Psy 101 Test #3
acquisition
Acquiring the new behavior through control
selective attention
Acts as a filter
decay theory
The act of forgetting something as the memory fades with time. Learning new things can cause this.
Explicit Memory:
Very Clear specific memory "Declarative Memory" Puled into conscience memory. Episodic and Semantic
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory important for retrieval process.
positive punishment
addition of something unpleasant (Spanking)
inattentional blindness
failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere
partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time. Only when it wants to.
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
elaborative rehearsal
the linking of new information to material that is already known
Episodic
Episode that happened in your life and you know the time, place, your feelings, and everything about it.
Classical Conditioning is exactly the same as Operant Conditioning.
FALSE
Edward Tolman's learning experiment demonstrated that reinforcement is absolutely necessary for latent learning to occur.
FALSE
Food is a secondary reinforcer.
FALSE
Latent learning occurs without awareness and regardless of reinforcement; it is not evident until there is a need to use it.
FALSE
Money is a primary reinforcer.
FALSE
Once a conditioned response has been learned (i.e,. salivating to the sound of a bell), it will last forever.
FALSE
Shaping is a process of classical conditioning whereby an organism is reinforced for each successive approximation of behavior that resembles the desired behavior.
FALSE
Cerebellum
Formation of implicit memory
short-term memory
Holds information we are currently consciously aware of. "Working Memory" Capacity: 1.5-2 seconds/ 7 +- 2, increase by chunking. Encoding: VERBAL, changing info into sounds. VISUAL, according to the sounds you make an image for yourself. Duration: 20-30 seconds.
procedural memory
House habits, motor skills/abilities.
1. (Name: NS, US, UR, CS, CR) Prior to conditioning, Pavlov's dogs did not respond to the sound of the bell. After repeated pairings of the bell with the food, the dogs began to salivate to the sound of the bell.
NS: Bell US: Food UR: Salivation CS: Bell CR: Salivation
4. On Halloween night, two-year-old Jodie answered the doorbell and encountered a scary monster with ten flashing eyes. Jodie screamed in fear and ran away. For the next year Jodie screamed and hid in the corner of her bedroom whenever the doorbell rang.
NS: Doorbell US: Monster UR: Scared CS: Doorbell CR: Scared
2. Before each of his chemotherapy sessions, Allen, a young cancer patient, eats a bowl of ice cream. The chemotherapy makes Allen nauseous. Now just seeing the bowl of ice cream makes him feel queasy.
NS: Ice Cream US: Chemo UR: Queasy CS: Ice Cream CR: Queasy
3. After swimming in a lake near his home one day, Frank discovered two slimy, blood-sucking leeches attached to his leg. He was revolted by the experience of touching the slimy bodies and pulling them off his leg. Now every time he drives by the lake, he shudders in disgust.
NS: Lake US: Leeches UR: Disgust CS: Lake CR: Disgust
5. Growing up, Sara's little sister, Leah, had the annoying habit of screaming at the top of her lungs every time she stepped into her bathwater. Leah's screams always made Sara wince and cover her ears. Now, years later, Sara still winces every time she hears running water
NS: Running Water US: Screaming UR: Winces CS: Running Water CR: Winces
A child is put into "time out" for misbehaving.
Negative Punishment
A dog is banished to his doghouse after soiling the living room carpet.
Negative Punishment
A prisoner loses TV privileges for one week for a rule violation.
Negative Punishment
Suspending a basketball player from play time for committing a flagrant foul.
Negative Punishment
A child completes her homework in order to take away her 1-week grounding period.
Negative Reinforcement
A rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or a loud tone.
Negative Reinforcement
Receiving a city utility discount for participating in a recycling program.
Positive reinforcement
method of loci
Visualizing items to be remembered in different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout
The STM system is also called _________________ because information that one is consciously thinking about and processing is temporarily stored here.
WORKING MEMORY
Sleep's role in memory
What helps long term memory stay. Has the same patterns of neural activity in the hippocampus.
What are the three forms of learning?
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, Cognitive (Latent) learning
A dog is given verbal praise each time he learns to perform a behavior that the owner is trying to teach it. This is an example of operant conditioning.
TRUE
Forgetting
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
Example of Emotional Memory
hearing/ smelling something that reminds you of someone that passed. Afraid of geese so whenever by them I freak out.
Latent learning
hidden learning that exists and is only shown when asked.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.No learning needed
Emotional Memory
learned emotional responses to various stimuli and don't know when or why this happens.
rote rehearsal
learning by simple repetition
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past
mnemonics
memory aids. Example: PEMDAS for math
shaping (operant)
molding something/someone to behave or learn what operant behavior is.
Reinforcement
operant behavior will increase in the future.
Albert Bandura's observational experiment demonstrated that even though all the children in his study learned the model's aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll, they performed differently depending on whether the model whom they saw was rewarded or punished.
TRUE
Gamblers have a difficult time extinguishing their gambling behavior because of the partial reinforcement effect
TRUE
Example of Procedural Memory.
Taking Notes Riding a Bike Learning to drive,talk, eat
secondary or conditioned reinforcers
reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning
negative punishment
remove something pleasant. (Removal of TV)
positive reinforcement
rewarding stimulus is presented ti increase likelihood of behavior
primary reinforcer
stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
self-reference effect
tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Hippocampus
Creating new explicit memories, memory consolidation, spatial memory processing.
example of semantic memory
Capital of Arizona what H2O stands for.
Stimuli
Changes in the environment
Implicit Memory
"Non declarative Memory" Not clearly stated Easier stated through demonstration (Procedural and Emotional)
The capacity of STM is ___________±___________ items. To increase the capacity, one can ___________________ pieces of information together into meaningful units.
7±2 CHUNK
retrieval cues failure
No cues to prime memory.
Semantic
Place where general thoughts, facts, or info are placed. Don't remember time and place.
At a party, a husband frowns when his wife flirts with a colleague.
Positive Punishment
Scolding a child for playing in the street.
Positive Punishment
A professor gives extra credit to students with perfect attendance.
Positive Reinforcement
A hospital patient is allowed extra visiting time after eating a complete meal.
Positive reinforcement
Amygdala
Implicit memory formation; emotional memory foundation.
unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. No learning needed.
long-term potentiation
Increased efficiency of neural communication.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
The _______________________memory system theoretically can store information for a lifetime.
LONG TERM
Biology of Memory
LTP: long lasting change in structure or function of a synapse.
operant conditioning
Learning based on the consequences of responding in the environment.
Temporal Lobes
Memory Storage for spatial information
Visual Cortex
Memory Storage for vision
cerebral cortex
Memory Storage throughout
Auditory Cortex
Memory storage for hearing
Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up.
Positive reinforcement
What is the difference between Classical and Operant conditioning?
Operant: Involuntary, association through learning to link different stimuli, strengthening though repeated pairing of stimuli. Classical: Voluntary, association through linking behavior with consequences, strengthening through pairing of behavior with consequences.
Deeper-level processing relies on characteristics related to patterns, like rhymes (____________) and meaning (______________), and generally results in longer-lasting and easier-to-retrieve memories. Structural encoding only provides shallow processing and are easily forgotten.
PHONEMIC SEMATIC
long-term memory
Portion of memory that is more/less permanent Capacity: unlimited Duration: up to a lifetime Encoding: Stored in terms of meaning
A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass
Positive Punishment
Example of Episodic Memory
Remembering your first day of school/work Seeing My cousin give birth on/during the solar eclipse in 201.7
_________________ acts as a "filter" to transfer information from sensory registers to STM.
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
What are the factors in influencing acquisition CR?
Spacing of pairs Number of CS+UCS pairings (times u do it) Nature of it is the same every time
stimulus generalization
When CS changes a little
cocktail party phenomenon
You need selective attention to filter out what not needed to be heard so you can hear your friend talking.
Response
a behavior caused by a stimulus
Punishment
a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
stimulus discrimination
a learned ability to differentiate among similar products
conditioned response (CR)
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. What triggers the NS
flashbulb memory
a vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Not always exact.
hierarchical structures
arranging info to match the meaning
