Psy 201 week 7

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.

Persistence (Intrusion)

Inability to forget undesirable memoriesTraumatic events

Compare and contrast the two processes we use to encode information.

Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.

cue overload principle

That is, to be effective, a retrieval cue cannot be overloaded with too many memories.

Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.

There are two types of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Both involve the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma. With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information; however, you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. Retrograde amnesia is the exact opposite: you experience loss of memory for events that occurred before the trauma.

Compare and contrast the two types of interference.

There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive. Both are types of forgetting caused by a failure to retrieve information. With retroactive interference, new information hinders the ability to recall older information. With proactive interference, it's the opposite: old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name.

a mnemonic device

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where

absentmidedness

recall:

accessing information without cues

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

acronym

retrieval:

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

memory consolidation:

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

bias

Recognition happens when you

identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again.

recognition:

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Encoding

is the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing.

retrieval

is the act of getting information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning.

Long-term memory (LTM)

is the continuous storage of information. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory storage capacity is believed to be unlimited. It encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago.

Visual encoding

is the encoding of images

Acoustic encoding

is the encoding of sounds, words in particular

Amnesia

is the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.

Memory

is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

third form of retrieval is relearning, and it's

just what it sounds like. It involves learning information that you previously learned.

Semantic memory is

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. Semantic memory is typically reported as facts.

If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to

memorize 5 states at a time - group information into more manageable size

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of

misinformation effect

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of

misinformation effect

process of bringing up old memories is called

reconstruction

Forgetting

refers to loss of information from long-term memory.

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________

Essentially limitless

Knowing the capital of Texas

Explicit

Knowing the word for "flower" in Japanese

Explicit

Remembering the time you fell out of a tree when you were five

Explicit

Solving a geometry problem

Explicit

Suggestibility (Distortion)

False memories Result from leading questions

Absentmindedness (forgetting)

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention Forget where your phone is

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

HOMES acronym to remember the names of the 5 great lakes

Automatic processing

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing

Climbing a tree

Implicit

For each of the following cases, determine if you would need implicit or explicit memory.Speaking your native language:

Implicit

Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go

Implicit

Writing using pen and paper

Implicit

Opening a present:

Implicit memory

Effortful processing

actual test material you studied? It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information.

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

amygdala

In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.

antereograde

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Implicit memories are long-term memories that

are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories

are those we consciously try to remember, recall, and report.

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

atikison-shiffrin model

Zahara asks Blake how many times he ate pizza in the last week, and he's quickly able to respond with "twice." This is an example of

automatic processing

Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?

baddeley and hitch

Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.

chunking

formulation of new memories is sometimes called

construction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction ; reconstruction

storage:

creation of a permanent record of information

suggestibility

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

Remembering what present you bought for your aunt:

explicit memory

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eye witness misidentification leading cause of wrongful convictions

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?1

eyewitness testimony are vulnerable to the power of suggestion

persistence:

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

Recall of false autobiographical memories is called

false memory syndrome

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.

flashbulb memory

equipotentiality hypothesis:

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function (Lashley, 1950).

retroactive interference:

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.

levels of processing:

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

semantic encoding:

input of words and their meaning

Short-term memory (STM)

is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.

flashbulb memory

is an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Episodic memory

is information about events we have personally experienced

Retrograde amnesia

is loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. People with retrograde amnesia cannot remember some or even all of their past. They have difficulty remembering episodic memories

Storage

is the creation of a permanent record of information

absentmindedness:

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?

levels of processing theory

forgetting:

loss of information from long-term memory

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

implicit memory:

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memory:

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

mnemonic device:

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

misattribution:

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S):

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term me

The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as

meomory

Confusing the source of information is called

misattribution

Jazmin tells her best friend, Ella, about a time in middle school when she went to the mall and spilled an entire bottle of ketchup onto her lap. Ella is surprised at the story and says, "No, that didn't happen to you---that happened to me! We were there together, remember?" This is an example of when the source of the memory is confused. This is known as

misattribution

When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called

misattribution

three errors of distortion:

misattribution, suggestibility, and bias

blocking:

you can't access stored information

anterograde amnesia

you cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. The hippocampus is usually affected

________ is another name for short-term memory

working memory

retrieval.

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as

Fill in the missing words Creating memories involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Remembering something important requires us to(1)____________ it well by attending to the information. After the information has made it into our awareness with some level of meaning, then we are tasked with rehearsing it long enough for it to be properly (2)_________. If all goes well, the information should be available for (3)___________.

(1) encode (2)stored (3) retrieval

There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. Explicit memory includes (1) Implicit memory includes (2)

(1) episodic and semantic memory. (2)procedural memory and things learned through conditioning

(STM):

(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973):

when people encode information, they do so in specific ways

Julie was watching television while studying for her biology exam. Chances are, she will forget the information because she failed to _________it. This is an example of _______failure. Emanuel read his psychology notes a few weeks ago, but he hasn't looked at the information since then. Now that it's time for his exam, he can only remember pieces of what he learned. This is an example of _________ memory .Felicia decided to take organic chemistry and biology at the same time. When she takes the chemistry exam, she gets confused because the concepts from biology are getting in the way. This is an example of . _______________

1) encode 2) encoding 3) decay 4) interference

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.1

16th bday party

Blocking (forgetting)

Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked Tip of the tongue

Transience (forgetting)

Accessibility of memory decreases over time - Forget events that occurred long ago

The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as

Automatic

What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?

Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, even with this loss, you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning).

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

Blocking

Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.

Both are types of long-term memory. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall. Explicit memory is also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts). Implicit memories are memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.

arousal theory (Christianson, 1992).

It is also believed that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories; this is called

Bias (Distortion)

Memories distorted by current belief system Align memories to current beliefs

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of

Procedural memory

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages:

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory.

Misattribution (Distortion)

Source of memory is confused -Recalling a dream memory as a waking memory

What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?

The self-reference effect is the tendency an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself than information that is not personally relevant. You can use the self-reference effect to relate the material to something you have already learned for another class, or think how you can apply the concepts to your life. When you do this, you are building a web of retrieval cues that will help you access the material when you want to remember it.

True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and eventually levels off after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.

True

You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?

You remind her about Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time. Even if you think you know the material, you should study it again right before test time to increase the likelihood the information will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

Your first day of school

memory-enhancing strategy:

a technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

effortful processing:

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

automatic processing:

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

semantic encoding

encoding of words and their meaning

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

The three functions of memory are ________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

Our memory has three basic functions:

encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

engram

Explicit memory is divided into

episodic memory and semantic memory.

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

explicit

There are two types of long-term memory:

explicit and implicit

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.

explicit memories

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

have proposed a model where short-term memory itself has different forms

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

have proposed a model where short-term memory itself has different forms

H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________.

hippocampus

bias:

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Implicit procedural memory is often studied using

observable behaviors

proactive interference:

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

chunking:

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.

participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs when you simply cannot forget a traumatic event?

percistance

reconstruction:

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system:

recall, recognition, and relearning.

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recignition

The process of encoding always involves

recoding

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?

recognition

A multiple choice quiz question will test ________ while an open-ended question will test ________.

recognition ; recall

Storage

retention of the information

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.

sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which of the following is an effective method to help you remember the names of all 50 states? 1

sing the 50 states to happy birthday

sensory memory:

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

arousal theory:

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

misinformation effect paradigm

which holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs if an investigator asks a child leading questions, causing them to make up a memory?

suggestibility

memory:

system or process that stores what we learn for future use

self-reference effect:

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Recoding

that is, taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it in a way that we can make sense of it

engram:

the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"

encoding specificity principle:

the hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.

Encoding involves the

the input of information into the memory system

elaborative rehearsal:

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

transience

which means that memories can fade over time.

Mekayla loved her second grade teacher and remembers it being her favorite year of elementary school. When her niece asks her about her favorite part of second grade, Mekayla has a hard time remembering anything that actually happened during that year. This is an example of

transience

Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of

transience

When a memory fades over time, it is called

transience

semantic memory:

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

episodic memory:

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

procedural memory:

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

declarative memory:

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was

unable to form new semantic memories

Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with, "Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he's some other where." To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE; This is not Romeo, he's some OTHER WHERE." He is utilizing principles of ________ encoding.

visual