PSCI 231

Naturalization Act of 1790

Granted citizenship to free white aliens who had lived in the US and had showed good behavior for two years, who expressed the intention of remaining in the US, and who took an oath of allegiance o Fifteen different Naturalization Acts were passed between 1790 and 1854, and they all included the language "free white person." This language did not change until after 1870

What established racial and ethnic inequality in America?

Slavery

WEB Du Bois's Major Theory- the Talented Tenth

o "The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races" o Once some Black people become educated, they can help educate the rest of their race o BUT the education shouldn't be just the vocational training, it should be higher education, preferably the best education (he went to Harvard!)

President Ruther B Hayes and Yellow Peril

o "the present Chinese invasion... should be discouraged. Our experience in dealing with the weaker races- the Negroes and Indians- is not encouraging... I would consider with favor any suitable measures to discourage the Chinese from coming to our shores"

Running timeline to citizenship

o 1857: Dred Scott Court Decision, slaves and their descendants could never be citizens o 1863: Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the South and 13th Amendment (1864) outlawed slavery o 1866: Civil Rights Act and the 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States

Immigration trends since 1850s

o All time low in about 1970, all time high in 2016 o Since 2009, the percentage of immigrants who are Asian has exceeded that of those who are Hispanic

Race and the constitution

o Article I. Section 2: Slaves count as 3/5 a person when deterring state populations o Article I. Section 9: Congress cannot prohibit the important of slaves prior to 1808 o Article IV. section 2: slaves who escape to states where slavery is illegal must be returned to their owners

Citizenship for Asian-Americans

o Beginning in 1848, Asian-Americans, primarily Japanese and Chinese immigrants, were imported as cheap labor for gold mining in California and expanding the railroad to the Pacific coast o In 1852, the California legislature passed a foreign miners tax on Chinese miners if they did not become citizens o However, the 1790 naturalization act stated that citizenship was only for white persons o Government officials decided if a Chinese miner was white enough for citizenship on case-by-case basis by looking at individuals, which increased individuals' affinity for whiter skin tones

Example of the Third School

o Black Wall Street (Tulsa, 1921) o Greenwood was stricty segregated from the rest of the city, but still it flourished. It was home to black lawyers, business owners, and doctors- including Dr. AC Jackson, who was considered the most skilled black surgeon in America and had a net worth of $100,000 • Why did this community not only succeed, but thrive? o The dollar circulated 36 to 100 times, sometimes taking a year for currency to leave the community, all the professionals and business owners in the community were Black! o Now, a dollar leaves the Black community in 15 minutes. In the black community today, individuals spend their money at white businesses more often • What happened to Greenwood? o It was burned to the ground by racists who disapproved of black success

Missouri Compromise

o By 1818, when Missouri petitioned to become a member of the Union, there were 22 states, 11 free and 11 slave states. Thus, which type of state Missouri would become started a fierce debate between the North and South o The petition of Maine to join the union in 1820 ended the debate by accepting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state o The Missouri Compromise also stated that all property North of the Louisiana purchase would be free territory and everything south of the border would allow slavery. o This set up the makings for the Dred Scott Case

Constitution

o Citizenship is necessary if you want to be a member of the two main political parties, vote, or become a congressional member, governor, or president

Legacy of Slavery (Important!)

o Colorism: Individuals offer preferential treatment to people of the same color (in places like the US with more light colored people, you will get more preferential treatment if you are light colored) o Colorism and the Doll Experiment: Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark presented children with a white doll and a black doll and asked them which they preferred. Black children in both segregated and integrated communities preferred the white doll. Perhaps there is such a significant preference for whiteness in our society that even black individuals prefer it o Light Skinned political candidates are viewed more favorably than dark skinned candidates o Liberal American students tend to think that lighter photos of Barack Obama are more typical of him, while conservatives think he is best represented by darker photos o Whites who currently live in Southern counties that had high shares of slaves in 1860 are more likely to identify as a Republican, oppose affirmative action, and express racial resentment and colder feelings toward blacks

Descriptive data

o Describing the data but not proposing any predictions or relationships o Example: demographic breakdown of the Democratic electorate, what kinds of behavior do people consider to constitute racism?

Dred Scott case

o Dred Scott was born into a slave state, Missouri, but his slave owner took him to the free state of Illinois and the territory of Wisconsin. After the slave owner died, his property passed on to his widow. She wanted Scott back as a slave in Missouri. o Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost in the Supreme Court o The Supreme Court declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional o The Court declared it violated the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution, which prohibits Congress from depriving persons of their property without due process of law. o This ruling states that one's property rights trump human rights in a peak example of classical liberalism

Racial formation

o Essentialism vs constructivism (things that are innate and naturally occurring vs things that are created by society and politics) o Race does not stay static over time, it has changed a lot as a concept relatively quickly o Social, political, economic, and other processes come together to determine what race is

Hispanic vs Latino vs Latinx

o Hispanic: individuals form Spanish-speaking origin or ancestry (includes Spain) o Latino: Any person of Latin American descent residing in the US (includes Brazil, but not Spain) o Latinx: This is the gender-neutral alternative to Latino

Other examples of black nationalist perspectives

o Historically Black Colleges and Universities o Spelman College, Howard University, Hampton University, Morehouse College, Xavier University of Louisiana, Fisk University o In these communities there are predominantly black professors, black students, black guidance counselors

Chinese Exclusion Act

o In 1882: "Hereafter no State Court or Court of the United States shall admit Chinese to citizenship; and all laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed"

Citizenship and Rights to political power

o In a Democracy, the most important right that a citizen has to influence government is the power of the vote o The issue of suffrage was left to the state. If an individual meets the requirement to vote in the state in which he or she resides, then that individual is eligible to vote in national elections o This is laid out in Article IV, section 2 of the constitution

Stokley Carmichael and Charles Hamilton

o Individual Racism vs institutional racism

Hyper-descent

o Mixed race individuals are classified as part of the "superior" group o Often has to do with when to classify people as Native American, you have to reach a certain threshold to be counted as Native American, individuals who were 1/36 Native American did not count as Native American o This limits the number of individuals who can receive benefits from the government/land rights that come from Native American claims

*Yellow Peril*

o Refers to a Western fear that Asians, Chinese in particular, would invade western lands and corrupt their values and democracy. A racist philosophy that stoked xenophobia in the 1800s.

Side note: in 2019, Duke Professor Asks Students to Stop Speaking Chinese

o Said students should only speak English when they are on campus o Yellow Peril, the idea that Asians will corrupt the culture, is part of this attitude

"Free white person"

o Scholar Dr. Sidney Lewis Gulick wrote in 1918: "the reason for the adoption of the phrase "free white person" was manifestly the conviction that Indians and slaves, since they did not understand our life and political system, were not freemen and, therefore, were not fitted to be members of the body politic, nor to exercise the duties and responsibility of citizenship" o It's not just about skin color, but the experiences that come with it

Regression

o Shows the predicted relationship between two or more variables o For this class, we're interested in linear regressions (also called "OLS")

Was citizenship reserved for whites?

o Some of the founders were commissioned to create a new national seal that would be representative of the countries from which colonist of the new nation had originated. These countries included: England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, and Holland. Africans and Indians were left out of the discussion o Even though two of the six Indian tribes fought alongside the colonists- including the most powerful tribe, Oneidas- the new American nation only viewed them as potential allies and not as citizens. To be fair, the other four tribes, o These events, combined which others, suggest that the "one people" phrase that Jefferson used in the constitution was referring to only Whites

Hypo-descent

o Specific to American conception of racial hierarchy o Similar to "one drop rule" o If you have any percentage of black heritage, you are counted as black o This expands the black population, which is helpful for the "superior" group to increase slave populations and the increase population of individuals that white people have power over

Color line

o Term popularized by WEB Dubois o A boundary that separates how black and white Americans are treated, sometimes it is visible segregation and sometimes it is more subtle

Citizenship for Hispanics: Former Mexican Territory

o The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 o The US obtained portions of what is now Arizona, New Mexico, California, Colorado, Texas, Nevada, Utah, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming o Mexicans living in those areas did not get citizenship o Many property rights were never honored (central for the Chicano movement) o As for citizenship, Black Mexicans complicated the act of extending citizenships o Here, race is tainting ethnic identities. The explicit beginnings of race and ethnicity sharing a similar fate.

What about Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans?

o The US annexed Puerto Rico in 1899. Immediately after the US acquisition, they were not citizens. It was not until 1917, with the Jones Act, that citizenship was granted with stipulations for those living on the island o The census reports roughly 5,000 Cubans living in America in 1870. However, the majority of Cubans came to America after 1959. Interestingly, up until 1980, 96 percent of Cubans were considered White under the naturalization acts and thus could receive citizenship o Interestingly, this difference in how Puerto Ricans and Cubans got citizenship contributed to political differences between the groups, such as how Cubans are more likely to be Republicans and Puerto Ricans are more likely to identify with the Democratic party

Model minority myth

o The idea that racial discrimination is not prevalent or significant enough to prevent success in the US because of the success of some Asian Americans o Masks diversity in the Asian American community

Racialization

o The incorporation of race into a concept/process that was not previously race-related/race-based o For example, the process of slavery becoming a racial practice o Additional example: as healthcare became associated with Obama and Obamacare, people's attitudes on healthcare became based on race

What about immigrants?

o This new government still had to deal with the problem of foreigners. This also offers insight into a "white only" foundation

• Questioning Citizenship- Trump Tweet

o Trump tweets: "So interesting to see Progressive Democrat Congresswomen, who originally came from countries whose governments are a complete and total catastrophe, the worst, most corrupt and inept anywhere in the world... Why don't they go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came" o He was referring to Reps AOC, Omar, Tlaib, and Pressley o In reality, the only one who was not born in the US is Omar, who moved to the US at age 10 and got citizenship o They had a press conference declaring that they belong in the US and grew up here o All are women of color! Usually when the president attacks someone's citizenship, it is a person of color (Birther movement)

Double Consciousness

• "It is a peculiar sensation... this sense of always looking at one's self thought the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness, an American, a Negro; two sould, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder" -Du Bois

Under what authority could the colonies make such a petition?

• "They are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" • Colonists were given these rights by God

To give a flavor of discrimination

• 1870- Congress approves the Naturalization Act, barring Chinese from obtaining US citizenship • 1893- In Fong Yue Ting v United States, the US Supreme court rules that Congress has the power to expel the Chinese • 1925- Chinese wives of American citizens are denied entry

Another victory in the 1950s: Hernandez vs Texas (1954)

• A Mexican American civil rights Supreme Court case that ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal protection to all racial groups, not just blacks and whites

Beginnings of Resistances

• A Philip Randolph, the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union, and Bayard Rustin, a political activist and one-time organizer for the Yong Communist League, propose a march on Washington to protest racial discrimination in the expanding war industries and in the military • They hoped to organize 10,000 African-Americans to march in Washington, D.C. "for jobs in national defense and equal integration in the fighting forces"

Standard error

• A numerical value that describes the accuracy of the coefficient

Statistical significance

• A numerical value that indicates the probability that your relationship deviates from the null hypothesis (in which nothing happens, or nothing more than usual). In other words, the relationship between two variables is significant. • Statistical significance= (coefficient estimate)/(standard error)

Coefficient estimate

• A numerical value that indicates the slope of the regression line. Substantively, it informs of the impact that an independent variable has on the dependent variable

Variables

• A quantified characteristic, trait, or outcome • Examples: o Race of a person o Party of a person o Whether a person supports a racist idea o Number of minority bills congress produces o Decision to go to class

New Deal (FDR 1933)

• A series of legislative acts, executive orders, and presidential proclamations that sought not only to secure individual security but also to remedy the broader economic problems that underlay the Great Depression • The New Deal also looked to help the unemployed and the poor, which disproportionately consisted of minorities

Jim Crow Laws Review

• A set of laws that segregated groups of society based upon their race or ethnicity. These laws, however, were put in place to provide a society that was "Separate but Equal"

Jim Crow Laws

• A set of laws that segregated groups of society based upon their race or ethnicity. These laws, however, were put in place to provide a society that was, "separate but equal" (Plessy v Ferguson)

Correlations

• A statistical measure that calculates the strength of a relationship between two variables • Some variables have a stronger relationship than others

Regression analysis

• A statistical method that calculates the strength of a relationship of two or more variables • Runs an algorithm to figure out how strong or weak the relationship is

Linear Regression

• A statistical method that incorporates a linear approach to model the relationship of two or more variables • An assumption with linear regression analysis is that the relationship will mimic a linear relationship, that the trend will continue to go along the same rate • Linear regression tends to be the go-to choice. However, not all relationships are linear • We can use a linear regression to create a formula for the relationship between two variables

Civil rights movement

• A struggle for social justice that took place in the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to acquire equal rights under the law in the United States. This struggle often involved protest activities, such as rallies, marches, demonstrations, sit-ins, and even riots

Freedom

• Abraham Lincoln establishes the Emancipation of Proclamation in 1863 • "And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" • There were certain limitations of the Emancipation of Proclamation: o Freedom was originally given to slave states under Confederate control o Slaves under Union control were not free • The political environment shaped slaves' freedom and ushered in the 13th Amendment: o Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

What is freedom?

• African American experience led to Universal Freedom o Natural rights (inherit in one's humanity) o Civil rights (equality of treatment under the law) o Political rights (voting and political engagement) o Social rights (freedom to choose personal and business associates) o Freedom as autonomy (self-determination, pride, and self-respect) o Collective deliverance (liberation of group from external control)

Geographical Distribution

• African Americans tend to be in the greatest concentrations in the southeast • Latinos tend to be in the greatest concentrations in the southwest • Asian Americans tend to be in the greatest concentrations on the west coast and northeast • White Americans tend to be most concentrated in middle America and the northeast

Beginnings of Slavery: 1660s Focused on Blacks

• Africans were an ideal solution to a labor problem o Difficult to run away because they didn't know the terrain o They were easily identified as "outsiders" because of their skin tone o They had high immunity to malaria and yellow fever o They were skilled at taking care of tropical crops o There was an endless supply of blacks coming from Africa through the Middle Passage o They were perceived as being heathens and thus could be chastised with greater force

Race as the driving force of slavery

• Africans were seen as having an inferior culture • The use of "master" was used and Christianity was enforced • In the few cases where Africans had worked off their servitude, they could not integrate into society because the unspoken dichotomy of inferiority (black)-superiority (white) had been established • Bad things are likely to follow when you do not view an individual as being equal...

Alex Hing

• Alex Hing articulated the commonalities shared by blacks and Asian Americans, who both experienced racism and exploitation in the United States, and argued that the Panthers example of directly providing social services (such as the free breakfast program) provided a viable model for Chinatown

Control Variable

• Alternative explanations that could also influence an outcome (Democrat or Republican president) • Not your variable of interest, but explains other things that could have an affect on your other variables

Individual Racism

• An ideology that considers the unchangeable physical characteristics of a group to be linked in a direct, causal way, to their psychological and intellectual functioning, and on that basis, distinguishes between superior and inferior races. Overt acts by individuals that can be observed.

Positive Correlation

• An increase in one variable is correlated with an increase in another variable • Correlation is 1 for a perfectly positive correlation • The closer you are to the gulf coast, the more likely you are to experience a hurricane

Eleanor Roosevelt and Race

• Arguably, one of the most important components of Roosevelt's campaign on race relations revolved around the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt • Acting many times without the knowledge of her husband, Eleanor was a major crusader for economic and social justice as it related to minorities • Her main client was the NAACP's Walter White. This interaction allowed the NAACP to become the dominant minority group in the political arena (shift from Booker T Washington to NAACP as the most influential black rights crusaders)

Reparations and Redress

• Asian American organizations also focused on the injustices experienced by Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps • The Japanese Americans Citizen League (JACL) was successful in getting Congress to establish a committee that would review this grievance • In 1983, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians favorably sided with Japanese Americans

Specific Grievances in California

• Asian Americans demanded relevant course material that discussed their history • The movement also challenged traditional stereotypes of Asian women as quiet and submissive • Addressing local harassment and brutality of local law enforcement on the west coast • Unionization and labor rights on the job • Property struggles

Asian-Americans: Education and Income

• Asian-Americans are traditionally at the top of education levels, at times slightly higher than White Americans • Asian-American families traditionally have high-income levels. Again, slightly higher than White Americans

Asian-American: Politics

• Asian-Americans have become more Republican with increased exposure to American politics (especially Chinese, Koreans, and Southeast Asians) • Asian-Americans political engagement has remained fairly constant over time (slightly lower than Blacks and Latinos)

Survey

• Asking individuals about their perspective on an issue and seeing whether that perspective affects another sort of perspective or ideology

Jean Cramer

• August 24, 2019, a political candidate in Marysville, Michigan claimed that interracial marriage is "wrong" because it is "simply against the bible"

Black Panthers Influence on the Asian American Movement

• Black Panthers were tired of being oppressed, dressed up like soldiers with weapons, would not put up with police oppression, got involved with police shootouts if needed • Black Panthers also went into the black community and provided food and assistance and education to unify the black community • Asian Americans used the idea of helping one another to form community

Three Major Minority Groups

• Blacks • Latinos • Asian-Americans

Blacks: Education and Income

• Blacks are traditionally at the bottom of education levels. This is inclusive of degrees achieved and standardized tests. • Black families traditionally have lower income levels than other minority groups

Blacks: Politics

• Blacks most closely identify themselves with the Democratic Party • Blacks engagement in political participation has declined since the Civil Rights Era

The Goal of Racial Progress: The First School of Thought (COMPARE THESE APPROACHES FOR EXAM)

• Booker T. Washington (1890s) • Modest agenda constructed on the central premise that black sociopolitical progress first required economic advancement • Best seen in industrial education and manual labor • This approach was a passive, largely conformist position on civil and political rights • Political passivity would reap long-term advantages, as opposed to the short term temporary advancements • Atlanta Compromise Speech: "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress" o Blacks would receive education and training o Blacks could receive funding from the North o Discrimination and inequality could continue and be accepted (why southern authorities chose him to be the speaker at this event!) • ...vocational education, which gave blacks an opportunity for economic security, was more valuable to them than social advantages, higher education, or political office • Booker T Washington also established Tuskegee Institute o The school was implementation of Washington's philosophy of self-reliance and thus taught practical skills around construction and agriculture

WEB Du Bois Background

• Born in Massachusetts • Valedictorian of his High School • PhD from Harvard in History in 1895 • Served as an assistant instructor in the sociology department at the University of Pennsylvania, 1896-1897 • Later went on to publish the Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study o Passed out over two thousand surveys to rigorously analyze the social conditions of blacks in the 7th ward (went door to door in the West Philly area!). His findings showed that blacks were not innately inferior because economic social progress had been made o Used major statistical analysis that was very advanced for that era to try to prove his theory

Christianity and Slavery

• By forcing slaves to embrace Christianity, it equipped Africans with some tools they needed to move toward freedom • Singing as an expression of democratic values and community solidarity • Singing as a source of inspiration and motivation • Singing as an expression of protest • Singing as coded communication (escape and navigation information) o "Drinking Gourd" song communicated that slaves should leave in the winter and follow the Big Dipper until they meet a guide who will take them to freedom

Crafting a Constitution

• By the time the US Constitution was sighed in 1787, the importation of slavery was drastically limited or suspended for every state except Georgia • However, just because you can't import new ones, does not mean that you have to give up the ones you currently possess. Thus, slavery continued • But the continuation of slavery after 1787 was more philosophical (slave owners view slaves as unequal)

Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the Union Farm Workers

• Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the Farm Workers Association with their life savings. This is after Chavez was apart of the Community Service Organization (CSO), a group that did not appreciate his ideas • Cesar Chavez had a non-violent philosophy that was similar to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi • 1962 Chavez and Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) • The NFWA, with 1200 member families, joined an AFL-CIO sponsored union in a strike against major Delano area table and wine grape growers • Chavez and Huerta led a successful five-year strike-boycott that rallied millions of supporters to the United Farm Workers (UFW) • By 1970, the boycott convinced most table grape growers to sign contracts with the UFW • Another grape boycott took place in the 1975 and 17 million Americans joined in • 1975 Agricultural Labor Relations Act • Strategy: nonviolent approach and fasts, got the attention of a lot of individuals, especially in politics • In particular, they really influenced the executive office, Chavez was seen breaking bread with RFK

Asian American Historical Experience

• Chinese Americans were the first Asian immigrants to come to America in significant numbers and endured some of the harshest discrimination • In the 1700s and 1800s, the first Chinese immigrants had a desire to come to America and were not kidnapped men forced here. They actually came in the hope of making money and improving their way of life

Yuji Ichioka

• Coined the term "Asian American" when he co-founded the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) as an explicitly pan-Asian organization in 1968

Blacks: Makeup

• Consist primarily of African-Americans • Includes Caribbean and European Americans who are black (many who did not experience slavery or the Civil Rights Movement) • How does a different historical experience shape these sub-groups?

Time Period for the Civil Rights Movement: 1955-1968?

• Consisted of many moving parts • MLK's philosophy of non-violent and civil disobedience • The civil rights movement is often associated with minority resistance that took place with the Montgomery bus boycott (1955) and the Little Rock nine (1957) incident that gave the movement hope • Kennedy comes into office and is welcomed by the Freedom Rides (1961)

"Separate but Equal"

• Court ruling that established separate but equal was Plessy v Ferguson (1896) • In reality, society was separate but not equal • Greatest example was in the education system

Two goals of the Chicano movement

• Cultural regeneration • Political power

Brown v Board of Education I (1954)

• Determined that "Separate but Equal" was unconstitutional • Let to the integration of schools

Rise of China Towns

• Discrimination and racism from White America led Chinese immigrants to unify • Housing segregation in San Francisco, California in 1870s, in particular, forced Chinese populations to consolidate their power and maintain their culture. This led to the creation of Chinatowns • Chinatown in San Francisco is the oldest Chinatown in America • In Chinatowns, the business owners were all Chinese, so the dollar circulated among the Chinese community many times before leaving, leading to some prosperity

Statistical Significance

• Do the regression results give us a p-value that is 0.05? • How to calculate: o Coefficient estimate/standard error • For the purposes of this class: o If the value is above 1.96 it is statistically significant o If it is below 1.96, it is not statistically significant o The 1.96 cut-off corresponds to a p-value of 0.05 o We did not talk about how this is calculated, don't worry about it for now • What is 1.96?. 95% confidence level in a normal distribution spans from -1.96 to 1.96, when we look at significance, we are interested in the tail ends, if you get a number that falls in the tail ends, it can't be explained by something that happens just by chance • The 1.96 is called a z score

Delano Strike

• Downfall of farm workers unions: o Decline of the Civil Rights Movement o Undocumented workers brought unwelcomed competition

Characteristic of Slavery from the Oppressed

• During slavery, having a lot of children allowed a woman to have a higher status (attributed to African American tendencies to have many children) • Years of slavery brought contention among slaves • Field Negros: the majority of Africans fit into this category. They tended to the field and did all the brunt work required on the plantation. These individuals were typically your darker Africans. • House Negros: A very small selected number of Africans would do house work. They would also be the eyes and ears of the slave master. These individuals were typically light-skinned Africans. The light skin was often due to them having White American fathers (products of rape). • The conflict between these groups continues in the form of colorism, conflict between light-skinned individuals seen as "serving the man" and dark skinned ones seen as "down for the cause"

1960s Asian American Movement

• During the mid-sixties, after the establishment of the Chicano Movement and the Civil Rights Movement, the media painted Asian Americans as the "model minority" that did not cause any problems wand who enjoyed their current socio-political conditions • Young Asian Americans rejected this claim • There were major issues in the Asian American community: o Claims of rights and privileges of citizenship o Better wages and working conditions o Recognition of culture • These grievances came from multiple groups that included Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, and Asian Indians • One of the main accomplishments of the Asian American Movement is that it *forged a coalitional politics that united Asians of varying ethnicities and declared solidarity with other Third World people in the United States and Abroad*

Criminal Justice Reform... a taste

• First Step Act: Bipartisan legislation signed into law in December of 2018 o Fix good time credits o Major incentives for participating in programs o Availability of prerelease custody o Creation and expansion of life-changing classes o Prioritize people inside who need it most o Move people closer to home o Dignity for women o Expand compassionate release (after a certain number of years in prison, allows individuals to be released early for compassion) • The President's Interactions with People of Color o "When all of the people pushing so hard for criminal justice reform were unable to come even close to getting it done, they came to me as a group and asked for my help. I got it done with a group of Senators & others who would never have gone for it. Obama couldn't come close..." o "But now that it is passed, people that had virtually nothing to do with it are taking the praise. Guys like boring musician john legend and his filthy mouthed wife, are talking now about how great it is- but I didn't see them around when we needed help getting it passed" o Chrissy Teigen's response: "lol what a pussy ass bitch. Tagged everyone but me. An honor, mr. president" o John Legend: "Imagine being president of a whole country and spending your Sunday night hate-watching MSNBC hoping somebody- ANYBODY- will praise you. Melania, please praise this man. He needs you.'

Looking at statistical significance in a reading from a table

• First value is the coefficient estimate, explains the strength of the relationship between the variables • Next to the coefficient estimate in parenthesis is the standard error • Calculate the statistical significance by dividing the coefficient estimate by the standard error • Once we divide, we hope the number is 1.96 or above, which would mean it is significantly significant (if it is beneath 1.96, it is not statistically significant) • This particular author has put stars next to values that are statistically significant • Sometimes it is one star for significance at a certain threshold, two stars and three stars for different levels of significance • If the coefficient is positive, there is a positive relationship between the two things • A relationship that is not statistically significant can still be described as positive or negative based on the sign of the estimated coefficient, but note that it is not statistically significant • Be able to interpret this on an exam!

Slavery and Food

• Food brought from Africa: o Yams and sweet potatoes o Watermelon o Okra (gumbo) and greens o Black-eyed peas • They used scraps given to them from the smokehouse to make meals: Chitterlings (pig intestines), ham hocks, fat backs, pig's feet • These meals that were made from the master's garbage are still consumed by African American communities today! • Since they received large quantities of pork fat, heavy dosages of lard was used in nearly every meal • Collard and mustard greens were easily obtained from the field without being noticed

Formation of the Asian American Movement

• Formation took place in 1968 • The strongest influences on the Asian American Movement during this time was the black liberation movement and the national liberation struggles • The political environment was dictated by a US government that was looking to suppress radical groups and extremisms on racial policies • How to proceed?

Bay Area Asian Coalition Against the War (BAACAW)

• Founded to build an Asian presence in the large anti-war movement in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1972 • They were able to take the broad issues involved in the war and link them to community issues and problems

Freedom Rides

• Freedom Rides: rides that were organized by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) that were put in place to challenge the implementation of the Boynton v Virginia decision, which stated that racial segregation in public transportation was illegal. Arrested in Jackson, Mississippi • The riders rode across state lines as protests, and in some cases the busses were bombed, and escaping riders were beaten and harassed • Important note: it involved both blacks and whites • Rider John Lewis suffered serious injuries

Shifting to the Democratic Party

• From 1896-1930, blacks were heavily concentrated in the South and voted for the Republican Party, which was the party of Lincoln • But Democrats controlled the South • Thus, as long as blacks continued to publicly vote for the Republican Party they could not change their local conditions by putting pressure on the Democratic Party • The migration from the South between 1910 and 1930 allowed blacks to influence the political success of Northern Democrats • Northern Democrats began to court the black vote • Up until 1936, blacks had overwhelmingly voted for the Republican presidential candidate in 17 elections. In 1936, they overwhelmingly voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin D. Roosevelt • What changed? o It is very rare in US history for an entire group to change parties on the whole o The shift was largely due to the New Deal

Leaving the South

• From 1910-1960 blacks left the South in significant numbers o Black population in the North increased by roughly 600 percent o Black population in the South increased by only 29 percent • The migration from the South was largely felt in those states that had a very small percentage of registered black voters

The Goal of Racial Progress: Third School of Thought

• Henry Turner and later Marcus Garvey (Black Nationalism) • The black nationalists encouraged the constitution of a separate black nation, either in the United States or through mass emigration to Africa • They believed that if the continued to exist in America, they would always be viewed as inferior, lacking access to the best jobs and education • They felt it was essential to create their own society where children could see black people in power, such as in roles as doctors and judges and lawyers etc

Two Goals of the Asian American Movement

• Identity formation: creation of pan-Asian ethnicity • Community building • In addition to identity politics, the Asian American movement was about assembling the least well-off segments of the pan-Asian community, in solidarity with other oppressed peoples internationally, and to do so by creating new leadership and organization

Latinos: Historical Experiences

• Immigration • The Chicano Movement

Asian-Americans: Historical Experiences

• Immigration • Minor Asian-American Movement

Characteristics of Slavery

• In 1680 slaves were codified into law for several states and referred to as chattel. This meant that they were property that could be bought, punished, sold, and loaned. A mother offspring was also considered property. • Prime field hands 400-600 dollars in the US in 1800 ($7,600-13,000 in 2015) • 600-800 dollars in 1850 • over a 1000 dollars in 1870 • Cost of a slave varies by age (25 is "prime age," highest prices) • On average, slave owners would receive a minimum of a 10 percent return on slaves form the agricultural products the slave laborers produced (slaves were considered a great investment)

Truman's Executive Order 9008

• In 1946, Harry Truman continued to lure minorities into the Democratic Party by creating the President's Committee on Civil Rights with Executive Order 9008 • In 1948, Truman ran on what for the time was a radical civil rights platform • With the black vote, Truman defeated Strom Thurmond's States' Rights Party candidacy

Civil Liberties Act of 1988

• In 1988, President Ronald Regan put the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (also known as Public Law 100-383) into law. • This law apologized for its actions • The law made restitution of 20,000 dollars to each surviving former internee • Fair or not?

Side note: Joe Biden and Contemporary Politics of Education Equality

• In a TV interview, Mr. Biden called busing an "asinine concept" and said he had "gotten to the point where I think our only recourse to eliminate busing may be a constitutional amendment." As an alternative, he argued for putting "more money into the black school" and opening up housing patterns, warning that otherwise there would be a war of the races • "You take people who aren't racist, people who are good citizens, who believe in equal education and opportunity, and you stunt their children's intellectual growth by busing them to an inferior school and you're going to fill them with hatred"

Before Brown vs Board of Education (1954), there was Mendez v Westminster (1947)

• In the 1940s, Mexican-Americans were considered to be "white" by California laws • Racial segregation in the schools led whites to attend separate schools than Mexican Americans • Mendez parents tried to enroll Sylvia Mendez in school and the child was barred from entrance (even though her also-Latino father and cousins had attended, she was barred because her complexion was slightly darker) • The LA Times wrote: The Mexican school she and her siblings were forced to attend was "terrible," said Mendez. Besides the two wooden shacks, the books were "hand-me-downs" and the desks were "all falling apart." An electric fence which she said shocked on of her classmates separated the school from a neighboring cow pasture. "Every day I saw the white school with its beautiful playground" • Sylvia Mendez received the Presidential Medal of Freedom recently • The US District Court Judge Paul J. McCormick's Ruling: "the equal protection fo the laws pertaining to the public school system in California is not provided by furnishing in separate schools the same technical facilities, textbooks and courses of instruction to children of Mexican ancestry that are available to the other public school children regardless of their ancestry. A paramount requisite in the American system of public education..." • "Don't you know what we were fighting? We weren't fighting so you could go to that beautiful white school. We were fighting because you're equal to that white boy" -mother of Sylvia Mendez • Thurgood Marshall was one of the lawyers arguing for integration in Mendez v Westminster (1947), these arguments would later be used as the foundation for preparing for arguments in Brown vs Board of Education

The Psyche of Slavery Continuing past 1865

• Inferiority • Helplessness • Lack of education • Limited skill set (share cropping in the South still a big business) • The slave mentality • How do minorities move forward on the political and economic front • Double Consciousness (WEB Du Bois's concept)

How does an institution like slavery shape a race?

• Influence of slavery on Blacks has become subtler but still prevalent o Black incarceration o Hiring practices

Beginnings of Slavery: Oppression with No Color

• Initially, Whites used Indians and White Europeans as indentured servants and slaves for all their labor needs • However, as labor needs increased, Whites found this arrangement with Indians problematic

A Nation Fighting for Freedom: The American Revolution

• King George III imposed various taxes on the colonies to finance foreign wars. Among these taxes was a tax on tea • Rather than acquiesce to paying the tax (as the colonists had done many times before with other taxes), fire-brand patriots in Boston staged a raid to announce their opposition • Bystanders joined the patriots as they hurdled crates of tea into the sea, swelling the number of protestors to roughly 200 participants • Solidarity was maintained in the colonies by tarring and feathering those who would report back to the British • The events of the Boston Tea Party eventually led to the American Revolutionary War • The Continental Army in 1775 had both slaves and free blacks in its ranks. There were roughly 5000 blacks that served in the Continental Army • Alexander Hamilton and George Washington devised a plan to enlist blacks to fight. This plan, given the approval of the Continental Congress, would give them freedom • Blacks played an essential role in the fight for freedom!

Latinos: Education and Income

• Latinos are traditionally at the bottom of education levels, at times slightly higher than Blacks • Latino families traditionally have low-income levels. Again, only slightly higher than Blacks • Cuban Americans tend to have higher levels of education and income than other Latino sub-groups

Latinos: Politics

• Latinos most closely identify themselves with the Democratic Party (Cubans, however, have traditionally identified themselves with the Republican Party) • Latinos engagement in political participation has declined since the Chicano Movement • Latinos are also less politically active than Blacks and Anglo Whites

Little Rock Testing Education Equality (1950s)

• Little Rock community gathers their bravest and smartest black children (the Little Rock Nine) to test this ruling and integrate a white high school • When they showed up to start school, they were attacked • Governor Orval Faubus put state guards in front of the school to prevent the nine black kids from entering • After a week passed, he tried to allow police to escort the students in, but immediately a white mob appears to break down the school door and attack the children • President Eisenhower sent national troops to make sure the policy is implemented and the black children can attend school safely, but once inside they were bullied by other students rather than parents

Old Fashion Racism and Obama (from Reading)

• Looking at individual's party identification and measuring old-fashioned racism, Obama support • This scholar did NOT use the stars • For individuals who have old fashioned racism, they are more likely to be republican, because the relationship between the two is positive and statistically significant • The scholar adds another control variable to measure perception of Obama (now measuring both OTF and Obama support together), and the more likely you are to support Obama, the less likely you are to be a Republican. This is SUCH a strong positive statistically significant relationship, that the first relationship is no longer statistically significant (coefficient divided by standard error is no longer high enough). • As you add more variables, it shifts the story of which variables are inflicting which • Now we say, the more support you have for Obama, the less likely you are to be Republican, and Old Fashion Racism is not relevant.

Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzalez

• Many Chicanos were against the Vietnam war • Disproportionate number of war casualties came from the working class, which Latinos viewed as a racial issue (disproportionate number of black and brown bodies coming home) • Thus, they believed that minorities were carrying the burden of the war • MLK Jr and Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales were against the war • This unified Blacks and Latinos around a general cause • Corky was the founder of the Crusade for Justice (CFJ), a group in 1966 in Denver • Gonzales was part of the Civil Rights Movement. He was instrumental in organizing individuals from the southwest for the Poor Peoples March in 1968 • Yo Soy Joaquin (I am Joaquin): Poem about what it means to be Chicano, often seen as giving the word "Chicano" meaning • This movement also includes grievances from farm workers

Response to Birmingham

• March on Washington (1963): an event that brought thousands of individuals to Washington D.C. to protest for better jobs and freedom o Martin Luther King Jr. also delivered his "I Have a Dream Speech" • June 11, 1963: President Kennedy delivered a nationally broadcast television address in which he announced plans for a legislative initiative intended to eradicate segregation from American society, it is the first time Kennedy officially supports the Civil Rights movement • Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • November 22, 1963: Kennedy's Assassination only a few months later, President Johnson came to office and the environment of Kennedy's death allowed him to rally support in Congress to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A political association in the early 1960s:

• Mexican American Political Association worked to elect John F Kennedy president in 1960, establishing Latinos as a significant voting bloc (85% of Mexican-Americans voted for Kennedy) • Nov 21, 1963: Kennedy gave a speech in Houston Texas to a packed Mexican-American crowd screaming "Viva Kennedy" hours before he died

Political Setup and Backstory of the Chicano Movement: Previous Political Success 1940s

• Mexican Americans led the charge for the political rights of Latinos in America • They even set a precedent for some racial issues... education

Race and Ethnicity in 2019

• New minority: Latino is the largest group • Public opinion: perceptions of a multiracial world with Obama, 45-51% of voters believe that Trump is racist • American culture: individuals are more sensitive to the topic of race, such as the death of the N word • Political culture: politicians are more cautious about associating with negative racial perceptions

No Correlation

• No relationship between two variables, they are unrelated • Correlation is zero for completely no correlation • State funding is not correlated with how many hurricanes they get usually

Old Fashioned Racism Article (Recitation)

• Old Fashioned Racism is the belief that white people and non-white people should be separated and there shouldn't be intermingling of the races • Is OFR still influencing how people make voting decisions? • Main research questions: Does the association between Obama and Democrats influence people's partisan attachments due to Old Fashioned Racism? Does OFR affect views of Obama? And does this have spillover into how people view the Democratic party? • Data sources for this paper o Panel interviews (interviewing at one point in time and then again at a different point of time), but these don't show how people would respond in a different situation o Also a survey (one group with the treatment, one group without the treatment but the same kind of group in terms of demographic makeup, meant to show how the same people would have responded without the treatment) • Findings: people are changing their partisan attachments, not so much their racial attitudes o Model One: OFR is affecting partisan attachment o Model Two: Actually, attitudes towards Obama are affecting partisan attachment (Obama attitudes is the mediating variable) o Mediator: When X affects Y because of an intermediate variable (really, X affects W which affects Y) o It appears that OFR is why people are making partisan changes, but really OFR affects Obama attitudes and it's really Obama attitudes that make partisan changes (OFR is still an influence, but mainly it's Obama attitudes)

FDR and New Black Democrats

• Once FDR had blacks on his side, he kept them there • By 1940, Roosevelt had welcomed more than one hundred black policy makers into his administration. It was referred to as the "Black Cabinet" or "Black Brain Trust" • While FDR did not use race much in his speeches, he often spoke to minorities indirectly by using the terms "forgotten man" or the "underprivileged" • FDR also met with African American groups, took pictures with blacks, and invited them to White House Events

Birmingham

• One of the most important aspects of the movement up to this point was imagery • King said about Birmingham: "They key to everything is federal commitment which could be wrought by precipitating a crisis situation" • Just because King wasn't starting the violence doesn't mean he didn't want violence, he actually welcomed it • Birmingham was specifically selected by King as the spot where protests would get the most dramatic response to get national attention • Birmingham (1963): The desegregation campaign was launched with a series of mass meetings, direct actions, lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall, and a boycott of downtown merchants. Actions soon expanded to kneel-ins at churches... • Hundreds were arrested • On April 10, the city government obtained a stat circuit court injunction against the protests. • King said of injunction: "We cannot in all good conscience obey such an injunction which is unjust, undemocratic and unconstitutional misuse of the legal process" • People felt it was their moral and constitutional right to protest • Birmingham, Alabama was the perfect storm because of Commissioner of Public Safety Eugene "Bull" Connor • Movement engaged in civil disobedience, enlisted 1000 school children to stay home from school and volunteer and protest to see if Bull Connor would do anything about it, Bull Connor instructs the police force to stick dogs after the children and use water hoses to hurt the children • Images of the attack were televised nationally and around the world, this event was all about imagery in the eyes of the public

Tracking opinions as a variable

• Participants rank how strongly they agree with a statement along a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree (or strongly support to strongly do not support)

Brown v Board of Education II (1955)

• People were dragging their feet about integrating schools • Determined that integration had to take place "with all deliberate speed" • This led to schools being forced to integrate immediately • Who is going to be brave enough to walk into schools where they were not wanted?

Race and Politics... First, What is a Minority?

• President Trump referred to Senator Warren as "Pocahontas" • Carlos Bustamante a professor of genetics at Stanford and adviser to Ancestry and 23 and Me said "While the vast majority of the individual's ancestry is European, the results strongly support the existence of an undamixed Native American ancestor in the individual's pedigree, likely in the range of 6-10 generations ago" • She applied for scholarships as a minority. When she worked at UPenn (1987-1995), we listed her as white, but then she changed her identity to Native American (gives the impression statistically that the university is more diverse than it is?)

Asian-Americans: Make-Up

• Primarily o Chinese (largest group) o Japanese o Korean o Vietnamese o Filipino o Indian

Latinos: Makeup

• Primarily consist of Mexicans, Puerto-Ricans, and Cubans, with Mexicans being the largest group • Mexicans tend to be more located in the southwest and Cubans in the southeast/Florida

Identification

• Primary and secondary forms of identity • Primary: age, nationality, ethnicity, gender, health, sexual orientation • Secondary: work experience, income, marital status, political preference, religion...

When Affirmative Action was White (1930s to 1950s)

• Progressive policies advantaged whites ($100 billion) • Social Security (old age pensions) • Protective labor laws (promoted unions and protected workers) • GI Bill (covered the cost for service members and veterans to receive free education) • BUT African Americans were basically excluded altogether from receiving Social Security until the 1950s! • Protective labor laws did not apply to domestic workers and agricultural workers (most African Americans) • Most African American veterans were simply denied benefits under the GI Bill • 65% of African Americans were denied access to social security benefits, government grants, elderly poor assistance, and unemployment insurance • Southern local politicians administered aid from New Deal relief programs and simply denied it to the vast majority of African Americans • Huge racial disparity in Average Family Wealth for individuals born 1943-1951 (whites had 3-11 times more wealth than blacks based on exact year that they were born)

"When Affirmative Action was White"

• Provocative title! • Cass Nelson, famous author in the field • Affirmative action is a group of policies tied together under the same category because they offer opportunities to members of certain racial and ethnic groups • Affirmative action can be seen in college admissions, hiring practices, etc • Affirmative action is not usually something that is seen as benefiting whites, but it has actually benefitted whites much more than other groups, people just don't see this because they start looking at affirmative action from the 1960s, when they should be looking from the 1930s (according the Nelson) • "Non-racial racism": the creation of occupational exclusions from benefits programs that disproportionately affect people of certain races because those racial groups tend to work in those occupations • Policies are never implemented uniformly across the country, particularly New Deal-type benefit programs that will be implemented at the state level • Example of the GI Bill o Gave veterans free education and other benefits o Black veterans were NOT able to enjoy the benefits of this policy because they lived in segregated areas, and it was implemented pretty much only in white areas • Example of Supreme Court Case (Bockey case?): a student was denied admission to a university because he was white, they had a quota system set up so that minorities would get a certain number of seats. This was a landmark case because it essentially banned quota systems from affirmative action in higher education. However, some of the reasoning in the case can be used to support racial equality.

Beginnings of Slavery

• Race came before the US political system: o 1619 we saw the foundations of slavery o 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed • First Africans to arrive at Jamestown, Virginia in 1619 were indentured servants • Slavery was first incorporated into colonial law in Massachusetts in 1641 KNOW THESE DATES

Incorporating Race in the Census

• Race is used on Federal Forms... Census • Privacy Act Statement: racial and ethnic information is voluntary and not required to be disclosed to the government • Race in the census: the 2010 questionnaire lists 15 racial categories, as well as places to write in specific races not listed on the form. The 2010 Census continues the option first introduced in the 2000 Census for respondents to choose more than one race. Only about 2 percent of Americans identified with more than one race in the 2000 Census, but the percentage was much higher for children and young adults and will likely increase • The fastest growing racial group is a multiracial category • Hispanics: Since the 1970 Census, the questionnaire has asked US residents whether they are of Hispanic origin, and if so, which broad Hispanic group they identify with. Hispanic origin is considered separately from race in the Census- and Hispanics may identify with any race. As the largest and fastest-growing ethnic minority in the United States...

Inequality in America

• Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities: o Obesity o Cardiovascular Disease o Cancer o Diabetes o Health Care • Racial tensions that continue to persist o Police brutality o Violence

Two types of groups

• Racial group: a group of individuals who are identified by their physical manifestations such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features (Whites, Blacks, or Asian-Americans) • Ethnic Groups: a group of individuals who are identified by their cultural background (Latinos)

Robert F Kennedy

• Rebert F. Kennedy, Attorney General of JFK, wanted to push the movement towards a less contentious nature (for altruistic and selfish reasons). He was heavily involved in the Civil Rights Movement, and was involved in getting another bus to transport the stranded individuals in the bus bombing. RFK wanted to use the civil rights movement to mobilize political supporters

Classical Liberalism

• Refers to a particular body of Western European political thought that sought to justify the liberation of the individual from a feudal state and to deride those who benefited from feudalism • America post-revolution is based on classical liberalism • The basic tenants: o Limited government o Individual rights o Civil liberties o Property rights o Free market o Equality under the law o Property rights vs human rights

Racism

• Refers to an ideology that considers the unchangeable physical characteristics of a group to be linked in a direct, causal way, to their psychological and intellectual functioning, and on that basis, distinguishes between superior and inferior races

Tijerina

• Reies Lopez Tijerina: Firey minister with persuasive rhetoric • Tijerina started the Federal Alliance of Land Grants (also known as the Alianza Federal de Mercedes) • This organization looked to reclaim lands that were guaranteed to Mexicans through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Due to international treaties, however, the US claimed to be the arbitrator on issues of land rights • Tijerina charged that the "Indo-Hispanos" land was taken illegally • He went to the Us courts to argue his case, but his claims and accusations were thrown out • What is a man to do? If he played by the rules and didn't get the results that he wanted, should he give up or push back? • After the protestors met with New Mexico Governor David Cargo, violence broke out, shootings occurred, and the protestors took hostages • Tijerina later led a raid on the Tierra Amarilla county courthouse • This allowed the issue to receive national attention in 1967 • Tijerina was eventually arrested, but it got everyone talking about land grants and the treaty of Guadalupe

The Great Depression and Repatriated Mexicans

• Repatriation of Mexicans (1929-1936) • Illegal and unconstitutional raids and deportations of roughly 1.8 million Mexican and Mexican-American citizens • 65% of the deported individuals were actually citizens of the US! • Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were blamed for the depression • The federal government argues that many of these repatriations were "voluntary"

Signs of freedom:

• Rhode Island passed legislation in 1774 stating that any new imported slaves should be freed • In 1778, Delaware and Virginia prohibited the slave trade • By the early 1780s, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut passed legislation allowing for gradual emancipation of slaves • In 1780, the Massachusetts Supreme Court even interpreted that the states bill of rights made slavery unconstitutional • The slave trade is ending, and people are generally getting more rights in American society

Coalitions

• Rights-based coalition: one that seeks to achieve fundamental universal freedom in terms of basic human, constitutional, and legal rights • Material-based coalition: which seeks access to economic benefits such as land, education, employment, and social security • Once you establish your rights, the next thing to do is push for good education, good quality of life, so material-based coalition naturally follows a rights-based coalition • The Chicano Movement was following the Civil Rights Movement, which was a rights-based movement and coalition, so the Chicano Movement could focus on matieral-based coalition • The Civil Rights Movement opened the door of inequality and injustice • It demonstrated a proven strategy and tactic • It gave hope (basically, the door had been left open)

Kazu Lijima and Minn Masuda

• Scholars who believed the black panthers advocated for racial pride • They saw Black Panther as an antidote to the pro-assimilationist fever that had struck many Japanese Americans after their experiences in concentration camps during World War II • They sought ways to convey this sense of pride to the next generation in their own community

De Jure Segregation

• Segregation that results from legal policies

De Facto Segregation

• Segregation that results from the way society is set up or the way society functions, but not administered by law • Sometimes people describe things as de facto when really at some point the segregation came from law

Jefferson on Slavery

• Shifts the blame of slavery the colonies have engaged in on the British crown, says that the British brought slavery to the colonies • These words were especially offensive to delegates from Georgia and South Carolina, who were unwilling to acknowledge that slavery went so far as to violate the "most sacred rights of life and liberty" • Jefferson passage reveals three things: o The British offered slaves the opportunity to fight with them to earn their freedom... and some did o American's attempted altruism and the colonies response to British freedom o Some of the colonies put forth legislation to abolish slavery, but the British crown denied these policies

Institutionalized Racism in the US in the 1960s?

• Signs: "Help wanted, whites only" "we serve whites only" • Segregated water fountains, infrastructure

Institutional Racism

• Social norms and values in various sectors of society reflect the racism of the majority in the nation so that racial stratification occurs- the system of distribution social rewards, intentional or unintentional, on the basis of racial discrimination and racial bias. Less overt and committed by the community. • Did individual and institutionalized racism exist in the US in the 1960s?

Institutional Racism

• Society's norms and values so reflect the racism of the minority society that racial stratification- the system of distributing social rewards on the basis of racial discrimination- occurs • Ex. Business signs saying "whites only," segregated water fountains

The Great Depression and Race (1929-1939)

• Stock market crashed and led to mass unemployment • Competition for the few available jobs

Student Strike in 1968 San Francisco State College

• Strike took place for five months • Community support was important • Results: Development of first Ethnic Studies Program

Three streams of activists:

• Students with institutional resources from college campuses • Community youth • Progressive community and labor activists (Communist ties)

Linked Fate Reading

• Studying whether we see linked fate in voting patterns across other groups, such as other racial groups, class groups, religious groups, or gender groups • Is linked fate specific to African Americans or does it apply to other groups? • They found that most of these groups do self-report a feeling of linked fate • However, the study used a paired survey item ("do you think that what happens to [race/ethnicity/class/gender/religion] in this country affects what happens in your life?" and then you measure how much it will affect your life on a scale) • If you think this is the correct way to measure linked fate, does this mean that linked fate has spread over time to other groups? • On the other hand, maybe we are measuring it in a way that doesn't really capture what you are interested in • While other groups may feel linked fate, it may not influence their political behavior as much

Linked Fate

• Tends to be used to describe how African Americans vote, how they have a sense that what happens to other African Americans affects what will happen to them • Explains why African Americans overwhelmingly vote the same way as a group

Approaches

• The Chicano Movement involved several approaches to achieve political equality. These approaches are embodied by several movement leaders o Tijerina (confrontational and contentious o Gonzales (political and identity formation) o Chavez and Huerta (Nonviolent and passive)

Slavery Incorporated into the Constitution

• The North: they had less slaves and were concerned that a rebellion might break out. This would require resources to put down this rebellion. In addition, a slave rebellion might receive aid from foreign countries (recall that France and Spain helped the colonies to free themselves from the British Crown) • The South: they had more slaves and felt the institution of slavery paramount for their labor force • Article I. Section 2: All other persons count as 3/5th a person when determining state population • Article I. Section 9: Congress cannot prohibit the importation of slaves until 1808 • Article IV Section 2: Persons who escape to states where slavery is illegal must be returned to their owners

The Declaration: the Gripe

• The colonies accused the crown of several injustices o Blocked the passage of laws o Abused and abolished colonial legislatures o Blocked legislative elections o Controlled the judiciary o Imposed "big government" o Subjected the people to military occupation o Cut off trade with the rest of the world o Imposed taxes without the colonists' consent o Denied trial by jury o Waged war by a variety of means on the colonies o Has refused to answer petitions by the colonists

Political Party: La Raza Unida

• The impetus of La Raza came when three Mexican American delegates walked out of conference led by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1966 out of protest • President Johnson responded with a conference in El Paso, but he did not invite some important individuals of the movement, including Corky Gonzales and Reies Lopez Tijerina • Many of the individuals that were not invited met in another location and formed La Raza Unida • Because it was founded by the more extreme activists who were not invited, La Raza was not a passive group • This was a third party largely seen in California, Colorado, and Texas that looked to promote the concerns of Mexican Americans through political means • By the late 1960s, the party was largely dominated by students • Here we really see the Chicano student movement take hold. Chicano youth were largely influenced by their militant leaders, Tierina, and the Black Panther Party • Major "blowouts" and strikes occurred at numerous educational institutions throughout the US • Most memorable was in 1970, 30,000 individuals gathered at Laguna Park to protest the disproportionate loss of young Latino lives in the Vietnam War (death of Los Angeles Times reporter Ruebn Salazar)

Dependent variable

• The outcome you are examining and interested in exploring fluctuations (congressional bills that help racial and ethnic minorities)

Separation of Race and Marriage

• The separation of races also applied to marriage with anti-miscegenation laws • 29 states maintained laws forbidding interracial marriage between blacks and whites • The penalty ranged from verbal abuse to more than 2 years in prison • Laws were nullified with the US Supreme Court decision in Loving v Virginia in 1967 • Attitudes of anti-miscegenation laws continue to linger

The way you will learn about race and ethnicity

• Theoretical • Empirical • Practical • Papers should reflect this approach!

Two Americas

• There appears to be two Americas • For black people, the New Deal was neither "new" nor a "deal"

Response: Executive order 8802

• There shall be "no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or Government because of race, creed, color, or national origin" the order also creates the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to investigate discrimination complaints in wartime"

Asian Community or lack thereof

• There was no broad sense of community among Asian-Americans. Actually, in 1942 the exact opposite occurred: the surprise attack of the Japanese military on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii led to discrimination against Japanese Americans • Internment Camps in 1942: Anyone of Japanese ancestry was imprisoned. The Census helped but it was also based on appearance. • As a consequence, there was no sense of Asian American community. Actually, an effort was made by Chinese, Koreans, and Filipinos to distinguish themselves from Japanese Americans

The foundation of the Asian American Movement was slightly different from other movements

• There was not an economic resource coming from the government • Lacked strong community institutional support (Many Buddhist churches with conservative views on activism, lacked an institutional influence similar to the black church community) • While the increase of foreigners hurt the other movements, it potentially helped the Asian American Movement • Student organizations were the driving force

Shortcomings of the FDR stance on race

• These were just gestures. They did not really contribute in any way to the Civil Rights cause, and followers of WEB DuBois felt that the need for urgent action was not being met.

A one unit increase in the independent variable leads to a (coefficient estimate) increase in the dependent variable

• This can also be negative if the coefficient estimate is a negative number, that would look like "A one unit increase in the independent variable leads to a (coefficient estimate) decrease in the dependent variable) • Note on regression tables: the row labels are the independent variables, the column labels are the dependent variables • If you can't tell what the units are, just say units

The Declaration of Independence: The Author and the Irony

• Thomas Jefferson was commissioned to write a document that would express the colonies grievances to the crown • We refer to this document as the Declaration of Independence • Note: Jefferson was deep in debt and owned slaves • Many of the founders owned slaves: George Washington and James Madison • The founder of UPenn, Benjamin Franklin, freed his slaves in 1775. Actually, he founded the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery in 1774.

But why did Truman take such a radical approach to civil rights?

• Through the eyes of Truman: o Migration more intense: over 1 million southern blacks had moved into cities like Chicago and Detroit between 1941 and 1946 o Violence against African American veterans following World War II o Race-based violence evoked images of the Holocaust • African Americans had major political power: In the 1944 elections, there were 28 states in which a shift of 5 percent or less of the popular vote would have reversed the electoral votes cast by states. In 12 of these, the black population was larger than the 5 percent required!

Beginnings of Slavery: preservation

• To preserve this new labor system of oppression, many states codified into law what it meant to be Black • Louisiana and North Carolina 1/16 rule (one great-great-grandparent who was black means you are black as well) • Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Tennessee used 1/8th rule (one great-grandparent) • Oregon used a 1/4the rule (one grandparent)

Negative correlation

• Two variables are related in an inverse way (as one variable increases, the other decreases) • The farther you are from a hurricane, the less likely you are to be hit by a hurricane • Correlation is -1 for perfectly negative correlation

Comparing the three schools of thought

• Up until the 1930s, no one school of thought rose above the others to overcome collective action problems and assemble a national movement. However, one did receive political acceptance. • Problems with Du Bois's "talented tenth" is that it relies on linked fate, so the talented tenth may not feel connected to the other 90% and help them excel • Booker T. Washington's passivity found an enthusiastic audience among whites who sought to protect their superior status o Thus, Washington became the White Houses preferred channel for dealing with the question of race in America. This was especially seen with President Theodore Roosevelt. o Many black elites, who disagreed with Washington, held their fire for fear of ostracism or they wanted to benefit from the bounty of government jobs and grant money o Booker T Washington also received financial funding for his approach on advancing minorities

Independent variable

• Used to influence an outcome (minority protest)

Changing Tide of Latino Community

• Various societal conditions facilitated the emergence of the Chicano movement. These changes were seen specifically among Mexicans and Mexican Americans • Increased population due to high fertility rate and immigration • Entry of Mexican American women into the labor force • Increase in income and homeownership (increase in local involvement- paying property taxes, sending kids to school where they have paid for the property taxes) • Higher levels of education (high school completion and college enrollment), people were more educated about their rights • These changes provide a greater connection to the community and the means to address discrimination

RFK's Voter Education Project

• Voter Education Project (VEP): a project that gave finances to civil organizations to increase the black vote in the south. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee registered large numbers of black southerners to vote • The VEP did not stop contentious behavior...

The Goal of Racial Progress: Second School of Thought

• WEB Du Bois (1890s) • Greatly opposed to Booker T. Washington • Instead of patience, Du Bois instructed urgency. Rather than working on economic rights and waiting around for civil and political rights, he wanted to act on those rights now • Immediate and substantial advances for African Americans political and economic situation • The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) stemmed from this protest-oriented approach

Bottom-up approach

• When members of a group develop a sense of "we-ness" or "peoplehood." The group member themselves define what characteristics they share in common that sets them aside from others.

Madison on Slavery

• While delegates went back and forth deciding how they would proceed, James Madison took detailed notes. He astutely explained the delegates need to keep the words "slave" and "slavery" out of the Constitution. He speaks about this dilemma in detain in Federalist No. 54 • He says that we can no longer say that slaves are only property and not people. In fact, they are both. This means they will be treated differently by the law than people who are only people and not property.

Monitoring Race and Ethnicity

• Why do we study race and ethnicity in politics? To monitor and address inequality in America. • Is there inequality in America? Huge differences by racial group in terms of percent with high school degree, percent unemployed, median income, percent home ownership, and percent in poverty

Attitudes towards Immigration

• Written by a bunch of Penn profs! • A review of the literature regarding attitudes to immigration • Political economy side o Are people's attitudes towards immigration based on how it will affect their personal finances? These are based on individual impact. People tend to be less affected by these influences o Are people concerned with how it will affect their national economy? A broader, symbolic view that may be based on fear, people who feel threatened by society becoming less white, comes from political messaging as well o People are more likely to form attitudes about immigration based on these larger symbolic concern and how they feel the country is going • "Cheap talk" on political surveys o Giving a socially desirable answer that is not actually true in real life • Political psychology side o Looking at attitudes formed from things like media portrayals etc

Top-Down Approach

• the majority defines or categorizes the minority group and who belongs to that group. It assigns social significance to the group membership.