PSCI 131 American Foreign Policy Final

Kyoto Protocol

1997, International Treaty on Climate Change. Acknowledges CC is happening, IPCC model, puts rules in places to reduce GG, seen as progressive BUT US doesn't ratify, feels it violates sovereignty and unfair, lighter restrictions on "developing" countries (China & India). If some don't follow, unfair advantage.

Hurricane Katrina

2005 natural disaster, very deadly and very costly Huge damage hurt economy, but big example of enivronemental importance to US and national security

Green Revolution

2009 huge protests in Iran in attempt to overthrow government after a controversial presidential election. People die Obama stays out: uncertain if election wasa fraud, but mostly didn't want to sabatoge his plan to deal with Iran. Show's Obama reluctance towards the ME and hands off approach. Tied with unilateralism?

European Union

28 European Countries make up, standard system of politics and economics. Free movement of goods, people, services, and capital Global governance/institutions. Brexit happens, shows break. Populism

National Security

Affected by CC. If sea levels rise, naval bases end up underwater. Extreme weather events like Hurricanes. Econ/Security implications, Northwest Passage

A2/AD

Anti-Access/Area Denial, prevents enemy from entering area. Can be land, sea, air, whatever. A2 = hard to enter AD= hard to occupy. "China and Iran are bigged two, makes it tough to operate in their physical space. If Iran goes wild, how can we get in and secure oil? (Hamiltonian)"

ASEAN

Association of SE Asian Nations- 10 nations including the Phils, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand. Regional org promoting economic development, independence, and cooperation between nations. Maybe a way to prevent China from doiminating, even though the GDP of China is still larger than ASEAN as a whole. Concepts: International Institutions- entrench relations between states. Caught in the middle of Thuc. Trap- countries in Asia do not want to be caught in between and forced to pick a side. Global Governance.

Taiwan Strait

Body of water between Taiwan and China in South China Sea Taiwan is last buffer between China and US bases (Guam) and Pacific. "Unmovable Aircraft Carrier" China always puts ships in the straight so theres a lot of conflict. Big trade route, could choke China in

Offshore balancing

Build up regions/allies around a hostile power to check/balance their power What we're doing with China. Arm Korea, Japan, make them stronger to hedge against Chinese power. Thucydides Trap, New World order. Getting away from "crusader state" policies, staying on the outside, not really isolationist

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Busby Scientific intergovernmental body under UN dedicated to the task of providing the world with a scientific view of climate change and its poltical and economic consequences Long term conseuqences of climate change real bad, varies by region. Crops, oceans, economy will be hurt,

Extraterritorial Threat

Busby Threat to US interest outside US borders. Includes people and assets overseas as well as how threats to world affect US "Busby claims that climate change poses ET to US. Hurt oversea bases, allied countries, the global economy, US getting drawn into disasters (refugees?), and makes countries vunerable (failed states). Tie to Jeffersonianism, keep domestic interest in mind?

People's Liberation Army

China's army, largest standing army in the world on 2.3 million.

Kim Jong-un

Chubby Supreme Leader of North Korea. Has lashed out at US, violated many sanctions made many threats. Lots of financial support from China You know when you cut your finger nail too deep and get that little piece of skin that is hanging off the end, so you pull it off then it hurts like a bitch for a while? Nothing serious just enough so you notice and are kind of annoyed but not enough that you actually need to do anything like get a bandaid. That's basically what this fat **** is to the US

Hassan Rouhani

Current Leader of Iran, more moderate than predecessors, was willing to work deal with US. Wants sanctions gone Ran on improving western relations and thus far has, Iran Deal, has generally made Iran a more liberal state, civil rights. Shows shift towards better US relations. Power still limited, under Supreme Leader Ayatollah

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Current President of Egypt. As military commander before pres, headed anti-muslim attacks

Fidel Castro

Dictator of Cuba to 2016. Very anti-US Cuban Missile Crisis, caused US tensions for many years, aligned with Venezeula Chaves against US and USSR in CW, since his death relations have thawed, Cuba open to US again

Hugo Chavez

Dictator of Venezuela until 2013 alligned with Castro agaisnt US

global governance

Durch Political cooperation among transnational actors aimed at negotiating problems that affect more than one state or nation Manage public, transactional (trade), and ecological spaces. Affect the balance of power, economy, and lives of constituents. Requires balance of justice and security to succeed. Some argue our involvment globally hurts us (no compelling interests, unconsti.) others say not true (Transnationalist: should blend both, be open to other nations = global perspective, to deny hurts US citizens abroad)

International Criminal Court

Durch Prosecutes for war crimes and crimes against humanity Sovereignty, US doesn't join because they could try their military and that takes away our rights to do so, US a target for charges since big and powerful. Ineffective, gets African warlords but not the big guys

"just security"

Durch The intersection between justice and security Primarily the responsibility of states (R2P kicks in) but Key to global governance; Both concepts enhance each other: Not just stabilize, but look at root of problem. security makes justice more stable, more urgent with security concerns, makes justice irreversible (stable). Justice addresses cause of insecurity, balances short-termism with long term justice goals, and expands constituency of security goals (root)

G20

Durch international forum for government of 20 major industrial countries/economies. 85% of GDP form of global governance, but flawed in a just-security sense, not instiutionalised. "G20+" would further integrate foreign economic, social, and environmental approaches to international issues. Closer ties, more concrete connections/aid (including with UN)

Viktor Yanukovych

Former President of Ukraine. Currently exiled in Russia and wanted in Ukraine for high treason. Rejeted EU for closer ties with Russia, bailout. Protest broke out, led to deadly clashes between civilians and police, almost Civil War. He flees, they reset. Shows the demographic split in Ukraine that is causing problems now with NATO (half russian, half US/democratic)

1979 Taiwan Relations Act

Gets rid of mutual defense treaty with Taiwan to make China happy, but establish an informal relationship with Taiwan (Republic of China). Doesn't ally or recognize, which would piss off China, but says US will protect from China "China doesn't like that we protect them, but we recognize them as only China which is good. Prevent humanitarian disaster from occuring on Taiwan, a democracy, lots of Taiwanese in US. Wilsonianism?"

Thucydides Trap

Graham T. Allison An established power fears a rising power, starts build up, escalates to war Possibly happenign with China. NY Times ran an add saying was

geopolitics of trade

Harris Geopolitics = influenced by geogrpahical features/territory. During Cold War, had huge influence on all policy, including trade. After Cold War, we have no terrirtory to target in FP, so trade and geopolitics no longer related. With rise of Russia and China, more relevant again. TPP is an example of trade policy based on a geographic area, meant to curb China

Trans-Pacific Partnership

Harris TPP, Obama trade agreement, all democracies and countries w/ China problems in Pacific. Deepen econ ties b/w 12 countries, bolster trade. US withdrew under Trump "Meant to facilitate trade, reduce non-tariff barriers - ""bureacracies and red tape"" (ex. Customs taking a year to go through, discourages trade). Resist China's influence in region. Critics say it cost US jobs for big business benefits

North American Free Trade Agreement

Harris? NAFTA, US Canada and Mexico agreement for free trade, eliminates tariffs between them to increase unrestricted trade Big gains for Mexico, modest for US and Canada. Low mexico wage lowers US wages and cost jobs but makes prices lower in general and increases GDP. Hotly debated, Trump said he'd dump, shifted to renegotiate. We'll see what he does. Geopolitics of trade, Hamiltonian,

ISAF

International Security Assistance Force. NATO led security mission in Afghanistan. Goal to secure Kabul and rid Taliban, train Afghan troops to defend/rebuild govt. NATO Article 5 first use - collective defense Other NATO members contributing, which US was resistant to after 9/11. US in the ME/anti-terrorism, NATO's role as a peacekeeper. Wilsonianism - pushing peace around globe + insitution - global governance, collective defense

Global War on Terror

International military movement following 9/11 against terrorist groups and regimes that support them. Center of US FP post-9/11 Wars have changed, not conventional boots on the ground, drone strikes, MOAB

Intermestic Issue

International relations that are both diplomatic and economic Hamiltonaian in nature, combining diplomacy and commerce

ISIS

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, terro group Part of IS, major terror group, Anti-americanism. New World Order

House of Morgan

JP Morgan JPM loaned all money to US and foreign nationals before we created the Fed. Globalization, helped us expand

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

Jordan jihadist that led insurgencies against US in Iraq War Problems with insurgency, anti-Americanism, terrorism

"Breakout" timeline

Kahl Iran: Time required to enrich enranium Iran Deal lengthens this timeline by 1 or 2 months, sets inspection rules that give countries plenty of time to attack. Kahl argues that we shouldn't attack, no gurantee it would push back timeline/desire to develop and would put heat on US from allies, make us bad guys

Globalization

Kirshner Businesses develop international influence or start operatong internationally. Expands US markets around the world and therefore increases output for the US, but also has negatives. Reduces autonomy, affects balance of poweer (makes US more powerful) and attracts violence to US (terror groups)

Hypermedia environment

Kirshner New advanced communications technology - computers, phones, internet, fax, satellite Globalization. Dramatic expansion as of late, can actually be a downfall for non-liberal states as infor gets out, makes US look good. Increases social impact

Balance of Power

Kirshner Relative power of states, international secuirty is better when no one nation can domiante all other -- military Post Cold War, US becomes unipolar power, balance of power shifted. Hypermedia can hurt non-liberal regimes, infro gets out

Marketization

Kirshner exposure of an industry to market forces and how it affects the social structure "politically charged consequence" of globalization. Clashes with value structures of country: national, cultural, ideological, religion. Good for US as industries are opened up, but bad for smaller countries/business that can't compete with US prices/get changed = anti-americanism

Cyber-warfare

Kirshner use of computer tech to disrupt activites of a state or organization, espeically deliberate attack of info systems for strategic/military purposes Globalization and tech advances make us more reliant on tech, new vulnerabilites. hyper media environment, we are more suceptible to cyber attacks

Additional Protocol I of Geneva Convention

Kyle/Firth/Fonte 1977 Amendment to GC that states when people are fighting against colonialization, occupation, or racism it is an international conflict. Not ratified by US, but ICC cites as law Focus on human rights after WWII, increased collective security, avoid war; some claim creates conflict with traditional international law, Pre-R2P? Creates conflicts, we don't agree with it but inter. Law follows it = deprive US of its sovereignty (decide how to handle international conflicts)

state sovereignty

Kyle/Firth/Fonte, Durch, McD, pretty much anyone Ability of a state to be independent and have control over their own actions and governance Some question how organizations of global governance affect this. Some say they force us into action w/o congress' say (R2P)

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Leader of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant/ Syria (ISIL or ISIS), created in 2013 Leads terror group in Libya, Iraq, Syria, and Afghan. Terror attacks, terrorism, anti-americanism (was retained by us for awhile)

Interagency community

Like the Bureacratic Model

Eurasian Economic Union

Like the EU but in Northern Eurasia. Members include Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan Sphere of Influence, Global Governance

"Leading from behind"

Lizza (New Yorker, Obama Arab Spring) Describes Obama Strategy in Libya. "Shepherding from behind the herd" Still involved and giving input, but not leading the military charge. Reflects Obama policy to stay out of ME. US had to be involved somehow with NATO going in, but didn't want to use military. Let others pull weight in NATO. Balance of power

"Belligerent minimalism"

Lynch Trump's ME FP. Says a lot, beligerent rhetoric, but in reality it's no coherent, doesn't mean anything. Trump has chnaged a lot of his campaign policy promies, shows structural obstacles of all presdient, can't always do what they want. Bush wanted to stay out of ME completely, then had 9/11 thrown at him, complete 180 switch. Jacksonian Plan: pride and saying whatever you want

Mixed global order

Mazarr Give other powers more say in issues USA won't always get its way, let others have some say to maintain biggest goals: freedom of sea, terrorism, etc. How US must change while in decline

Panama Canal

Mead Artificial waterway in Panama that connects Atlantic and Pacific Major trade route, made global trading much easier, expand globalization, "Open Door" and free trade. Hamiltonians stressed importance of globalization

Hamiltonianism

Mead Hamiltonian School of AFP: focus on economics, promote Am. Commerce home and abroad. model after UK, use econ to prevent conflicts. Zero sum and Positive Sum, Freedom of the Seas Early Ham. Completely changes post WWII as globalization becomes prominent

Open Door Policy

Mead Keep trade open with China and all should trade on equal basis. Don't split China up, imperialism. promotion of free trade, freedom of the seas, Hamiltonianism. Do what it takes to achieve this, even if that means imperialism at times (although Ham not explicitly imperialistic)

"Special Relationship"

Mead Relationship between US and UK Hamiltonians wanted to base FP off Britain, expand economy and keep out of conflict. With the decline of UK after WWII, this relationship becomes less reliant. US ahead, no longer follows

"Red State America"

Mead States in strong supprot of Reagan and W. Bush. Lack of faith/suscpicion in European powers. While Europe thinks its rising, RSA thinks it's a sinking ship, even when together can't take on US power. Think we're probably better off on our own (leave NATO). Europe can only really affect our trade, were too strong for other things, cant use force on us. "Americans cannot be kicked into submission, but we are easily kissed into bed". Unilateralism, Jacksonianism/Jeffersonian

Nonreciprocal veto

Mead When US and EU disagree, EU is one ogranization and 20 separate votes, "vetos" US, but don't offer same to US. Europe wants US us there when they want us, but not when they don't want us. They're fearful of US power rise Applies to sovereignty, global governance. US doesn't have right to do what they want. Can be forced into situations that EU decrees worthy. Red State see this as deranged, Europe thinks it has more power than it does

Serpents and doves

Mead Wise as serpents and innocent as doves = realistic vs idealistic beliefs Hamiltonians are serpents, continental realists. Very commercial oriented, not much focus on human rights, get economy good and rest will be fine

DIME (Diplomatic, Information, Military, and Economic)

Missions use multiple parts of government to get the job done. Recently military has taken the lead role while DI take the backseat. More efficient if all are used. Connects to interagency, bureacratic model (Allison)

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

Multilateral bank to support development of Asian Pacific, located in China. US is not a member

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

NPT, 1970 treaty resigned 1995, non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals Prevents proliferation and maintains international weapon stability. Some scrutiny says wants to keep nukes in hands of select few. Weapon states defined as those before 1967, so US, Russia, China, UK, France. Other countries that want nukes back out/never sign: Israel, Pakistan, India, NK

Verification procedures

Nuclear Weapons checks used by the International Atomic Energy Agency Iran Deal

New START Treaty

Obama Speech/Kimball New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. 2010 agreement b/w US and Russia that reduces limit of deployable nukes to 1550. Reduced number of nukes we had ready, increase in cooperation and global security. Obama wanted to reduce more, to somewhere around 1000-1100. Scaling back good secuity (still have plenty) and would be economical, but Russia wants to keep

Asia Pivot

Obama foreign policy shift, focus on Asia. Improve relations, expand trade, bolster military presense/alliances Distinct change in status quo. Europe unhappy, feels like turning back on them, China feels like were trying to contain them. Stengthens allies confidence that well be there for them

Crimea

Pennisula between Ukraine and Russia. Western Ukraine pro-democ, eastern pro-Russia Huge issue in FP, Russia doesn't want NATO to get - buffer, NATO doesn't want Russia to get. Western part is very Russian, popular opinion wants to join - Almond-Lippman. US promotes democracies, Wilsonianism

America First

Policy of the Trump Admin, peace through stength and rebalancing for the US Similar to Jacksonian Policy: strength, nationalsim, unilateralism. Could also relate to Jeffersonain, handle domestic issues first

Deng Xiaoping's maxim

Political and economic idealogy by DX, doesn't reject Marxism or Mao, but seeks to adapt them to fit current socioeconomics in China Expands upon socioeconomics changes in China, a shift towards capitalism

Hosni Mubarak

President/Dictator of Egypt. Overthrown in 2011, resigned and was imprisoned. Hypermedia - uprising got strength through social media. CNN affect to

Civil-military relations

Relationships between heads of state and military. Don't always see eye to eye Allison - how decision making is done, 3 Schools (Org, Burea, Rational)

Dmitri Medvedev

Russian President 08-12 when Putin took a break, current PM. Was more liberal than Putin, signed New START and helped reduce tensions between the US Arms reduction and cooperation with US, rebalance of power

Bab al-Mandeb

Strait between Yemen and Arabian Penninsula, connects Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Critical for trade in ME, oil. Freedom of The Seas, Hamiltonianism

NATO Intervention in Libya

Supposed to go in as R2P to prevent slaughter in Benghazi, end up removing Gaddafi from power "First test of R2P and a big failure. Russia and China allowed because thought it would be short humanitarian in Beng. Turned into govt overthrow, long campaign. Breaks trust, makes R2P unlikely to be voted in future. Humantarian Intervention, Wilsonian"

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

Supreme leader of Iran, has final say on everything country does. Iran Deal, Almond-Lippman

Hay-Pauncefort Treaty

Treaty b/w US and UK in 1901 that gave the US right to build Panama Canal, change from 1850 that stated no one country could Shows change in Special Relationship, US becoming equal. Opens up free tradc, connects Atlantic-Pacific. Very Hamiltonian, UK relations and free trade promotion, Alexander just blew his load

Right-sizing approach

Use just enough to get the job done, no more no less. Obama strategy in Middle East. Pull back a little and don't get involved, but don't leave completely, basically ween the area off US. Why didn't go into Syria, led from behind in Libya. Basically don't overdo it, just chill Offshore balancing

Most Favored Nation

WTO, status granted to members that guarantee equal trade treatment. Hamiltonian. Promotion of free trade, cooperation between international states. Many free trade benefits: increases in trade, prevents protectionism, allows smaller countries to participate

Northwest Passage

Waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific up north of Canada. Used to be frozen over, so was unusable, but is opening up due to CC. Would be major trade route if thaws. Many countries have claims since they hold land there (Russia, Canada, US, etc). US would have to patrol and protect, making it a poltical, econ, and security issue. If submarines could get in, also makes it a huge nuclear threat

Color Revolutions

Wave of Revolutions in former Soviet countries in early 2000s to advocate democracy agaisnt authoritarian/communism. Mostly nonviolent, carried over into the Middle East "Affects of Populism on FP Wilsonianism years later? Lead into Arab Spring"

Populism

Zakaria, McD talks some too Politics for the "little guy" says it fights the elite for the avergae class citizen. Politics based on popular opinion. Can lead to pandering and inconsistent policy platforms. Trump is basically a populist which explains why his policies have varied so much

Raqqa

city in Syria, captured by Syrian rebels and then by ISIS and is now their capital in Syria Major target for airstrikes by US, Syrian Government, Russia

Arms Race

competition and build up of weapons between two countries as both attend to achieve superiority We do often, especially in cold war, leads to proliferation around the world. Horizontal (get some) for countries like India and Pakistan. Prisoner's Dilemma

Mosul

major city in Northern Iraq. Under control of ISIS, currently under siege by the Iraq military

Pesh Merga

military forces of Kurdish Iraq helped wage war on Sadamm, ISIS. In Syria now

Missile Defense

system, weapon, or tech that handles incoming missile attacks