PSC 41 Unit 4

authenticity

The degree to which a study is conducted in a setting that reflects the real world, allowing for generalizability of the result

sampling frame

The specific source used in drawing a subset of cases or individuals from the larger population

Replicability

There are enough details and transparency in all steps of the research process that other researchers could replicate the study on their own

theoretical article

An article that describes a theory or model, the accumulation of evidence that supports that theory or model, and any part of the theory or model for which there is insufficient evidence

claim

An assertion based on a given study's findings

Integrity

APA Ethical Principle that focuses on the importance of accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the work of psychologists

Institutional review boards (IRBs)

Independent groups that review human subject research to ensure Ethical Standards are met. Included in the APA Ethical Standards

convenience sampling

Nonprobability sampling technique in which participants are identified for a study because they are readily accessible to the researcher

Refinement

One of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. Researchers should use procedures that minimize harm and enhance the well-being of the animals used in research

Respect for Persons

Part of the Belmont Report that dictates researchers must treat individuals as autonomous agents and provide protection for those with diminished autonomy

introduction

First part of a research article that explains the rationale for the study and includes the study hypothesis or research question

Debriefing

Following a study's completion, researchers provide participants correct information about the study's purpose and rationale. Included in the APA Ethical Standards

APA Ethical Principles

General principles that serve as big picture goals to guide ethical conduct for psychologists. The APA Ethical Principles include: beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people's rights and dignity

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)

Independent groups that review nonhuman animal research to ensure that the animals are being treated humanely

references

Listed at the end of a scholarly work and allow you to locate the original source. Typically include the author names, year of publication, article title, journal name, journal volume, and page numbers

quota sampling

Nonprobability approach to sampling (which may consist of convenience sampling) that involves efforts to ensure that subgroups with specific characteristics are represented in appropriate numbers within the sample

population validity

One aspect of external validity; the extent to which study results from a sample can be generalized to the population of interest

Replacement

One of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. Researchers should consider methods that avoid using vertebrate animals

Reduction

One of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. Researchers should consider methods that minimize the number of animals used in the research while maximizing the information acquired

Justice

Part of the Belmont Report and APA Ethical Principles that instructs researchers to balance selection of participants and beneficiaries of research

Beneficence

Part of the Belmont Report that mandates researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits for research participants

implications

Part of the research conclusions that describe how the study results are relevant. Found in the Discussion section

Informed consent

Process of providing individuals enough information about participation in a research study prior to the beginning of that study in order to allow them to make a voluntary choice to participate. Included in the APA Ethical Standards

APA Ethics Code

Provides 5 general principles and 10 standards to guide the roles and work of psychology with the goal of upholding human and animal rights

Animal Welfare Act of 1966

Regulates all nonhuman animal care in the United States

selection bias

Sampling error that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population

simple random sampling

Sampling technique in which cases are selected individually using a chance procedure; it ensures that each individual in the sampling frame is equally likely to be selected for the sample and that the sample is truly representative of the population

multistage sampling

Sampling technique in which samples are randomly drawn first from higher-order groupings, and then from successively lower-level groupings, in order to avoid the necessity of having a sampling frame for the entire population

cluster sampling

Sampling technique in which the larger population is divided into groups, or clusters, and the researcher randomly or systematically chooses clusters and collects data from the participants in the chosen clusters

snowball sampling

Sampling technique in which the researcher begins with a relatively small sample but asks each respondent to recruit additional participants

probability sampling

Sampling technique in which the size and compilation of the population is known and participants are chosen from the population such that the researcher can calculate the probability of any given person being chosen for the sample

systematic sampling

Sampling technique that involves using a set interval instead of a random interval to choose participants from a sampling frame

stratified sampling

Sampling technique that uses a sampling frame for each subgroup in proportion to that subgroup's proportion of the overall population

nonprobability sampling

Sampling technique used when it is impossible or impractical to use probability sampling techniques. Nonprobability sampling does not allow for the probabilities to be calculated, typically because the exact size and compilation of the population is not known

method section

Section of a research article that explains how the authors conducted the study; this typically includes a description of the participants, the manipulated variable(s), the measured variable(s), and the procedures for the study

discussion section

Section of a research article that puts the study in context of what is already known from previous research and typically includes limitations, contributions, and implications

Ethics

Set of principles agreed upon by a group

abstract

Short summary of a research study typically found at the beginning of a journal article.

scholar

Someone with an advanced degree who has rigorous training in research methodology and a particular specialty area

APA Ethical Standards

Ten specific guidelines that must be followed to ensure ethical conduct for psychologists. Standards important to research include those that: ensure privacy and confidentiality, participant's right to withdraw, informed consent, deception and debriefing, institutional review boards, and protection for nonhuman animals.

citations

appear in the body of a paper and point the reader to the references (also known as in-text citations)

result section

Section of a research article that presents the findings from study

Respect for people's rights and dignity

APA Ethical Principle that emphasizes respect, dignity, and worth of individuals, independent of their differences, guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

APA Ethical Principle that mandates protection from harm, based on the welfare and rights of humans and the welfare of animals

Fidelity and Responsibility

APA Ethical Principle that suggests that psychologists build trust, conduct their business professionally, cooperate with others, and provide responsible services

Research or empirical article

An article that describes the method and results of a study

narrative review article

An article that provides a critical synthesis of published empirical articles

article analysis

An examination of an article that focuses on the quality of the research question being addressed, the hypothesis, the method, forms of data analysis, and the authors' interpretation of the results

Morality

Personal principles of right and wrong

Fraud

The misinterpretation of facts, or lying

Informed consent form

A factual document that contains the required informed consent information and may require a participant's signature

academic journal

A journal that publishes articles that have been reviewed and accepted by experts on the article topic

meta-analysis

A quantitative synthesis of a body of research on a topic that combines the results of previously published studies

direct replication

A replication study in which researchers follow the same procedures as the original research study with different groups of participants

representative sample

A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population in the same proportion as in the population

scholarly source

A source (article, chapter, book) that was written by an expert or scholar, has been reviewed by other experts on the topic, and includes scientific evidence

Falsification

A type of fraud that involves altering research materials, processes, or results so the research recorded or presented is not a true representation of the research

Fabrication

A type of fraud that involves making up dating or results and reporting them

Conflict of Interest

A type of fraud that involves not disclosing when a researcher's perspective or situation may influence the outcome of a study

Belmont Report

Contains ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Consists of three core principles: respect for persons, beneficence, justice

Intellectual property rights

Creations of the mind that are considered a product (i.e., property) of an individual

secondary source

Discusses evidence that has already been published elsewhere and does not include new research evidence

Right to Withdraw

Even after individuals agree to participate in research, they may change their minds and opt out of the project at any point with no negative consequences. Included in the APA Ethical Standards

internal validity

The degree to which an experiment is free from flaws in its internal structure; the degree to which its methodology meets the criteria for establishing causality

external validity

The extent to which research findings generalize to populations, cultures, situations, and settings that differ from the original experiment or study

primary source

The original (first) source of information regarding a specific study, written by the same researchers who conducted the study

Privacy and confidentiality

The practice of not disclosing personal or identifying information about a participant beyond what is necessary for carrying out the study. Included in the APA Ethical Standard

Risk-benefit analysis

The procedure an institutional review board uses for deciding if the potential harm of a research study outweighs the benefits of the research outcome

literature review

The process of reading and critically synthesizing what is already known (what has been written) about a topic

Three Rs

Three strategies for making ethical decisions regarding animal research including replacement, refinement, and reduction

Plagiarism

Use of the words, ideas, processes, or results of others without properly citing the source

replication

When a research study is repeated with a different group of participants or a slight change to the context or methodology

Social desirability

When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to avoid sharing something they feel may make them look bad

Self-fulfilling prophecy

When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to what they think should be the answer

Deception

When the information initially provided to participants in a research study is incomplete or inaccurate in order to prevent participants from knowing the true purpose of the study. Included in the APA Ethical Standards