Psy 1010 Midterm

Which saying best fits gestalt psychology? a. "The whole is other than the sum of its parts." -Koffka b. "Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious." -Freud c. "If you deliberately plan on being less than you are capable of being, then I warn you that you'll be unhappy for the rest of your life." -Maslow d. "Give me a child until he is 7 and I will show you the man." -Aristotle

a. "The whole is other than the sum of its parts." -Koffka

The fact that we tend to perceive these images as a circle and a square rather than merely broken line segments illustrates which principle? a. Closure b. Figure-Ground c. Proximity d. Similarity

a. Closure

While ________ are the genetic constitution of people, _______ is how that genetic constitution is displayed. a. Genotype, Phenotype b. Phenotype, Genotype c. DNA, Behavior d. RNA, Actions

a. Genotype, Phenotype

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. a. Hallucinogenic b. Psychedelic c. Opioid d. Depressant

a. Hallucinogenic

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone. a. Hypnosis, Meditation b. Meditation, Hypnosis c. Therapy, coping mechanisms d. Talking, Thinking

a. Hypnosis, Meditation

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. a. Inatentional Blindness b. Sensory adaptation c. Sensory Blindness d. Visual Blindness

a. Inatentional Blindness

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis? a. It is complex. b. It is an if-then statement. c. It can be tested using empirical methods. d. It is falsifiable.

a. It is complex.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? a. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. b. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. c. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. d. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve.

a. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. a. Lucid b. Manifest c. Stage 3 d. Latent

a. Lucid

A synthetic opioid commonly prescribed after surgeries is __________. a. Methadone b. Fentanyl c. Oxycodone d. Hydrocodone

a. Methadone

Cataplexy is a symptom often associated with ___________. a. Narcolepsy b. Night terrors c. Sleep walking d. Restless leg syndrome

a. Narcolepsy

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. a. Perception, Sensation b. Sensation, Perception c. Nociception, Postception d. Postception, Preception

a. Perception, Sensation

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. PhD b. Master's c. Bachelor of Science d. Bachelor of Arts

a. PhD

Dameon started to lose his hearing in his late 70s, after a lifetime of construction work. His doctors told him that repeated exposure to loud noise had caused damage to the hair cells in the cochlea. This type of hearing loss would be classified as ________. a. Sensorineural hearing loss b. Ossicle deafness c. Congenital deafness d. Conductive deafness

a. Sensorineural hearing loss

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. a. Spontaneous recovery b. Acquisition c. Extinction d. Classical Conditioning

a. Spontaneous recovery

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. a. Stimulus Generalization b. Stimulus Discrimination c. Negative Reinforcement d. Imitation

a. Stimulus Generalization

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second,the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. a. Subliminal messaging b. Top-down processing c. Bottom-down processing d. Sensory adaptation

a. Subliminal messaging

The __________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. a. Sympathetic b. Autonomic c. Somatic d. Central

a. Sympathetic

Candice wants to create a computer model of the nervous system. She asks her friend Mei what the basic unit of the nervous system is so she can start her model. What should Mei's response be? a. The neuron b. Nerve Fibers c. The synapse d. The Brain

a. The neuron

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damageto neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." a. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." b. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic." c. The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." d. The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle."

a. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

The ____________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. a. Delta b. Alpha c. Theta d. Sleep spindle

b. Alpha

The Sea World animal trainers use rewards (reinforcements) to teach whales, sea lions and dolphins to perform tricks. These training techniques are based on principles from which early school of psychology? a. Functionalism b. Behaviorism c. Structuralism d. Cognitive

b. Behaviorism

________ psychologists emphasized the importance of thoughts and internal mental states instead of just observable actions. a. Developmental b. Cognitive c. Behavioral d. Psychoanalytical

b. Cognitive

Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying schizophrenia? a. What are the symptoms of schizophrenia and how can we recognize and diagnose them correctly? b. Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent schizophrenia? c. When does schizophrenia usually develop in a person? What are the various stages (represented by the changes in behavior) of the illness? d. To what extent does schizophrenia affect one's thinking, memory and language abilities?

b. Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent schizophrenia?

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. a. her own subconscious experience b. her own conscious experience c. another person's consciousness d. the social construction of consciousness

b. her own conscious experience

Functionalism focuses on a. having people report their own conscious experience b. how the whole mind helps a person adapt to their environment c. how each brain region functions separately and independently d. using introspection to break down the cognitive experience

b. how the whole mind helps a person adapt to their environment

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. a. structuralism b. humanism c. gestalt d. behaviorism

b. humanism

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. a. correlational b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. archival

b. longitudinal

You are interested in the amount of time high school students spend talking to their peers during class breaks. You want to determine whether girls are more talkative with other girls than they are with boys. You set up a camera to record a hundred such interactions and you watch the results. Which type of study is this? a. cross-sectional b. naturalistic observation c. survey d. case study

b. naturalistic observation

Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain? a. pinna - tympanic membrane - auditory canal - ossicles - cochlea - auditory canal b. pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve c. auditory canal - pinna - tympanic membrane - cochlea - ossicles - auditory nerve

b. pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. a. validity b. replication c. inter-rater reliability d. reliability

b. replication

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. a. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious b. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes c. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior d. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests

b. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

You want to learn more about food preferences of those in an entire city. What would the the best way to gather this information? a. case study b. survey c. archival research d. naturalistic observation

b. survey

According to Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through a. dream analysis b. the use of reinforcement and punishment c. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue d. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind

b. the use of reinforcement and punishment

The ___________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and fine motor skills. a. Ventral Tegmental Area b. Sensory Cortex c. Cerebellum d. Substantia Nigra

c. Cerebellum

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. a. Variable b. Ratio c. Continuous d. Interval

c. Continuous

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false? a. They are controlled by multiple brain areas acting together. b. Brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons. c. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle. d. Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones.

c. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. Positive Punishment b. Positive Reinforcement c. Negative Reinforcement d. Negative Punishment

c. Negative Reinforcement

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. a. Pain b. Mechanoreceptors c. Nociception d. Thermoception

c. Nociception

When you receive touch information it is processed in the somatosensory cortex of your brain, which is located in the ____________ lobe. a. Temporal b. Occipital c. Parietal d. Frontal

c. Parietal

Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of ________ a. Negative Reinforcement b. Negative Punishment c. Positive Reinforcement d. Positive Punishment

c. Positive Reinforcement

Sensory and motor neurons of the __________ nervous systems are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. a. Parasympathetic b. Autonomic c. Somatic d. Peripheral

c. Somatic

What refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy to be detected 50% of the time? a. Difference Threshold b. Transduction c. Sensation d. Absolute Threshold

d. Absolute Threshold

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ______ that contributes to certain behaviors. a. Psychology b. Physiology c. Neurology d. Biology

d. Biology

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? a. somatosensory cortex b. thalamus c. hippocampus d. Broca's area

d. Broca's area

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and _________. a. Parasympathetic; Sympathetic nervous systems b. Autonomic; Somatic nervous systems c. Autonomic; Sympathetic nervous systems d. Central; Peripheral nervous systems

d. Central; Peripheral nervous systems

Which of the following does NOT occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? a. Reuptake within the pre-synaptic neuron b. Drifting away from the synapse via diffusion c. Break down or digested into inactive fragments d. Collected by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

d. Collected by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Sleep apnea is defined by___________. a. Unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep b. A sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape, c. Uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep d. Episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

d. Episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

When Opal sees a snake, her breathing becomes more shallow and her heart rate increases. This life-essential, physiological stress response is initiated in which area of the brain? a. Midbrain b. Insulabrain c. Forebrain d. Hindbrain

d. Hindbrain

Zhara has suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficult forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of the forebrain has most likely been damaged? a. Amygdala b. Memory Cortex c. Thalamus d. Hippocampus

d. Hippocampus

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. a. Superficial b. Freudian c. Latent d. Manifest

d. Manifest

The _______ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. a. Sympathetic b. Autonomic c. Somatic d. Parasympathetic

d. Parasympathetic

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? a. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. b. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. c. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. d. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity.

a. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? a. Top- down b. Bottom-up c. Fluid d. Intelligent

a. Top- down

What involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses? a. Transduction b. Difference threshold c. Perception d. Sensory adaptation

a. Transduction

Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not? a. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word. b. The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded. c. We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence quicker.

a. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. a. a person's unconscious b. a person's consciousness c. sexual identity d. self-actualization

a. a person's unconscious

Examining household sizes during the early 1900s by reading census reports is an example of ________. a. archival research b. cross-sectional research c. naturalistic observation d. longitudinal research

a. archival research

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. bachelor's degree b. master's degree c. associate's degree d. PsyD

a. bachelor's degree

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. a. control b. dependent c. independent d. alternate experimental

a. control

A major advantage of case studies is ________. a. detailed information b. generalizability c. quick data collection d. large sample size

a. detailed information

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. a. independent; dependent b. dependent; independent c. control; experimental d. experimental; control

a. independent; dependent

Jane thinks that a longer wait time at the doctor's office will result in more negative reviews for the office, no matter the expertise or quality of the doctor. What steps should Jane follow to conduct a study consistent with the scientific method? a. make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, do an experiment, analyze the results, prove or disprove the hypothesis b. make an observation, do an experiment, analyze the results, make a hypothesis, prove or disprove hypothesis, then repeat c. ask a question, create a hypothesis, prove or disprove the hypothesis, conduct an experiment, analyze the results

a. make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, do an experiment, analyze the results, prove or disprove the hypothesis

Ryan wants to be a high school football coach and school counselor. He will need at least a ________ degree in counseling psychology. a. master's degree b. PsyD c. PhD d. bachelor's degree

a. master's degree

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology? a. mid- and top-level management b. social work c. marketing d. human resources

a. mid- and top-level management

A negative correlation means ________. a. one variable decreases as the other increases b. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship c. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome d. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant

a. one variable decreases as the other increases

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates ___________. a. sensory adaptation b. inattentional blindness c. sensory regression d. stimulus generalization

a. sensory adaptation

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned/natural reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to pollen. a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. conditioned stimulus

a. unconditioned response

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? a. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior,and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors. b. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be in capable of controlling their emotional impulses. c. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. d. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors.

b. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be in capable of controlling their emotional impulses.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? a. Neuropsychology b. Gestalt c. Cognitive d. Psychodynamic

b. Gestalt

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? a. Hormones b. Homeostasis c. Fluid balance d. Internal balance

b. Homeostasis

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting. a. Substantia Nigra b. Hypothalamus c. Broca's Area d. Thalamus

b. Hypothalamus

Consciousness is best defined as awareness of a. Emotions and behavior b. Internal and external stimuli c. Thoughts and actions d. Questions of life

b. Internal and external stimuli

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. b. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. c. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. d. Fear is a conditioned response.

b. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following is NOT a modern method for accurately measuring brain activity/functioning? a. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan b. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT c. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d. Electroencephalography (EEG)

b. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT

What is the main idea of social learning theory? a. Fear is a conditioned response. b. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. c. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. d. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

b. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea where the hair cells vibrate the most? a. Temporal Theory b. Place Theory c. Bone Conduction Theory d. Vibration Conductive Theory

b. Place Theory

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. a. night terrors b. REM c. NREM d. lucid

b. REM

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? a. The sensation of hitting your thumb with a hammer b. Smelling cookies in the oven c. Tasting white choclate fudge d. Feeling the warmth of the sun

b. Smelling cookies in the oven

Jayla hasn't slept well for several nights, due to some unruly parties happening next to her dorm. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will a. Spend more time in NREM sleep b. Spend more time in REM sleep. c. Take more time transitioning between stage 1 and 2 sleep d. Take more time transitioning between stage 2 and 3 sleep

b. Spend more time in REM sleep.

What is the name and role of the part of the eye identified by the arrow? a. The pupil, it protects the eye and begins to focus light b. The lens, It focuses light onto the retina c. The retina, it contains photoreceptor cells d. The iris, it connects the pupil to muscles which control its size

b. The lens, It focuses light onto the retina

Which psychological domain would include a study of memory, attention, and intelligence? a. social and personality b. cognitive c. developmental c. biological

b. cognitive

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. a. illusory correlation b. confirmation bias c. experimenter bias d. sampling bias

b. confirmation bias

In order to study the cause and effect relationship between two variables, a researcher must perform what type of study? a. correlational b. experimental c. descriptive d. longitudinal

b. experimental

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. a. Gustation b. Olfaction c. Thermoception d. Somatosensation

c. Thermoception

Swiping right on Tinder demonstrates what reinforcement schedule with the reward being matches? (Hint, it's the same as gambling) a. Fixed Ratio b. Variable Interval c. Variable Ratio d. Fixed Interval

c. Variable Ratio

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. a. low; high b. low; low c. high; low d. high; high

c. high; low

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? a. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables b. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room c. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student d. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

c. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? a. occipital b. cornea c. optic d. photoreceptor

c. optic

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? a. sitting very still in the classroom b. birds migrating south for the winter c. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light d. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice

c. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Jack is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose and then lies in a scanner. He is given a task—to think about his favorite song—as the scanner records the movement and location of the glucose his brain. A computer analyzes the data and produces a color-coded image of his brain activity. Jack is receiving the imaging technique called ________. a. Functional MRI (FMRI) b. Electroencephalograph (EEG) c. MRI d. Positron emission tomography (PET)

d. Positron emission tomography (PET)

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? a. Hind b. Frontal c. Parietal d. Temporal

d. Temporal

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. a. cognitive b. social c. personality d. developmental

d. developmental

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. a. single-blind b. double-control c. single-control d. double-blind

d. double-blind

The ________ is a small indentation of the retina which contains color-sensitive photoreceptor cells called cones. a. optic nerve b. optic chiasm c. iris d. fovea

d. fovea

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. a. blind sampling; random group assignment b. blind group assignment; random sampling c. blind group assignment; blind sampling d. random sampling; random group assignment

d. random sampling; random group assignment

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? a. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red b. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room c. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing d. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

d. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. a. restless leg syndrome b. nightterror c. hypersomnia d. somnambulism

d. somnambulism

The site where communication occurs between neurons is called the a. axon b. cell body c. dendrite d. synapse

d. synapse

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. a. smoking causes lung cancer b. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer c. smoking contributes to lung cancer d. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

d. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer