PSC 124 Exam 1

Civil War

(book) A war between factions within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it. Civil War: Refers to war between factions within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it. US Civil War is an example 1860s of sectionalist civil war. The war in El Salvador in the 1980s is an example of a civil war for control of the entire state (not secessionist). Civil wars often seem to be among the most brutal wars, people fighting fellow citizens act no less cruel than fights against other states.

Conflict of ideas: ethnic groups

(book) Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, culture, or religious ties and a common identity. Ethnic groups: are large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, and/or religious ties and a common identity. Ethnic groups often form the basis for nationalist sentiments. Not all ethnic groups identify as nations; for instance, within the US, various ethnic groups coexist with a common national identity as Americans.

Hegemonic War

(book) War for control of the entire world order- the rules of the international system as a whole. Also called world war, global war, general war, or systematic war. Hegemonic War: is a war over control of the entire world order- the rules of the international system as a whole, including the role of world hegemony. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systematic war. Last one was WWII.. probably because of the advance in technology and weapons this kind of war probably cannot occur any longer without world destruction.

Total War

(book) Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another; modern total war originated in the Napoleonic Wars, which relied on conscription on a mass scale. Total War: is warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another. Goal is to reach the capital city and force the surrender of the government, which can then be replaced with one of the victor's choosing. Total war began with the massively destructive Napoleonic Wars, which introduced large scale conscription and geared the entire French national economy toward the war effort. Total war practice evolved with industrialization, which further integrated all of society and economy into the practice of war. Lat total war between great powers was WWII. In total war, the entire society mobilizes for the war struggle and the entire society of the enemy is considered a legitimate target.

Guerrilla War

(book) Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations. Guerrilla War: Which includes certain kinds of civil wars, is warfare without front lines. Irregular forces operate in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations. The purpose is not to confront an enemy army directly but rather harass and punish it and thus gradually limit its operation and effectively liberate territory from its control. US military forces in South Vietnam fought against Vietcong guerrillas in 1960s and 70s. Guerrilla wars are extremely painful for civilians, in these wars there is no fixed line, there is much territory that neither sides controls and both sides thus exert military leverages over the same places at the same time. No military forces firmly controls a location, opening the door to banditry, personal vendettas, sexual violence, and other lawless behavior. Sometimes the conventional armies fighting cannot tell the guerilla fighters from civilians.

GDP:

** The total goods and services produced by a country is its __GDP______. The size of a state's total annual economic activity. total annual economic activity; The size of a state's total annual economic activity. Per capita Income. But looking at GDP might not be perfect way to measure two countries could have the same GDP but in one two people could hold the wealth and the rest of the people could be poor. GDP Gross Domestic Product is often used to measure an economy's strength The Definition of GDP: total value of goods and services produced in a country, during a specified period (or, if not specified, annually) Most common calculation: GDP= consumption + gross investment + gov spending + (exports-imports) Per capita income also used to compare the wealth of countries There are cautions to measuring wealth as - GDP and it may miss people's wellbeing GDP by country may mask the situation going on inside the country - Country 1 may have a high GDP where wealth is fairly equally distributed, with some high income, many middle income, a few low income people - Country 2 may have a high GDP accounted for by a few very wealthy people, while the majority of the population is poor. - Those conditions are significantly different. - Material wealth is not the only measure of wellbeing

Proxy Wars:

*** During the Cold War, the two superpowers often jockeyed for position in the global South, supporting ___Proxy Wars___ for which they typically supplied weapons and training to opposing factions. Wars in the third world- often civil wars- in which the US and the Soviet Union jockeyed for position by supplying and advising opposing factions. Wars in other parts of the world where US-Soviet conflict played out especially in the Third World; so the US and the Soviets would back one side and not directly fight each other Would supply the side they wanted with: supplies, advice, and training examples: Cuba, Korea, Vietnam

The Bay of Pigs:

- 1961 Castro overthrew Batista in Cuba, and Castro was moving to align with the USSR and become communist - Eisenhower, and then Kennedy moved to overthrow Castro because it was communist and too close to America - Worked with Cuban exiles to invade; Kennedy thought could deny US involvement - There was an example of groupthink: Advisors met with Kennedy who were very similar and the only ones in approvement of this decision was -Democrats, no "devil's advocate" Anyways, there was bad group norms in play and they made a bad decision Characteristics of Decisions -Incomplete survey of alternatives -Incomplete survey of objectives -Failure to examine risks -Failure to re-appraise rejected alternatives -Poor information search -Selective bias -No contingency plans

Cuban Missile Crisis:

- They had to change their policies for making this decision so there wasn't another terrible thing like Bay of Pigs. - October 1962 evidence of Soviets setting up nuclear arms in Cuba, Khrushchev promised there wasn't any so Kennedy set up ExComm- Executive Committee of the National Security Council- to help in decision making - Over 2 weeks closest we've ever come to nuclear war, have tapes of all ExComm meetings, so there was available for study - open process Cuban Missile Crisis Group Process - Learned from Bay of Pigs Different decision making model: - Wide variety of people in meetings - President not in advisors' meetings - President came in intermittently - Asked challenging questions, got honesty - Process included challenging popular ideas - Able to generate creative ideas

Tversky and Kahneman, "Judgment under Uncertainty" and Steve the salesman - from lecture: *Heuristics in Crisis Management

- Tversky and Kahneman were two very important men who wrote "Judgement under Uncertainty" Science 1974. Which is about using heuristics to make sense of the world. Heuristics: rule of thumb, SOPs which are the general truths of life - When describing Steve: we were all wrong about what his job was based on the personality traits we all reserved. We did not look at the probability of him having those jobs, because the rest of the jobs were very low likelihood someone would actually have that job. So people usually base decisions on heuristics, personal traits; not in a mathematical and completely rational way. Judgment under Uncertainty" - from lecture) Crisis management (and characteristics of a crisis that lead to poor decision making - book and lecture):: Crises have particular characteristics: 1. Time pressure 2. It's an important issue 3. Inability to go through usual processes 4.Communications are shorter, more stereotyped 5. Situation is often ambiguous- which means they do not get all the details because there is no time

Mediation (from lecture is correct one):

1. Mediation - Shuttle diplomacy- Kissinger in the Middle East (1973 Yom Kippur War) - Camp David Accords - Carter and ME (1978 Egypt and Israel peace- with Sadat and Begin) - If there's no agreement between negotiation and sitting down and talking, communicating bringing in a third player. - Shuttle: Would be where leaders interest to communicate/ consult the other side; so get mediator who shuttles between so two leaders save face and do not see each other - Camp David: Accords, Carter was the mediator between Egypt and Israel

Arbitration (from lecture is the correct one):

2. Arbitration (WIPO) - Still third party mediator. Person/ entity that can mediate issues like WIPO that mediated the scandal with a guy taking naked photos of Madonna and putting them on a website Modanna.org and she said she had rights to that cite because it was her name.

Selective perception:

2. Selective Perception - Choose to see one thing and listen to one thing and not others; like in relationships. When you only let in certain information; reject what doesn't fit your expectations and/or view of the world.

Warsaw Pact

A Soviet-led Eastern European military alliance founded in 1955 and disbanded in 1991. It opposed the NATO alliance. Warsaw Meeting July 2016 - Focused on deterrence and defense, "projecting stability beyond NATOs borders" - Plans to position battalions in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland in 2017 - Ballistic missile defense Cyber defenses strengthened, training - Use of AWACS to counter ISIL - Assistance package for Ukraine

US-Japanese Security Treaty:

A bilateral alliance between the US and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The US maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if that nation is attacked, and Japan pays the US to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops. Created in 1951 (after Korean War) against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. Because of US military occupation of Japan after WWII the alliance is very asymmetrical. US is committed to defend Japan but Japan is not as committed to the US. Japan did not have troops in the US and they did not have similar allies just each other. Other Alliances: US-Japan - US- Japanese Security Treaty 1951: The US has 50,000 troops in Japan and this is asymmetrical because the US is defending Japan, there are troops there, and they are paying more for them to be there so Japan does not defend the US, there are no Japanese troops in the US - There are tensions: 1995 and 2008 there were rapes of 12 and 14 year old Japanese girls by US soldiers in Okinawa and there was a protest May 2010 with 17,000 protesters around the US AF base - Japan does want to change their policy and re make a military. They want their own military so they're not reliant on the US anymore. There is much controversy on this issue their constitution after WWII said they will never go into a war again so they will never build up their military. - The Prime Minister Abe and Military: Abe is working toward changing the constitution to remove the clause that prevents Japan from waging war - a "departure from the postwar regime" - The public opinion is about 49% for and 44% opposed. - Interestingly Japan has the 4th strongest military in the world: they built up all of their capabilities they have their military equipment and military but will never use it, it's "non-aggressive" (so would they use it now?) They spend 41.6 billion annually on its Self Defense Forces

Game Theory:

A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as prisoner's dilemma and chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions. - Application of rational choice theory - If this is true than it should be the outcome: can generalize to states and there are possible outcomes to the game: 1. Zero-sum: If one wins other must lose 2. Non-zero: Both win, both loose, A wins and B loses, B wins and A loses. And it really depends on the type of game: 1. Single game: 2 subjects game one time and that's it there's single negotiation 2. Repeated game: rounds of games (negotiations) repeated interaction with opponents-- will you act different if you see them again?

Marxism (including exploitation):

A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle that includes both communism and other approaches. -Marxism is a branch of socialism, a theory that holds that the most powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful by denying them their fair share of the surplus they create. The oppressed classes try to gain power in order to seize more of the wealth for themselves. This is the process called class struggle: a way to look at the political relationships between the richer and the poorer people, and between rich and poor world regions. -Marxist approaches to IR hold that both IR and domestic politics arise from unequal relationships between economic classes. This emphasis on classes - implying that the domestic and economic attributes of societies shape external relations with other states. -Marxism is more influential in the global South where capital is scarce and labor conditions are wretched. Marxist traditionally considered peasants backward, ignorant, individualistic, and politically passive compared to the better-educated and class-conscious proletariat. But in practice the successful third world revolutions have been peasant rebellions. Traditional Marxists looked to the advanced industrialized countries for revolution and socialism, which would grow out of capitalism; things actually worked out in an opposite way.

Realism:

A broad intellectual tradition that explains international relations mainly in terms of power. Idealism: An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations. Book: Realism is a school of thought that explains IR in terms of power; exercise of power by states toward each other is sometimes called realpolitik or power politics. This theory was adopted by a reaction to the liberal tradition called idealism. Idealism emphasizes international law, morality, and international organizations, rather than power alone as key influences on international events. Idealists think that human nature is basically good and they see international system as one based on a community of states that have the potential to work together to overcome mutual problems; idealists and president Woodrow Wilson placed their hopes for peace in the League of Nations as a formal structure for the community of nations. And this was not successful; Since WWII realists blamed idealists for looking at the world in what ought to be instead of how things really are. Realism developed out of the failure of idealism and the League of Nations after WWI (which was proposed by Woodrow Wilson) Idealism: Focuses on what can and ought to be Realism: focuses on power and what is Idealism didn't work as well as what was hoped, what is desired may be unrealistic. I believe the value of having ideals is high, you should be striving for the moral thing. Social movements start on the ideal of what can make things better, allow us to imagine what can be better, allow political ideas, look into what could be possible. Principles of Idealism International law and organizations (international law is desirable) Non-state actors- are important and should have a role Human nature* (elements that differ for liberalism) thinking humans are inherently good. Morality* (differ from liberalism) this ought to be dealt with and kept in mind when involved in IR A view of what is possible and what ought to be* (differs from liberalism) View of rationality* (differs from liberalism) League of Nations-- an idealist organization, states coming together communicating about affairs and working together Principles of Realism AKA political realism, realpolitik, power politics The theory claims to be about what is rather than what ought to be:: we need to know the way world is Human nature- is naturally self-interested Anarchy- there's no central government States as primary actors Power as central concern - humans are self interested obviously states will be as well, the world is in competition for power so naturally they would worry about security Primary goal- Security: if the whole world is competing for power because states are self-interested there needs to be some kind of security Relations between stated determined by... Level of power determined by... States as unitary, rational actors: states function in the way of gaining their interests and they act rationally going for their interests is acting rationally

MNCs:

A company based in one state with affiliated branches or subsidiaries operating, in other states. They have lots of power and sometimes criticized as undemocratic. Terrorists. Companies that span borders. Ex. ExxonMobil, Wal-mart, Toyota.

Organizational process model:

A decision-making model in which policy makers or lower-level officials rely largely on standardized responses or standard operating procedures. -Organizational process model- SOPs (standard operational procedures): under this model it's the idea that you don't reinvent the wheel, SOPs are that we have assumptions, general ideas rules.. Example driving a car. And the benefits are that we get efficiency. However, downside: new circumstance might throw you for a loop and creativity is discouraged.

Rational model of decision making:

A model in which decision makers calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, make choices, identify their interests, and rank the interests in terms of priority - Rational model, decision makers set goals, evaluate the relative importance of those goals, calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, then choose the one with the highest benefits and lowest costs. 1. Clarify your goals in the situation 2. Order them by importance 3. List the alternatives for achieving your goals 4. Investigate the consequences of each alternative 5. Choose the alternative that best achieves your goals

Government bargaining model:

A model that sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from a bargaining process among various government agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in the outcome ("where you stand depends on where you sit"). Also called bureaucratic politics model. - bargaining among government agencies: So there is not unitary, all multiple entities have an impact on decisions being made. So they ask other agencies questions to get different outlooks and the different agencies have specialization.. So this is a critique on the realist notion that there is no unitary actor. So if these models are correct, the state cannot be a unitary actor: realism?

Constructivism (including logic of consequences vs. logic of appropriateness):

A movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms and actors' identities help shape the content of state interests. -Constructivism: fast growing approach in IR, asks how states construct their interest through their interactions with one another. It is best described as an approach rather than a theory because, when stripped to its core, it saying nothing about IR per se. However, its lessons about the nature of norms, identity, and social interactions can provide powerful insights into the world of IR. In face, most constructivists explanations draw heavily on the identity principle to explain international behavior. - Rooted in sociology, IR as social process - Identities and interests of states not simply structurally determined (e.g. laws, treaties, IGOs) or determined by rational evaluation of interests - States as social actors- interests are determined by social relations - State behavior is driven by rules, norms, culture, institutions, interactions over time, and identities - Example: nuclear arsenal and US-UK relationships vs. US-North Korea - Realists are concerned with states with the most power- and that comes with the levels of nuclear weapons and the states with the most nukes should be the greatest threat - US-UK: UK has huge nuclear capability - North Korea: has nuclear capacity but not nearly as much as the UK - Realist logic is that whoever has the largest nuclear capability would be the biggest threat but that's not the case, in the UK we have a long standing relationship and social understanding so North Korea is the bigger threat

Non-Aligned Movement:

A movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the US-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War. - Many global South states joined a nonaligned movement during the Cold War - They did not want to choose a side between the US or Soviets - Led by India and Yugoslavia - August 2012 non aligned states publicly supported Iran's right to develop domestic nuclear program; not Syria - 17th Summit started yesterday in Venezuela - Some continued opposition to the global North having hegemony

Positive peace:

A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a ceasefire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression. -Under positive peace, not only do state armies stop fighting each other, they stop arming, stop forming death squads against internal protest, and reverse the economic exploitation and political oppression that scholars in peace studies believe are responsible for social conflicts that lead to war. -Peace studies people believe that the practice of IR will change only as a result of pressures from individuals and groups. Most commonly used is peace movements- people taking to the streets in protest against war and militarism. They use nonviolence as their tool to protest, no state today follows this philosophy- using no violent forms of leverage in bargaining. Gandhi fully believed that nonviolence is crucial when seeking peace. It's a tool for the powerless standing up to the injustices by the powerful, non violence is often the most cost-effective approach. - Negative peace means that there is no war, don't have war - Positive: create a society unlikely for war, not that the idea of war is gone but make circumstances where peace is sustainable - How can we construct positive sustainable peace? - Positive peace: resolves underlying reasons for war through transformation of society by.... 1. Removing structural violence 2. Eliminating militaristic culture 3. Building structures of peaceful conflict resolution 4. Creating justice- make sure people feel they are being treated fairly so they'll be happy and there will be more peace.

Containment:

A policy adopted in the late 1940s by which the US sought to halt the global expansion of Soviet influence on several levels- military, political, ideological, and economic. - US policy to prevent the spread of Soviet influence (domino effect) fear that if one fell to communism then others would. Kennedy was expecting this, it's why we entered Vietnam, containment, to avoid the Domino effect. - Expansion of US influence on several levels, political, military, ideological, economic - Military bases and alliances worldwide - All decisions the US made: foreign aid, technology, transfer, diplomatic relations, arms sales, espionage, military intervention (e.g. Vietnam) all reflected the goals of containment.

Arms Race:

A reciprocal process in which two or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other. Arms Races (Security Dilemma) - Arms races (undesirable mutual escalation) It erodes confidence, creates huge arsenals on both sides, and creates a greater risk of mistakes.

International regime

A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (like monetary policy) -Convergence of expectations means that participants in the international system have similar ideas about what rules will govern their mutual participation: Each expects to play by the same rules. Regimes can help solve collective goods problems by increasing transparency- because everyone knows what everyone else is doing, cheating is riskier. - How does international community deal with conflicts- the collective goods problem?- they do this through regimes: that set up rules, norms, and procedures. Regimes set up policies, institutions, and builds norms - Gives common expectations and a guide for action - Allows transparency - Coordinates behavior of states - Can overcome collective goods dilemma (elements of both reciprocity and identity) Allowing states to overcome collective goods problem with goods and working together. - Examples- diplomacy, trade, Kyoto Protocol - Don't confuse with military "regime" - Like applying to college there's regimes: common app makes it easier there gives more structure, SATs and ACTs which set up a type of norms and practices to see who should get in, way to evaluate people. Transparent. Has some schedules and more normative practices, more efficient and this is the same for regimes in IR.

Security Dilemma:

A situation in which actions that states take to ensure their own security (such as deploying more military forces) are perceived as threats to the security of other states. The Security dilemma: A negative consequence of anarchy. States ensure own security, thereby becoming a threat to other states, others build up defense in response, overall security is decreased, arms races, realism's vs liberalism's view. Increase in military capacity sends warnings off to other countries. If nation A builds up their military nation B will feel they need to which leads to an arms race which leads to more weapons which leads to less security around the world. Realists say this problem is not solvable, Liberals say it would be through communication.

Prisoner's Dilemma:

A situation modeled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interests akk achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working together. Two parties: They can either 1. Behave in a cooperative way (choose the action that gives the best mutual outcome)- in this case refuse to confess (2,2) 2. Defect (behave in way that hurts the other party, but that avoids the maximum hurt to oneself)- in this case, you confess hoping for (0,10) Or both can rat each other out (5,5) What Happens? - To avoid the worst outcome, most people defect (confess) rather than cooperate- this is the rational thing to do - That means that the pair loses the opportunity to obtain the highest mutual outcome (2,2) Summary - The rational thing to do for both parties (assuming imperfect trust, the inability to communicate, and the inability to renegotiate) is to confess (cheat/defect). - You may not get the best (2 years), you could get moderate time, but you avoid the worst (10 years for you and none for your partner) -So people "cheat" rather than cooperate.

Sovereignty:

A state's right, at least in principle, to do whatever it wants within its own territory; traditionally, sovereignty is the most important international norm. Sovereignty: traditionally the most important norm- means that a government has the right, in principle, to do whatever it wants in its own territory. States are separate and autonomous and answer to no higher authority. In theory the states are all equal in status, if not in power. Sovereignty means that states are not supposed to interfere in the internal affairs of other states, although states do try to influence each other on matters of trade, alliances, war, they aren't supposed to meddle in the internal politics/decisions of other states. More controversial some states think this means they can treat their people in any ways they see fit, including genocide.

Liberal feminism:

A strand of feminism that emphasizes gender equality and views the "essential" differences in men's and women's abilities or perspectives as trivial or nonexistent. Liberal feminism: Reject these claims as being based on stereotyped gender roles. Liberal feminists see the "essential" differences in men's and women's abilities or perspectives as trivial or nonexistent- men and woman are equal. They deplore the exclusion of women from positions of power in IR but do not believe that including women would change the nature of the international system. They want to include women more often as subjects of study- as state leaders, soldiers, and operating outside the traditional gender roles in IR. Woman and men are equal, not different Focus on exclusion of woman from: leadership, combat positions, military combat leadership, foreign relations- and foreign relation positions, academia Woman likely to behave like men in a similar context By not including woman, talent is wasted - Woman and men are equal, not different - Focus on exclusion of woman from: leadership, combat positions, military combat leadership, foreign relations- and foreign relation positions, academia - Woman likely to behave like men in a similar context - By not including woman, talent is wasted

International Security:

A subfield of international relations that focuses on questions of war and peace. Which includes, War and peace: the military, conflict.

Munich Agreement and appeasement:

A symbol of failed policy of appeasement, this agreement, signed in 1938, allowed Nazi Germany to occupy a part of Czechoslovakia. Rather than appease German aspirations, it was followed by further German expansions, which triggered World War II. Hitler wanted to expand so he invaded Czech. Appeasement was the policy Britain and France would do in the Munich Agreement which was giving Germany part of Czech.. This was a bad policy Hitler began thinking he wouldn't be punished, he wouldn't be stopped.

Collective goods problem

A tangible or intangible good, created by the members of a group, that is available to all group members regardless of their individual contributions; participants can gain by lowering their own contribution to the collective good, yet if too many participants do so, the good cannot be provided. Interest of states, of group, what a state's interested in/ needs may not be good for other countries interests. And collective goods cannot practically have been kept by people, can't exclude people from getting benefit unless you don't give it out at all. Like national defense; we give security to our citizens even if you pay taxes or not. Collective goods problem is a core concept in understanding international interactions; there's tension between individual interests and collective interests; preservation of individual state interests and sovereignty versus the benefits of cooperation with other states. Roommate example: one's messy and one's clean but there's an underlying thing of getting along because they want to be civil and still be able to live together. Free Riding: allow others to do the work and gets credit/ rewards for others work ex. Maybe I won't clean but I want it to be clean so I wait for the other person to clean it.

Power transition theory:

A theory that the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing (or threatening to surpass) the most powerful state.

Rational Actors (states as rational unitary actors):

Actors conceived of as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, and rank the interests in terms of priority.

Alliance

Alliances don't work if they are not credible. What determines the credibility of an alliance: Capacity, Will, and past behavior: show if the state will follow through Alliance cohesion: The ease with which the members hold together an alliance; it tends to be high when national interests converge and when cooperation among allies become institutionalized. Alliance Cohesion (if they will hold together) Under which conditions would cohesion be high? 1. When national interests stay the same for a long time which = institutionalized 2. When national interests are similar 3. When identity is common that helps 4. Burden sharing: conception of alliance, if the cost of having an alliance is fairly distributed among the states in the alliance Examples of long: US-Canada and ASEAN

Postmodernism (and deconstructing language, subtext; example of description of slavery from lecture):

An approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality and pays special attention to texts and to discourses- that is, how people talk and write about a subject. - Postmodernists is a broad approach to scholarship that has left its mark on various academic disciplines, especially the study of literature. Postmodernists because of their literary roots pay special attention to texts and discourses - how people talk and write about their subject. "Freedom fighters" or "terrorists" or "rebels" - Some value here they are looking at language, images and how they carry meaning and carry power. They look at deeper meaning in text, critique realism saying they're "realists" because if one person says they're a hero the other might see this "hero" as a "terrorist" so they deconstruct meaning behind everything. Postmodernists look at: what language is included, what language is excluded, what images portray, what messages they send - US history books about slavery- 1961 history book says that immigrants from Africa came to America, like there was a willingness giving them responsibility for them coming here left out the cruelty.

Postmodern feminism:

An effort to combine feminist and postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influences of gender in IR and showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is. Postmodern feminism: Tends to reject the assumptions about gender made by both difference and liberal feminists. Where difference feminists consider gender differences important and fixed, and liberal feminists consider those differences trivial, postmodern feminists find them important but arbitrary and flexible. - Deconstruct with view to uncovering the influence of gender - Critical of difference feminists- glorifying traditional femininity - Critical of liberal feminists- simple inclusion of woman ignored power construction

Conflict of Ideas: Fascism

An extreme authoritarianism girded by national chauvinism.

Justification of effort and the Dollar Auction (book and lecture):

An implication of cognitive balance is that decision makers place greater value on goals that they have put much effort into achieving- the justification effort. -*Justification of effort- the Dollar Auction: bidding for a dollar, if you win you get the dollar, if you lose you have to pay off the last bid you made so you are invested in getting this dollar, so sometimes people bid more than a dollar to win which is not rational. Example of this: Vietnam War like we're already invested in the war and there's want to justify the effort we already put in.

League of Nations:

An organization established after World War I and a forerunner of today's United Nations; it achieved certain humanitarian and other successes but was weakened by the absence of U.S. membership and by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security. Proposed by the US by Wilson which were unsuccessful where he wanted all states to meet and work together and communicate to avoid war. We don't have this today it failed, the US senate didn't even ratify this idea.

Thomas Hobbes "war of all against all":

Book: English philosopher 17th C discussing the free-for-all that exists when government is absent and people seek their own self-interests; "state of nature" or "state of war" he favored a strong monarchy to tame this condition (Leviathan) advocating a dominance approach to solve the collective goods problem in domestic societies. English philosopher 1600s Leviathan In the state of nature life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" It's a War of all against all Humans can coexist only by creating and submitting to government; government then can protect their rights (ties to tragedy of the Commons, if men is just seeking self interest and gaining all they can then they will diminish the resources)

Enemy image and mirror image:

Cognitive balance often leads decision makers to maintain a hardened image of an enemy and to interpret all of the enemy's actions in a negative light. A mirror image refers to two sides in a conflict maintaining very similar enemy images of each other. -Enemy Images: Always just a notion that a country or group will always be your enemy and there is no trust. Mirror Image: When you and the other group or country feel the same way about each other.

Collective security (definition; what does its success depend on?):

Collective security grows out of liberal institutionalism The formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor; sometimes seen as presupposing the existence of a universal organization (like the UN) to which both the aggressor and its opponents belong. - Liberalists position re possible violent conflict: - Collective security gros out of liberal institutionalism - Broad alliance of major actors - Join because can jointly oppose an aggressor - League of Nations was an attempt - Modern examples: UN, NATO, EU, AU - Realists say that collective security is found by power balancing BUT Liberalists believe that mutual goods bring more security through cooperation, can by institutionalism. Greater security by larger number of states joining and agreeing, join and you have more protection, more security. - Success depends on three elements 1. Most powerful states must belong 2. Members must keep their commitments 3. Members must agree on what constitutes aggression; if you're attacked I need to know if this is an act of aggression and if it is than I need to protect you

The democratic peace:

Democracies tend to not go to war with other democracies. The proposition, strongly supported by empirical evidence, that democracies almost never fight wars against each other (although they do fight against authoritarian regimes) -A theory was considered that democracies are generally more peaceful than authoritarian governments and this is not true. Democracies fight as many wars as do authoritarian states. What is true about democracies is that although they fight wars against authoritarian states, democracies almost never fight each other. No major historical cases contradict this generalization, which is democratic peace. This is not clear why. Maybe it's because democracies do not tend to have severe conflicts with each other because they tend to be capitalist states whose trade relations create strong interdependence. Or citizens of democratic societies may simply not see the citizens of other democracies as enemies. But authoritarian regimes can be seen as enemies - Kant's idea that the power of a monarchy (or a president) is checked by a republic with a legislature - Mitigates against authoritarianism, aggression, and the use of military - Theory that democracies would be more peaceful? Kant believed that democratic countries won't go to war-- but this is not true: democracies are unlikely to go to war against other democracies, but not war in general. - The reality of a democratic peace?- yeah democracies aren't as likely to go to war with other democracies. - Based on principles of reciprocity and identity

Difference feminism:

Difference feminism: focuses on valorizing the feminine- that is valuing the unique contributions of women as women . Difference feminists do not think women do all things as well as men, or vice versa. Because of their greater experience with nurturing and human relations, women are seen as potentially more effective than men (on average) in conflict resolution as well as in group decision making. They believe there is real differences between women and men not just social constructions and cultural indoctrination. Some difference feminists believe there is a core biological essence to being male or female but think women's difference is more culturally than biologically determined. 1. Difference Feminists Realism rests on masculine view of world: they think that men and women are different, socialized differently, "science" "Woman are more peaceful than men" - Autonomy - Moral reasoning- abstract rules of right and wrong and individual rights - States as autonomous actors not relational - War and fighting Feminine View (Elements of liberalism and constructivism) Relationship and connection Moral reasoning- context matters, preservation of relationships International organizations Peace and cooperation

Diversionary foreign policy (rally 'round the flag syndrome):

Diversionary foreign policy: Foreign policies adopted to distract the public from domestic political problems. rally 'round the flag syndrome: The public's increased support for government leaders during wartime, at least in the short term. Governments sometimes adopt foreign policies for the specific purpose of generating public approval and hence gaining domestic legitimacy. This is the case when a government undertakes a war or foreign military intervention at a time of domestic difficulty, to distract attention and gain public support- taking advantage of the "rally around the flag" syndrome.. (the public's increased support for government leaders during wartime, at least in the short term.) like people usually stop criticizing policies on things like education in the times of war.Policies of this sort are often labeled: diversionary foreign policy.

Conflict of ideas: ethnicity

Dynamic of Ethnic Identity: Powerful identity, with intense emotion, Alleged common origins and descent, Shared history, shared sense of fate, Strong sense of belonging, Evoked by cultural ties like religion, Shared political memories, often of suffering: culture is very important to people, and some ties strengthen because an atrocity happened against their people, Exclusive, identity defined in opposition

Feminist Theory:

Gender theories: Gender matters especially in issues relating to war and international security. Feminist scholarship seeks to uncover hidden assumptions about gender in how we study a subject. What scholars seem to be universal is actually only universal for men. In particular they believe that realism only deals with the ways men see and interact with the world. - Feminism is not a negative thing it's just looking for equality and critical of IR for not too many woman in IR or looking at woman in IR - Gender in IR: impact IR on woman if women's lives are different how does that impact the community as a whole? Considering Gender in IR - Inclusion/ exclusion: woman v. men: leadership, voters, education, literacy - Impact of IR on woman: power, health, economic situation, in war - Impact of women's lives on IR: as leaders, activists, mothers - Definitions of masculinity and femininity Gender in IR - Cynthia Enloe - An IR scholar that looked at woman as stewartness - "If we use conventional (ungendered) terms, ideas, measures to examine IR, then we will see only a world of men and we miss woman, women's issues, and women's lives" - "By not doing an analysis of masculinity and femininity, we do not understand the construction of IR in its totality" - Examples of gendered nature of politics? War? - Photoshopping woman out of politics: there's hardly any woman in politics and why is this? - UN Study: has been enough evidence that women's rights improve a community. Woman are more likely to give more money to kids, family, community. UN - "Experience around the world has shown that when woman participate fully in national societies, those countries do much better" - UN Secretary general: "Today we understand, even better than our founders did, that the empowerment of woman is a fundamental condition if we are to make progress towards the goals for which the UN was created-- peace and security, improved living standards and respect for human rights. - World Bank and US Joint Chiefs of Staff: there is a growing recognition among everyone from the World Bank to the US military's Joint Chiefs of Staff- to aid organizations like CARE that, "focusing on woman and girls is the most effective way to fight global poverty and extremism"

Fungible (elements of power):

Given the limited resources that any actor commands trade-offs among possible capabilities always exist. Ex. Building up the military might take money away from foreign aid. To the extent that one element of power can be converted into another, it is fungible. Generally, money is the most fungible capability because it can buy other capabilities. So they should choose gold. Comparative Worth of Elements of Power Realists see military capacity as primary in the short term Economic strength is fungible -Realists believe that a strong military is important but how large it is/ how much money they put into it depends on the nature of that state example: after the Cold War US did not need to spend as much money in their military. - Realists aren't just pro-war they just are pro-war in the event when war is in the best interest for the state SO Economic strength is more important than military money is fungible meaning it can be used for other things, can be used for things that are in the interest of the state. Gold over Tanks. Could use money for education, security, ect.

Great Power

Great Powers: Generally, the half-dozen or so most powerful states; the great power club was exclusively European until the twentieth century. Generally, great powers are often defined as states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power, and they tend to share a global outlook based on national interests far from their home territories. Usually strongest military forces, and strongest economies to pay for them, and other power capabilities. Great Powers Today: US, China, Russia, Japan, Germany, France, and Britain: together they account for more than half of the world's total GDP and two-thirds of its military spending. Great powers and middle powers: Most powerful states have influence, resources, military, and good economy, they have some control on global outlook. Great powers have a global outlook and influence global schemes: book says there's 7 great powers and 5 of them have a veto power on the security council the other two don't because of WWII outcomes. The great powers account for 56% of the world's GDP and 64% of world military expenditures. Is the US a Waning Superpower US is the current superpower but there's a question if it is waning. China has the world's largest population, remarkable and rapid economic growth, nuclear arsenals; large but not modern military. Next level-some factors decrease power Which nations are middle powers is debatable; some are large but not highly industrialized, some are small but with special capabilities Ex: Canada, Spain, Australia, Italy, South Korea and some in Global South: India, Brazil, Mexico, South Turkey, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, Nigeria

NGOs:

Greenpeace is an example. Non-governmental Organization: A transnational group or entity (such as Catholic Church, Greenpeace, or the International Olympic Committee) the interacts with states, multinational corporations (MNCs), other NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) (non-governmental organization): Non-governmental Organization: A transnational group or entity (such as Catholic Church, Greenpeace, or the International Olympic Committee) the interacts with states, multinational corporations (MNCs), other NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) ex. Greenpeace, Amnesty International.

Hegemonic stability theory:

Holds that when one great power dominates the rules and norms of the international arena, significant conflicts will be avoided. The argument that regimes are most effective when power in the international system is more concentrated. holds that hegemony provides some order similar to a central government in the international system: reducing anarchy, deterring aggression, promoting free trade, and providing a hard currency that can be used as a world standard. Hegemons can help resolve or at least keep in check conflicts among the middle powers or small states. They can enforce rules and norms unilaterally avoiding the collective goods problem: can maintain global free trade and promote world economic growth.

Cognitive dissonance:

How we process information and the goal is to avoid cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance: when you see the world one way and if something happens that does not fit into your perceived world it will shake up your world view. Like if my mother told me that I need to marry a Catholic boy but I was a Jewish boy my moms world she had in mind would be shaken up, so she must convert us to her world view.

HDI:

Human Development Index- Looks into: life expectancy, health, education, literacy, and GDP. Alternative measure: The Human Development Index (HDI) Includes: life expectancy, health, education, literacy, GDP There's another comparison of world regions: one measure does GDP compared to capita and child mortality

Anarchy:

In IR theory, a term that implies not complete chaos but the lack of central government that can enforce rules. Realists use the term anarchy to imply not complete chaos or absence of structure and rules but rather the lack of a central government that can enforce rules. Realists contend that no such central authority exists to enforce rules to ensure compliance with norms of conduct. Anarchy- Realist notion of anarchy= lack of central government to enforce rules. Implications from realist perspective: danger, protection from danger comes from power, self-help, alliance's, capabilities. there is no world government, war of "all against all" and the implications of this is that there is a dangerous world out there, and you should rely on self help: rely on your own resources and don't rely on other people's however it's not a perfect world so power and resources are not evenly distributed and the weaker states with low resources must ally to gain power.

Crisis Response and Rationality

Individual decision makers tend to: 1. Discard information 2. Fall victim to cognitive errors, e.g. misperception, affective bias 3. Apply stereotypes, often incorrectly 4. Overlook creative solutions-- because we fall victim to SOP 5. Rush to judgment

Individual processes that interfere with rationality:

Information Screen: The subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them. Information screens are subconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them. Often they simply ignore any information that does not fit their expectations. Information is also screened out as it passes from one person to another in the decision making process.

Nation:

Is a group of people who have a shared sense of identity, they have a common identity and a shared fate like religion for example.

Dominance:

It's a collective good problem. Dominance: A principal for solving collective goods problems by imposing solutions hierarchically. Advantages: order, stability, predictability Disadvantages: Oppression, resentment.

Identity:

It's a collective good problem. Identity: A principle for solving collective goods problems by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community. Investment in outcomes for other members of your community; willingness to "sacrifice" (family? Military? Other like-minded countries?) This is relevant, states like each other, have similar looking people or similar religions they get along better together. Advantages: sacrifice for group Disadvantage: Demonizing an Out-Group.

Lenin's theory of imperialism:

Lenin's theory of imperialism argued that European capitalists were investing in colonies where they could earn big profits and then using part of these to buy off the working class at home. Lenin noticed after the scramble for colonies in the 1890s there were few left. Imperialist expansion could occur only at the expense of other imperialist states, leading to interimperalist competition and wars as such as WWI. Seizing on Russia's weakness during the war, Lenin led the first successful communist revolution there in 1917. His ideas are that industrialized states exploit poor countries and buy off their own working classes with the profits has shaped North-South relations.

Middle Power

Middle Powers: States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs. (ex. Brazil and India) rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence in world affairs; some are large but not highly industrialized; some have specialized capabilities but are small. Ex. Canada, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Ukraine, South Korea. They have not received much attention in IR as have great powers.

Liberal Theories (know principles it relies on)

Mostly draw on the reciprocity and identity principles. And these usually are more optimistic than realism about the prospects for peace. - Liberal theorists generally see the rules of IR as slowly, incrementally evolving through time and becoming more and more peaceful. This evolution results primarily from the gradual buildup of international organizations and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity). - Liberal theories rely on the principles of reciprocity and identity- still people are self-interested but just the interests are different. - Liberalism, like realism, claims to describe "what is" not what "should be" (because it is NOT idealism) - With no central government, order comes from reciprocity, both formal and informal comes from reciprocity informal- day to day relations and formal- is signed at ike NATO OPEC. - Focus is on interconnections among actors - Law and international organizations- are key factors they give order in international relation arena - State is not a unitary actor- plurality in state actions, domestic forces, non-state actors (realize that the state does not act unitarily, the president gets opinions from cabinet members and scholars and interest groups so there is many influence preferences of the state) - Factors like culture, economic system, government type, impact state preferences

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization:: A US led military alliance, formed in 1949 with mainly West European members, to oppose and deter Soviet power in Europe. It is currently expanding into the former Soviet bloc. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization which encompasses Western Europe and North America. With it's 28 members they posses nearly half of the world total GDP. It was founded in 1949 to oppose and deter Soviet power in Europe. They were opposing the Eastern Europe Warsaw Pact. First use of force was in Bosnia in 1994. Currently NATO troops from a number of member countries are fighting the Taliban forces in Afghanistan. NATO - One of the most important formal alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Designed in 1949 it was a US+many Europeans against the Warsaw Pact (1955-1991) but this actually continued Issues: The first use of force by NATO was in 1994 in Bosnia (there was an awful, horrific, war going on) so NATO intervened but was this a violation of sovereignty? But they intervened in fear of spillover and because there were moral reasons: genocide, human rights and pragmatic: was spillover concerns and instability. There are current concerns over NATO for Russia, Russia is concerned by NATO and their possible expansion. In Russia's view expansion is not supposed to happen Russia claims US told them NATO would not expand after Cold War and it has and it's heading closer to Russia, it's a threat to Russia (lead to new Cold War?) but others say we need this alliance to keep Russia in check. 2014 NATO proposed increase of 33% in an already very large military budget.

IGOs:

OPEC is an example IGOs = International organization: An organization (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments. (Intergovernmental organizations) International organization: An organization (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments. (OPEC, NATO, AU)

Optimizing vs. satisficing:

Optimizing: Picking the very best option; contrasts with satisfying, or finding a satisfactory but less than best solution to a problem. The model of "bounded rationality" postulates that decision makers generally "satisfice" rather than optimize. vs. Satisficing: The act of finding a satisfactory or "good enough" solution to a problem. Satisficing vs. Optimizing: Optimize: would be to get the best outcome and this requires money, energy, and time. So people end up with adequate option instead of the best outcome you can do in the circumstance so it's the satisficing option.

SOPs (standard operating procedures):

Organizational process model- SOPs (standard operational procedures): under this model it's the idea that you don't reinvent the wheel, SOPs are that we have assumptions, general ideas rules.. Example driving a car. And the benefits are that we get efficiency. However, downside: new circumstance might throw you for a loop and creativity is discouraged.

Peace studies:

Peace studies shifts the focus of IR away from the interstate level of analysis to what? The field connects war and peace with what elements other than states? Shifts the focus toward a broad conception of social relations at the individual, domestic, and global level of analysis. Connecting war and peace with individual responsibility, economic inequality, gender relations, cross-cultural understanding, and other aspects of social relationships. Peace studies seek peace not just in transactions of state leaders but in the transform of entire transnational communities, and they object traditional approaches by being objective and to gain knowledge they think the best is to participate in action not just to observe. -Conflict at individual/ group level - Conflict reduction processes - Militaristic vs. peaceful attitudes - Social change and positive peace - Social movements e.g. peace movement - Nonviolent action

Structural violence:

Positive peace is usually defined to include the elimination of structural violence: poverty, hunger, and oppression as forms of structural violence because it is caused by the structure of social relations rather than by direct actions such as shooting people. People for positive peace also criticize militaristic culture- from children war toys, patriotic rituals in school just all systems of rules and existence that supports war. They want any solution other than war.

Marshall Plan:

Post War (1945) Marshall Plan Secretary of State Marshall set this forward at Harvard 1947; it concerned the Soviet Union gaining control over Western Europe The Marshall Plan provided financial support for Europe to rebuild - infrastructure and economy The Marshall plan looked at ways to stop wars, if a country was economically ruined they are more likely to cause a war, he wanted to bring economic stability to the world.

Liberal Institutionalism:

Rational actors can forgo short-term individual interests for long-term well- being of a community (which is in the individual's interests = enlightened self-interest) - AKA save the commons, do not over use or everybody loses. Enlightened self interest: cooperate with others, give something up in the short-term so in the long term we can win. Looking to the long-term interests cooperation is more important. - International cooperation is MORE rational than focusing on power-building - International cooperation is most efficiently accomplished via reciprocity exercised through international organizations (UN, WTO)

Affective bias:

Rationality of an individual cost-benefit calculations is undermined by the emotions that decision makers feel while thinking about the consequences of their actions.. Which is affective bias. (positive and negative affect refer to feelings of liking or disliking someone) - Emotions, positive or negative, can impact decisions ("affect"= emotion) When you're being emotional about something. - Ex. George W. Bush and Saddam: Some people believe that because George Bush went to Iraq because his dad did not finish the job in the first gulf war and if this is true he let his emotions get in his way. - Ex. Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam War: We stayed there way too long, and there were reports that Johnson wanted to stay until we won, he did not want to be the first president to lose a war.

Solomon Asch conformity experiment (from lecture):

Solomon Asch Experiments- looking conformity in groups (1950s): people were very interested in conformity after WWII, it's the vision test give a piece of paper and say which lines are the same with the bored and people were told to say the wrong one and people in the group said the wrong one anyway just to conform. - So groups to president can subdue to conformity hindering good decision making.

Nation-State:

States whose populations share a sense of national identity, usually including a language and culture. Shared identity coincides with state, sense of nationalism.

North-South gap

The disparity in resources (income, wealth, and power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia and Latin America. Income levels per capita are a lot greater in the North than the South ** North has 20% population and 55% goods and services then the South has 80% population while only having 45% goods and services.

Balance of Power:

The general concept of one or more states' power being used to balance that of another state or group of states. The term can refer to (1) any ratio of power capabilities between states or alliances, (2) a relatively equal ratio, or (3) the process by which counterbalancing coalitions have repeatedly formed to prevent one state from conquering an entire region. Balance of power: Counterbalancing- occurs regularly, maintenance of stability (where no central government), rules and principles (consistent over time) sovereignty is preserved. Happens over time as acting in self-interest which results in alliances and this balance is there then there's less likely for there to be a war, because not one power can trump all the others. Counterbalance happens all the time: if the USA is isolating then our allies need to form new relationships and new allies: realists say this happens all the time.

Militarism:

The glorification of war, military forces, and violence. - Where do militaristic and peaceful attitudes come from? - Militarism as structuring of society- military-industrial complex (Eisenhower) Eisenhower is very concerned- industrial complex he coined that phrase. More military means more likely to go to war. - Characteristics of peaceful societies - Militarism as an idea- glorification of war (*example by Hirsi Ali re Somali culture; Hitler's Germany; ISIS) Hirsi Ali Greco up in muslim Somali war-like clan, she's very critical of her place and rejects Islam and talks about Islamic culture and Somali culture is very warlike tendencies because they're nomadic and fight over resources. Then Hitler's Germany the Triumph of the will very militaristic, ISIS is a militarized group. - Societies can be characterized more or less militaristic

Hegemony:

The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted. A system in which one state has power over the others (may be applied by force, by structure, by practice) In international system, the state that has predominant influence over the others, the country with the most power. The hegemon can dictate power in many ways.

Cold War:

The hostile relations- punctuated by occasional periods of improvement, or detente- between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, from 1945-1990. - US and Soviet Union 1945-1990 - The ideological fight: Capitalist democracy vs. Communism - The US setup a policy of containment: the fear of communism, fear the Soviets will take over the world and the Soviets thought the same about the USA. Must not allow communism to spread, contain the Soviets. - The US Side was NATO and the Warsaw Pact was the Soviet's side - Germany was split; Berlin wall built in 1961 - "Iron Curtain" speech by Churchill: made the assumption that any and all the people behind this curtain were the enemy. - Relatively stable framework: superpowers both know that they know if one attacks then the other will too... The US deterred Soviets because they had nuclear weapons too. - Each believed other wanted world domination

Misperception (example of Khrushchev from lecture):

The mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways- along with affective and cognitive bias- in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model. (1) What are misperception, selective perception, and information screens? Give examples. - Misperception and selective perceptions: (taking in only some kinds of information) when they compile information on the likely consequences of their choices. Decision making processes must reduce and filter the incoming information on which a decision is based; the problem is that such filtration is often biased. Mis(perception) - See something we didn't, when we actually change perception on a situation - Example: Khrushchev: when he said at the UN while banging his shoe on the desk "we will bury you" and he said this during the Cold War conflict. The US interpreted him saying this in a way that they are going to kill us, they are going to attack us. However, Khrushchev said we interpreted this wrong, he was saying our capitalist system would be the end to us, it would bury us our capitalist system would bury us. 2. Selective Perception - Choose to see one thing and listen to one thing and not others; like in relationships. When you only let in certain information; reject what doesn't fit your expectations and/or view of the world.

Groupthink:

The tendency of groups to validate wrong decisions by becoming overconfident and underestimating. Groupthink- Antecedent Conditions - Insulation: if the group is insulated from the outside world they have a tendency to make decisions quickly. - High group cohesiveness : people are all similar and it might hurt decisions - Directive leadership - Lack of norms requiring methodical procedures - Member homogeneity- everyone's alike - High stress from external threats - Low hope of a better solution Symptoms of Groupthink - Illusion of invulnerability - Belief in inherent morality of group - Collective rationalization - Shared stereotypes of outgroup- make people think they are doing the right thing - Self-censorship- don't want to be the only one disagreeing - Illusion of unanimity - Pressure on dissenters- if you say no, the others would want to sway you. - Self-appointed "mindguards"- mindguards are the people we use to shame the one for not conforming for the decisions.

Compellence:

The threat of force to make another actor take some action (rather than as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action) State does something it wouldn't have by other states telling them to do it.

Deterrence:

The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one's own state or one's allies) Stop a state from doing something (it's easier because nothing actually has to be done, there's no effort)

Treaty of Westphalia:

Treaty of Westphalia 1648 established the principles of independent, sovereign states that continue to shape the international system today. Key to this system was the ability of one state, or a coalition, to balance the power of another state so that it could not gobble up smaller units and create a universal empire.

Unipolar:

a single center of power around which all others revolve (also a hegemony) Unipolar: Stable: but how evil is the leader/power hungry cause they could abuse their power

Enlightened self interest (lecture):

better in the long run like in tragedy of the commons better for everyone to keep the commons. Liberalists it would be better in the long run to have world order and world organizations.

Conflict of Ideas: nationalism

book) Identification with and devotion to the interests of one's nation. It usually involves a large group of people who share a national identity and often a language, culture, or ancestry. Nationalism: devotion to the interests of one's own nation over the interests of other states- may be the most important force in world politics in the past two centuries.

Limited War

book) Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy. Limited War: Includes military actions carried out to gain some objective short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy. US led war against Iraq in 1991 and retook the territory of Kuwait but did not go into Baghdad to topple Saddam Hussein's government. Also raids are limited wars that consist of a single action- a bombing run or a quick excursion by land. 2007 Israeli warplanes bombed a facility in Syria

Nonviolence:

hey use nonviolence as their tool to protest, no state today follows this philosophy- using no violent forms of leverage in bargaining. Gandhi fully believed that nonviolence is crucial when seeking peace. It's a tool for the powerless standing up to the injustices by the powerful, non violence is often the most cost-effective approach. Nonviolence spread in the US during the 1960s in the civil rights movement, especially by Martin Luther King Jr. - The dilemma of nonviolence is how to respond to violence. Nonviolence doesn't always succeed when faced with violence, but neither does a violent response. However, political leaders may believe they have done their duty if they respond violently without success, but not if they respond nonviolently without success. - What kinds of actions can disempowered groups take to bring about change? - Nonviolence- active process (not same as pacifism) - Unwavering commitment to peaceful process, to justice - A "tool of the powerless" - Ghandi and MLK are proponents of nonviolence approach

Non-State Actors:

including economics, culture, and domestic politics. They have increasing relevance today' National governments may be the most important actors in IR but they are strongly influenced by a variety of nonstate actors. They have increasing relevance today IOs (International Organizations) IGOs (Intergovernmental organizations) International organization: An organization (such as the United Nations and its agencies, NATO) whose members are state governments. NGOs (non-governmental organization): Non-governmental Organization: A transnational group or entity (such as Catholic Church, Greenpeace, or the International Olympic Committee) the interacts with states, multinational corporations (MNCs), other NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations Members are individuals and groups. (IGOs) ex. Greenpeace, Amnesty International. Red Cross, Lions club. MNCs (Multinational Corporations) Multinational corporation: A company based in one state with affiliated branches or subsidiaries operating, in other states. They have lots of power and sometimes criticized as undemocratic. Companies that span borders. Ex. ExxonMobil, Wal-mart, Toyota. Terrorists

Most realists assume that those who wield power while engaging in statecraft will behave as_____

rational actors.

Power

the ability or potential to influence other's behavior, as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics. Understanding Power Defining Power/ Great Power System Traditional PSC definition: Power over influence, relational, capability Book: Power is not influence itself, however, but the ability or potential to influence others. Many IR scholars believe such potential is based on specific (tangible and intangible) characteristics or possessions of states- such as their sizes, levels of income, and armed forces. This is power as capability. Capabilities are easier to measure than influence and are less circular in logic. Measuring capabilities: Requires summing up various kinds of potentials. States have varying amounts of population, territory, military forces, and so forth. The best single indicator of state power may be its GDP, Power as Capability GDP is the best single measure Material (tangible) sources: Number of tanks Natural resources Territory Population Non- material (intangible) sources: National will, nationalism Leader's legitimacy and skill Power of ideas (national identity, religion) Information

Strategy and Statecraft: What is statecraft? A key aspect of strategy is choosing what? How is fungibility a concern in making these choices?

the art of making decisions concerning state affairs in a world of power politics (that's in realist terms)Two major things in statecraft: 1. Choosing capabilities 2. Choosing strategies - Actors use strategy to pursue good outcomes in bargaining with one or more other actors. - A key in statecraft is choosing the kinds of capabilities required to develop, given limited resources, in order to maximize international influence. This requires foresight before capabilities are needed itself, yet the capabilities chosen often will not be fungible in the short term. Central dilemma: how much military to you keep in peacetime? Enough so you can defend yourself, or lots that will impact the economy.

Polarity

the polarity of an international power distribution refers to the number of independent power centers in the system. Encompasses both the underlying power of various participants and their alliance groupings. polarity: roles of power where they exist.

Tripolar:

three great centers of power are fairly rare because of the tendency of two against one alliance to form. Tripolar: Rare, because there's the tendency to pair off, two against one mentality

Bipolar:

two predominant states or two great alliance blocs; cannot agree on if this is peaceful or warlike; Cold War did seem to bring stability to great power relations. Bipolar: Cold War example. Gave stability tho because two were holding off each other.

Multipolar

typically 5 or 6 centers of power that are not grouped into alliances. Each state participates independently and on a relatively equal terms with the others. Wars typically occur often because they are trying to adjust power relations. Multipolar: has most, 5 or 6 great powers with the same power amount; this is dangerous because it doesn't last long because of fighting among them