PSY 12000
Scores on the Perceived Stress Scale have been associated with risk for ________ and _________ health disorders.
mental physical
According to the diathesis-stress model, who is more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after being exposed to a traumatic event? a) The individual who experienced childhood stressors b) The individual who lacks emotional social support c) Females
a)
According to what you've read in the chapter, which of the following statements is NOT true? a) Stress is the direct cause of psychiatric disorders. b) Exposure to psychological stressors is a strong risk factor for schizophrenia and substance use disorders. c) The first episodes of major depression are likely to occur following a major stressor. d) People exposed to chronic childhood stressors are about twice as likely to develop a major psychiatric disorder.
a)
According to your text, the benefits of ______ on life span are greater than the effects of physical activity and weight loss. a) social support b) reduced alcohol and tobacco intake c) diet d) meditation
a)
Based on what you have read about the relationship between social support and health, which of the following statements is most likely to be valid? a) Lonely, socially isolated people tend to have more health problems. b) Lonely, socially isolated people tend to be as healthy as socially integrated individuals. c) Lonely, socially isolated people tend to be healthier than their socially integrated counterparts.
a)
Challenge and Threat Theory refers to situations in which demands exceed the resources available for coping as: a) Threats b) Both challenges and stressors c) Hassles d) Stressors e) Challenges
a)
Content validity refers to ______. a) when an instrument or construct measures or captures what it is intended to measure b) having a large sample size c) obtaining informed consent d) none of the above
a)
Once an event is perceived as a stressor, the peripheral nervous system's biological response to the stressors involves ______. a) activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis b) activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and immunosuppression c) activation of the immune system d) activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammation
a)
Oprah is a participant in a research study to better understand how the brain responds to stressful situations. Images from the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicated immediate and rapid responses in what part of the brain? a) Amygdala b) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) c) Hippocampus d) Prefrontal cortex
a)
Rashad recently received news that he had been accepted into a Ph.D. program at one of the best universities in the United States. Two days later Rashad received a job offer paying six figures with a bonus package. Rashad knows he can do well at both. However, he is having a difficult time deciding which path to take. In this example, Rashad's situation is best described as _____. a) a challenge b) a threat c) an acute stressor d) a stressor
a)
Specifically, what system elicits the fight-or-flight response, which is involved in preparing the body to fight or to flee in response to stress? a) Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) b) Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSN) c) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) d) Central Nervous System (CNS)
a)
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale is not a perfect measure. What is the main critique of the SRRS? a) It does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event b) It was developed using only people from the New England area of the United States c) None of the items included are positive d) It has too few items
a)
The key finding in the famous study conducted by Dr. Sheldon Cohen and colleagues (1991) was that volunteers injected with the cold virus a) were more likely to get sick if they experienced high levels of stress. b) were less likely to get sick if they experienced high levels of stress. c) were more likely to get sick if they have a history of psychiatric problems. d) were less likely to experience high levels of stress.
a)
The neurobiological response to stressors suggests stress activates various regions of the brain. According to this chapter, in what order does stress activation of these regions occur? a) Amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex b) Amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus c) Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala d) Hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex
a)
Although trauma has been identified as a risk factor for autoimmune disorders, sexual trauma is not a risk factor for autoimmune disorders. (T/F)
False
Inflammatory proteins play a key role in protecting us. Therefore, as we age, an increase in levels of inflammatory proteins is essential to our health and overall well being. (T/F)
False
Given the limitations of self-report measures, many researchers rely on physiological and biochemical measures of stress in addition to self-reports. What hormone is most commonly measured (via saliva) and is referred to as the stress hormone?
cortisol
Order the body's response to stress: 1) Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine 2) Increases in heart rate and breathing 3) The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CHR) 4) Pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3) 4) 1) 2)
Cannon viewed stress as the biological mobilization of the body for action that involves sympathetic nervous system activation and endocrine activity. (T/F)
True
Personality traits may serve to reduce our risk of developing a cold when we are exposed to stressors. (T/F)
True
Stress has been linked to decreased food intake as well as an increase in the intake of foods rich in sugar and fat. (T/F)
True
There is increasing evidence for the negative effect of acute and chronic stressors on cardiovascular health. (T/F)
True
When it comes to your health, pursuing close ties with family and friends may be as important as avoiding smoking. (T/F)
True
Without appropriate regulation, acute stress responses would become chronic stress responses. (T/F)
True
What is the right amount of sleep adult humans need to maintain their health and protect against the effects of stressful experiences? a) It depends on the individual's biological needs b) At least four hours per night c) Eight hours per night d) More than six hours per night
a)
Which of the following is the best example of a person's use of primary appraisal in reacting to a new job? a) Deciding whether one's skills are sufficient to perform the job. b) Changing one's impressions of a job in light of new information. c) Deciding whether the job enhances one's self-efficacy.
a)
Which situation best describes a potential chronic stressor? a) Living in a noisy dormitory with a roommate with whom you do not get along b) Failing an exam c) Pledging a sorority or fraternity d) Having an argument with your best friend
a)
Match the concept/theory to the appropriate scientist. a) Fight-or-flight response b) Stress and Coping Theory c) External and internal factors that disturb homeostasis 1) Walter Cannon 2) Hans Seyle 3) Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman
a) 1) b) 3) c) 2)
Match the definition to the correct term: a) Freeze response b) Homeostasis c) Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis 1) The body's response to a stressor that causes humans and animals to become immobile. 2) The body's delayed response to stress involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones. 3) The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry that maintains the balance of internal states.
a) 1) b) 3) c) 2)
Match the event to the most appropriate type of stressor a) Chronic stressor b) Acute stressor c) Traumatic stressor 1) Living in a high crime neighbourhood 2) Witnessing a school shooting 3) Being cut off in traffic
a) 1) b) 3) c) 2)
Match the premise with the correct hormone. a) Aging b) Fight or flight response c) Stress hormone 1) Epinephrine 2) Cortisol 3) Telomere
a) 3) b) 1) c) 2)
Match the study with its major finding. a) Whitehall study b) Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study c) Cohen and colleagues study 1) The link between stress and colds 2) The link between adult autoimmune disorders and stress 3) Dose-response of work-related stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD)
a) 3) b) 2) c) 1)
Match the example to the correct term: a) Emotional support b) Informational support c) Instrumental support d) Appraisal support 1) You lend your sister your car to get to a job interview when hers breaks down the day before. 2) Your TA tells your class the mid-term will take place in 3 weeks and explains what material will be covered on the test. 3) Your friends come over to comfort you and listen to you talk about your grief after you and your long-term partner break up. 4) Your doctor gives you a pamphlet on common sexually transmitted diseases and explains how to prevent them when you go in for your HPV vaccine.
a) 3) b) 4) c) 1) d) 2)
Which set(s) of childhood stressors most strongly increased risks of psychiatric disorders? Select all that apply. a) Abuse, neglect, and family violence b) Parental divorce, death, and family financial hardship c) Peer pressure d) Parental history of criminality, substance use, and mental illness
a) d)
In comparison to ________ stressors, ___________ and traumatic stressors increase levels of inflammation that are harmful to your health
acute chronic
While ___________ stressors can elicit responses that are beneficial to us, __________ stressors tend to cause harm to our mental and physical health
acute chronic
The Stress Coping Theory emphasizes the importance of an individual's ____________ of an event in the stress process.
appraisal
According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic experience _______. a) are primarily soldiers. b) have an underlying vulnerability. c) have suffered multiple traumatic experiences. d) lack social support.
b)
According to what you have learned in this chapter, which of the following stressful situations is the most likely to be perceived as a threat? a) Adam is studying for a biology exam. b) Adam is studying for a psychology and an English exam on the same day, and he feels unprepared for both of them. c) Adam is studying for three exams on the same day, but he is confident that he can do well on all of them. d) Adam is angry with his parents.
b)
Acute stressors may _____ latent viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus. a) cause b) activate c) cure d) alter
b)
Kelly alters her consciousness by focusing on her breathing to achieve a peaceful, relaxed state. Which technique best describes what Kelly is doing? a) Biofeedback b) Mindfulness meditation c) Hypnosis d) Passive coping
b)
Kenya was just in a car accident and in response, her adrenal glands have just released hormones known as the "stress hormones." Based on this description, what are these hormones? a) Cytokines b) Epinephrine and norepinephrine c) Corticotrophin-releasing hormones d) Adrenaline
b)
One of the ways stress and physical illness are linked is through the actions of the stress hormone called _____. a) epinephrine b) cortisol c) corticotrophin-releasing hormones d) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
b)
Stressors that are _____ and _____ tend to have the most negative impact on health. a) predictable; controllable b) chronic; uncontrollable c) unpredictable; uncontrollable d) acute; chronic
b)
The relationship between stress and psychopathology is well documented. One of the main frameworks through which the etiology of psychopathology is described is through the diathesis-stress model. The model suggests which of the following relationships? a) There is a relationship between traumatic experiences and the development of depression. b) There is a relationship between an individual's genetic predispositions and stress they experience in the development of mental disorders. c) There is a relationship between an individual's genetic background and their ability to perceive stress. d) There is a relationship between chronic stress and differences in an individual's style of coping with stress.
b)
When prey animals become animals are completely overcome by a predator, they can become immobile and outwardly unresponsive. This is an example of which type of stress response? a) Flight response b) Freeze response c) Fight response d) Fright response
b)
Which model suggests some people are more susceptible to the negative effects of stressors on health? a) Transactional stress model b) Diathesis-stress model c) The evolutionary perspective d) Threat vs. challenge model
b)
Which of the following best describes the role of social support in coping with stressors? a) It is irrelevant to coping with stress. b) Its effects depend on the type of stressor and the type of social support given. c) It has positive effects on the psychological aspects of stress but not on physical aspects. d) It always has positive effects on coping with stress.
b)
Which of the following could be used as the dependent variable in a study that measures physiological responses to stressors? a) Number of stressful events reported on the Perceived Stress Scale b) Heart rate c) Different types of stressors d) Both A and C
b)
______is the most widely used biological marker to measure stress. It can be measured in blood, saliva, urine, and hair. a) Epinephrine b) Cortisol c) Adrenaline d) Norepinephrine
b)
Julia, a freshman in high school, began to cry when she earned a B on her first history exam. "I'll never get into college now," she exclaimed, indicating her __________ of the event made it seem impossible for her to cope with. a) fundamental attribution b) primary appraisal c) secondary appraisal d) cognitive dissonance
b) ("I'll never get into college now")
Stress can have a big impact on our physical and mental wellbeing. Which of the following is not a short term impact of stress? a) Oily skin b) Hair loss c) Tense muscles d) Increased heart rate e) Sensitive skin f) None of the above
b) (long term)
A psychological disorder characterized by maladaptive reactions to traumatic experiences or stressors is _____. a) bipolar depression b) generalized anxiety disorder c) posttraumatic stress disorder d) poor mental health
c)
According to the diathesis-stress model, what factor(s) affect our susceptibility to stress and illness? a) Genetic factors b) Environmental factors c) Both a and b d) Traumatic experiences
c)
Bernie is a teaching assistant for an introduction to psychology course. She has noticed that many of her students report not being able to complete assignments due to emotional and mental health-related issues. Bernie decides to email a list of resources available on campus to the class to assist students with coping with the challenges of college life. Bernie is providing ______. a) emotional support b) instrumental support c) informational support d) appraisal support
c)
Everyday acute stressors can activate which of the following in our immune system to allow the body to cope with the increased risk for infection that accompanies some stressors? a) Dopamine release b) Low latent inhibition c) Inflammatory response d) Endorphin reduction
c)
Homeostasis is defined as which of the following? a) The fight-or-flight reaction. b) The body's physiological reaction to stress. c) The tendency to maintain a balanced state.
c)
If a professor accuses you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release _____. a) endorphins b) acetylcholine c) catecholamines d) insulin
c)
If a professor accuses you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release _____. a) endorphins b) insulin c) epinephrine d) acetylcholine
c)
Research findings presented in this chapter suggest that the effects of stressors go beyond depression to other psychiatric disorders, including: a) Generalized anxiety disorder b) Psychosis c) Both a and b d) Neither a or b
c)
Research findings suggest physical activity helps protect us from the effects of which of the following? a) Acute stressors b) Chronic stressors c) Acute and chronic stressors d) Real but not perceived stressors
c)
Research indicates that three health behaviors play important roles in reducing or protecting against the negative effects of stress. While all three are important, data suggest the strongest effects or benefits come from which health behavior? a) Diet b) Sleep c) Exercise d) Limited alcohol use
c)
The stress response consists of psychological and biological responses that are designed to _____. a) restore homeostasis b) protect against diseases c) protect from harm and restore homeostasis d) fight or flee
c)
Tim's mouth is dry, his palms are sweaty, and his heart is racing, as he approaches the stage to receive his diploma. Tim's experience is best described as ___________. a) distress b) a traumatic stressor c) eustress d) a threat
c)
To better understand the consequences of real-world stressors on mental and physical health, scientists often use which of the following methods? a) Laboratory studies b) The experimental design c) Correlational studies d) Field studies
c)
Which of the following is one of the most widely used self-report measures of stress used in psychology? a) Trier Social Stress Test b) Primary Appraisal c) Perceived Stress Scale d) Diathesis-Stress Scale
c)
Which of the following statements is NOT a caveat of questionnaires and structured interviews used in stress research? a) The experience of "stress" is subjective and can be interpreted differently by each participant. b) These methods only capture a subset of the potential stressors an individual may experience over their lifetime. c) Questions about events that are socially labeled as "happy events" which may also trigger potential stressors (e.g the birth of a child) are always included. d) Health problems can confound study results making it difficult to establish causal relationships between stressors and outcomes.
c)
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leads to the release of ________ , while activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis leads to the release of ________.
catecholamines ANY OF: cortisol Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
Assessing a situation as a __________ is more likely to result in a positive experience, whereas perceiving a situation as a __________ is more likely to result in the experience of stress.
challenge threat
Jim has been feeling stressed at work for a long time. He has decided to increase behaviors that have been shown to help reduce the effects of psychological distress. Jim should engage in all of these, EXCEPT a) learning relaxation techniques b) joining a gym c) eating fresh fruits and vegetables d) taking a sleep aid to ensure he gets enough rest
d)
Richard Lazarus and colleagues view stress as primarily a consequence of ______. a) environmental events that impact the individual b) a disruption in homeostasis c) being alive d) how a person appraises environmental events and the person's coping resources
d)
Richard Lazarus and his colleagues viewed stress as primarily a consequence of ______. a) an environmental event and the support system an individual has b) the number of daily hassles experienced c) the disruption of homeostasis d) how a person appraised environmental events and the person's coping resources
d)
Sam is trying to maintain a tolerable level of stress. According to the textbook, he can do so by taking all of the following steps EXCEPT: a) Getting enough sleep b) Exercising c) Meditation d) Having a glass of wine before bed
d)
Stress is measured by: a) The use of self-report questionnaires b) Structured interviews c) Testing saliva for stress hormones d) All of the above
d)
Stress may indirectly and adversely affect health by ______. a) disrupting sleep b) the release of cortisol c) increasing the intake of unhealthy foods d) Both A and C
d)
Stressors produce _____ changes. a) cognitive b) emotional c) physiological d) All of the above
d)
The baseline state of physiological functioning involving internal stability (homeostasis) may be disrupted by: a) Planning a wedding b) Noise and crowding c) Performing poorly in school d) All of the above
d)
The fight-or-flight response involves an outpouring of _____ and _____ into the bloodstream. a) estrogen; progesterone b) acetylcholine; endorphins c) lymphocytes; glucocorticoids d) epinephrine; cortisol
d)
There is consistent and relatively strong evidence that stress increases the risk for the onset of all of the following EXCEPT: a) The common cold b) Asthma c) Herpes d) Cancer
d)
Which of the following is a commonly used marker of biological aging? a) Chromosome length b) Centromere length c) Gene length d) Telomere length
d)
Which of the following is/are not true about stress? a) The goal of emotion-focused coping is mainly used when stressors are perceived as uncontrollable or unchanging. b) When you connect with people in person, your body releases a hormone that stops your fight-or-flight response c) Not getting enough sleep can add to your stress level and cause a cycle of stress and sleeplessness. d) When we feel stressed, we may choose foods and snacks that are low in saturated fats or sugar. These foods can provide a temporary sense of relief, but the problem is that they can add to your long-term stress. e) All of the above f) None of the above
d)
There is more and more research demonstrating the benefits of being gratitude. Some studies have found that gratitude helps people in the following way: a) improved sleep b) improved interpersonal relationships c) increased sense of self-worth d) increased resilience against stress e) all of the above f) all of the above except for improved sleep
e)
Which of the following health behaviors are identified in this chapter as being powerful factors for buffering the negative effects of stress? a) Eating a healthy diet b) Getting enough sleep c) Having a strong social support system d) Exercising regularly e) All of the above
e)
Luci is shopping for groceries. When she inserts her card to pay for the items, the card is declined. When she returns to her car, Luci calls her grandmother, who begins to pray with Luci. He grandmother is providing ____________ support.
emotional
According to the Whitehall Study ______________ are a major risk factor for __________, a precursor to cardiovascular disease (CVD).
job-related stressors metabolic syndrome