if any, shows that newborn infants hear a difference between "ba" and "pa"? a. no evidence supports this conclusion b. infants learn to copy the two sounds c. infants learn to kick when they hear one sound and stop when they hear the other d. an infant who habituates to "ba" increases sucking rate after hearing "pa"

d. an infant who habituates to "ba" increases sucking rate after hearing "pa"

Why is it possible for people with different symptoms to get the same psychiatric diagnosis? a. the standards for diagnosis vary from one therapist to another b. DSM describes each disorder in vague terms that leave much to the imagination c. many therapists allow their patients to name their own diagnosis d. certain disorders are diagnosed by a choice of symptoms from a list

d. certain disorders are diagnosed by a choice of symptoms from a list

If you are experiencing cognitive dissonance, one way to minimize that dissonance is to a. substitute cooperation for competition with other people b. make more situational attributions and fewer dispositional attributions c. maintain your current attitudes and behavior without change for as long as possible d. change some of your attitudes to bring them in line with your actions

d. change some of your attitudes to bring them in line with your actions

To determine whether you are an alcoholic or not, which question should you ask? a. do I drink alcohol every day? b. can I sometimes go several days without drinking alcohol? c. do I drink more on weekends than during the week? d. does alcohol cause serious troubles in my life?

d. does alcohol cause serious troubles in my life?

Psychologists Latane and Darley propose that no one helped Kitty Genovese when she was attacked near her apartment in NY in 1964 because a. nobody realized she needed help b. it appeared that she was the one who was doing the attacking c. nobody wanted to get involved out of fear for their own life d. everyone knew there were other people who could, and presumable would, help her

d. everyone knew there were other people who could, and presumably would, help her

What is the primary difference between fear and anxiety? a. fear is, by definition more intense than anxiety b. anxiety is, by definition, more intense than fear c. anxiety, unlike fear, is generally associated with a specific situation d. fear, unlike anxiety, is generally associated with a specific situation

d. fear, unlike anxiety, is generally associated with a specific situation

The Society for the Defense of Apathy asks you to make a $1 contribution and you agree. Later they ask you for a $50 donation. The society is using the ____ technique a. that-not-all b. self-handicapping c. door-in-the-face d. foot-in-the-door

d. foot-in-the-door

A little boy in the preoperational stage would have trouble understanding that a. his father and mother still exist even when the boy does not see them b. other little boys have sisters when he has only brother c. some mothers are taller than some fathers d. his mother is also someone's daughter

d. his mother is also someone's daughter

The "binding problem" refers to which theoretical question? a. how the abilities present in other primates evolved into human language b. how people manage to restrain or inhibit their unwanted impulses c. how people learn to live together in a peaceful community d. how we perceive what we see, hear, and feel as a single object

d. how we perceive what we see, hear, and feel as a single object

What do we call the process of looking within yourself to describe situations and experiences? a. extrapolation b. intensification c. insightfulness d. introspection

d. introspection

What does an Institutional Review Board do? a. it provides lists of people who are willing to participate in research studies b. it collects statistics on the results of research at an institution c. it helps experiments evaluate the statistical significance of their data d. it judges whether proposed experiments are ethical

d. it judges whether proposed experiments are ethical

What evidence did Spearman cite to support his concept of a "g" factor in intelligence? a. mean performance on IQ tests until age 14-20 , and then begins to decline b. changes in the instructions can alter the mean performance of various groups c. mean performance on IQ tests has been rising from one generation to the next d. most people who do well on one intellectual task do well on other tasks also

d. most people who do well on one intellectual task do well on other tasks also

Jess has periods of chest pains, difficult breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, faintness, and dizziness for no apparent reason. From which of these disorders is he apparently suffering? a. schizophrenia b. OCD c. depression d. panic disorder

d. panic disorder

Brittany cannot remember what happened during her psychology class and suggests that aliens from outer space temporarily kidnapped her brain. Her roommate suggests that she slept through class. Most psychologists prefer the "sleep" explanation because it is more a. statistical b. correlational c. psychoanalytic d. parsimonious

d. parsimonious

Some have claimed that messages recorded backward on rock music are perverting the minds of American youth. Which of these is the best-supported evidence against that claim? a. backward messages affect only people's unconscious behavior b. it is illegal to put backward messages on recordings c. the minds of American youth are already perverted d. people cannot understand backward speech and do not respond to it

d. people cannot understand backward speech and do not respond to it

What does the Implicit Association Test attempt to measure? a. people's tendency to cooperate or compete b. five major personality traits c. people's attitudes toward a variety of controversial issues d. people's prejudices that they do not want to admit

d. people's prejudices that they do not want to admit

What belief do humanistic psychologists emphasize? a. variations in brain chemistry explain differences in behavior b. behavior is best studied by analyzing it into it component elements c. psychologists should seek general rules that apply to average people d. personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world

d. personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world

Both people and birds prefer physically attractive mates. What is the theoretical explanation? a. physical attractiveness is positively correlated with intelligence b. physical attractive individuals tend to be unusual and therefore interesting c. physically attractive individuals are more likely to help taking care of the young d. physical attractiveness usually indicates health

d. physical attractiveness usually indicates health

Any scientific study goes through 4 steps. What is NOT one of those steps? a. hypothesis b. interpretation c. method d. proof

d. proof

To test for the concept of object permanence, Piaget would watch whether the child can a. play with a toy the same way the experimenter plays with it b. state that the amount of clay or water stays the same after a distortion of its shape c. answer abstract, hypothetical questions about the object d. reach around a barrier to get an object that the child no longer sees

d. reach around a barrier to get an object that the child no longer sees

After you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. The police shows you several photographs and as whether any of them was the thief. They are checking your memory by which method? a. implicit memory b. source amnesia c. savings d. recognition

d. recognition

If you have once or twice heard a voice when you knew you were alone, what does this mean? a. you are probably beginning to develop paranoid schizophrenia b. you are probably beginning to develop bipolar disorder c. you are probably beginning to develop an anxiety disorder d. relax. it probably means nothing

d. relax. it probably mean nothing

An investigator repeats the procedures of another researcher's experiment bit obtains different results. Scientists would say that the results of the first experiment were not a. correlational b. parsimonious c. statistically significant d. replicable

d. replicable

The left hemisphere of the cortex receives input from the _____ side of the body and controls muscles on the _____ side of the body. a. left...left b. left...right c. right...left d. left...left

d. right...right

The order of stages in Piaget's theory of development is: a. sensorimotor--formal operations--concrete operation--postoperational b. properational--concrete operations--formal operations--sensorimotor c. concrete operations--sensorimotor--preoperational--formal operations d. sensorimotor--properational--concrete operations--formal operations

d. sensorimotor--preoperational--concrete operations--formal operations

Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud disagreed about whether or not a. childhood experiences have an important influence on personality b. many motives are outside conscious awareness c. people can be helped to overcome their problems through a "talking cure" d. sexual motives are the main force in personality development

d. sexual motives are the main force in personality development

Which term refers to Titchener's attempts to understand the components of mental experience? a. humanistic psychology b. psychoanalysis c. behaviorism d. structuralism

d. structualism

According to Alfred Adler, developing mental health or mental illness depends on a. the contents of your collective unconscious b. the ratio of pleasure to displeasure in your early childhood c. the ratio of dopamine to serotonin in your prefrontal cortex d. the goals you seek in your life

d. the goals you seek in your life

Which of the following is often a cause of brain abnormalities in newborns? a. the mother had "morning sickness" during pregnancy b. the mother gained weight during pregnancy c. the mother exercised frequently during pregnancy d. the mother drank much alcohol during pregnancy

d. the mother drank much alcohol during pregnancy

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other? a. they both depend on the presentation of a desirable stimulus b. they both depend on the presentation of an undesirable stimulus c. they both weaken a behavior d. they both strengthen a behavior

d. they both strengthen a behavior

A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

d. variable interval