PSY 220

What three behavioral factors combined tend to shorten lifespan by 4 years? (pg. 448-449, LO2)

" Americans who smoke, are overweight, and have high blood pressure and high blood sugar have a life expectancy 4 years less than those who do not"

Define Identity Schemes. (pg. 473, LO5)

"Accumulated perceptions of the self shaped by incoming information from intimate relationships, work-related situations, and community and other experiences."

Define Presbycusis. (pg. 440-441, LO1)

"Age-related, gradual loss of hearing, which accelerates after age 55, especially with regard to sounds at higher frequencies"

Define Presbyopia. (pg. 440, LO1)

"Age-related, progressive loss of the eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity in the lens

What is most likely the largest single underlying factor affecting race/ethnicity differences in health and wellness disparities in the U.S.? (pg. 450, LO2)

"Although genetics may offer some clues to differences in health as a function of race or ethnicity, by far the most research has focused on correlates of ethnicity and how those might be related to differences in health. Poverty is most likely the largest single underlying factor in this link. People who live in poverty generally have poorer access to health care, more stressful lives, and greater exposure to potential toxins in their everyday environment "

Define Vital Capacity. (pg. 443, LO1)

"Amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled."

What bodily system is affected by stress responding and thus leads to health impairment? (pg. 454-455, LO2)

"An ancient proverb of Solomon, "A merry heart doeth good like medicine" (Proverbs 17:22), is being borne out by contemporary research. Because the brain interacts with all of the body's bio-logical systems, feelings and beliefs affect bodily functions, includ-ing the functioning of the immune system . Negative emotions, such as anxiety and despair, are often associated with poor physical and mental health, and positive emo-tions, such as hope, with good health and longer life"

Define Basal Metabolism and note how it changes during middle adulthood. (pg. 441, LO1)

"Basal Metabolism is the minimum amount of energy, typically measured in calories, that your body needs to maintain vital functions while resting. As people age, the amount of energy needed to maintain the body goes down, particularly after age 40. So, for example, older people often put on weight later in life despite no change in eating or exercise habits . Weight gain in early adulthood is predictive of major chronic diseases later . However, staying active can help adults maintain current weight, retain physical skills, and slow declines."

Define Phased Retirement. (pg. 461-462, LO3)

"Before 1985, the average age of retirement moved steadily downward. Since then, the trend has reversed. Before bringing their working lives to a complete stop, people may reduce work hours or days, gradually moving into retirement over a number of years. This practice is called phased retirement." "literacy-In an adult, ability to use printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge and potential"

Define Kinship Care. (pg. 492, LO6)

"Care of children living without parents in the home of grandparents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody.

Define Menopause. (pg. 443, LO1)

"Cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children."

Define Hypertension. (pg. 448, LO2)

"Chronically high blood pressure."

What has been the recent trend in cohabitation among middle aged adults? (pg. 480-481, LO6)

"Cohabitation has increased greatly in the United States.Overall, estimates are that in 2016, there were approximately 18 million cohabiting opposite-sex adults, an increase of almost a third since 2007. While Cohabitation has generally been less common in midlife than in young adulthood, with the aging of the baby boom generation, it is becoming more common . About 8 percent of adults age 35 to 49 and 4 percent of adults 50 and older were cohabitating in 2016 . Baby boomers have shown the largest percent increase in cohabitation rates of any age group . When older adults do cohabitate, their relationships are generally more stable than those of younger cohabiting adults, and cohabitation is more often viewed as an alternative to marriage rather than a prelude to it "

Define Osteoporosis. (pg. 451, LO2)

"Condition in which the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion"

Define Caregiver Burnout. (pg. 489, LO6)

"Condition of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion affecting adults who provide continuous care for sick or aged persons."

Define Diabetes. (pg. 448, LO2)

"Disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that converts sugar, starches, and other foods into energy needed for daily life"

. According to Identity Process Theory, what type of process is ideal and why? (pg. 473-474, LO5)

"Erikson saw generativity as an aspect of identity formation. Research supports this connection. Successful achievement of iden-tity is associated with generativity, and both together are then associated with positive outcomes."

Define Generativity versus Stagnation. (pg. 468-469, lecture, LO4)

"Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness)."

Define Generativity. (pg. 468, lecture, LO4)

"Erikson's term for concern of mature adults for finding meaning through contributing to society and leaving a legacy for future generations"

Define Marital Capital. (pg. 481, LO6)

"Financial and emotional benefits built up during a long-standing marriage, which tend to hold a couple together."

List roles and activities that can serve as a path to generativity. (pg. 469, lecture, LO4)

"For many adults, generativity is expressed through parenting, as well as through the generally more leisurely pursuit of grand-parenting (Hebblethwaite & Norris, 2011). However, this is not the only path; generativity can derive from involvement in multi-ple roles"

What are the main gains and risks of social relationships in middle-age? (PG. 479, lO6)

"For most middle-aged adults, relationships are key to well-being . For example, social support from spouses, and to a lesser extent from children and friends, is related to well-being in older adults , and social support is related to life satisfaction at all ages . According to two national surveys, having a partner and being in good health were the biggest factors in well-being for women in their fifties. Being single, divorced, or widowed, however, was associated with depres-sion, loneliness, and decreases in happiness Having a tense relationship with a spouse, mother, or sibling, in other research, was also associated with a risk of depression, especially for women "

Of the eight factors tracked for middle age from age 30 to seventy, what is the only factor that adults' rate as showing clear marked decline in quality? (pg. 440, Figure 1, LO1)

"From young adulthood through the middle years, sensory and motor changes are almost imperceptible—until one day a 45-year-old man realizes that he cannot read a book without eyeglasses, or a 60-year-old woman has to admit that she is not as quick on her feet as she was. With increasing age, it is common for adults to experience a variety of perceptual declines, including hearing and visual difficulties .Age-related visual problems occur mainly in five areas: near vision, dynamic vision (reading moving signs), sensitivity to light, visual search (locating a car in a parking lot), and speed of processing visual information . You may have seen older people using reading glasses or holding books or newspapers as far out as possible with one arm when trying to focus. As people age, they have difficulty focusing on near objects, a condition known as presbyopia. The incidence of myopia (nearsightedness) also increases throughout middle age (Rosenthal & Fischer, 2014). Overall, approxi-mately 12 percent of adults age 45 to 64 experience declines in their vision . By the age of 65, 36.6 percent of adults will have some sort of visual disability (Rosenthal & Flscher, 2014)."

What is the relationship between SES and Health? (pg. 449-450, LO2)

"However, there are wide individual differences in health among low-SES adults. Protective influences include the quality of social relationships and the level of reli-gious engagement from childhood on . Negative influences include loneliness, which has a negative effect on both mental and phys-ical well-being and is a risk factor for poor health and mortality"

What are the current trends in the U.S. concerning hypertension? (pg. 448, LO2)

"Hypertension (chronically high blood pressure) is an increasingly important concern from midlife on as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. In 2015-2016, 43.4 percent of American men and 38 percent of women ages 45 to 64 were diagnosed with hypertension , although these numbers will need to be adjusted in light of new recommendations released in November 2017 . Previous guidelines defined high blood pressure at 140/90; however, because of research showing an increased risk of disease at lower levels, the recommended cutoff for high blood pressure is now 130/80 While numbers are still high, in the United States increasing numbers of people are successfully identifying and controlling their high blood pressure . Some adults can lower their blood pressure with lifestyle modifica-tions, such as weight loss, increases in physical activity, eating a low-salt diet with plen-tiful fruits and vegetables, increasing potassium intake, and consuming light amounts of alcohol. If lifestyle modifications are not effective, medication is generally used as well "

What is the leading cause of death worldwide and in the U.S.? (pg. 448, LO2)

"Hypertension is the world's leading preventable cause of early death. Currently, approximately 31 percent of people worldwide have high blood pressure. In high-income countries, rates decreased by 2.6 percent from 2000 to 2010, presumably as a result of better diagnosis and treatment. By contrast, low- and middle-income countries showed an increase of 7.7 percent "

Define Encapsulation. (pg. 459, LO3)

"In Hoyer's terminology, the process that allows expertise to compensate for declines in information-processing ability by bundling relevant knowledge together."

Define Filial Crisis. (pg. 487, LO6)

"In Marcoen's terminology, normative development of middle age, in which adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship"

What are the two primary brain functions that decrease with aging in mid-life? (pg. 442, LO1)

"In general, the aging brain can be described in two ways: as working more slowly and as having difficulty juggling multiple tasks. This general pro-cess affects multiple tasks across many different areas—from understanding complex language to driving a car skillfully to learning new skills. What these disparate tasks have in common is the necessity to quickly process complex information and pay attention to relevant stimuli while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant stimuli. In particular, the ability to ignore distractions gradually declines with age, which makes multitasking increasingly challenging "

Define Midlife Crisis. (pg. 471, LO5)

"In some normative-crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one's past, typically occurring in the early to middle forties."

Define Erectile Dysfunction. (pg. 446, LO1)

"Inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance."

Does creativity have a strong genetic basis? (pg. 460-461, LO3)

"Intelligence and creativity are not the same thing. Although a certain baseline general intel-ligence, or IQ, is needed , creative performance is not strongly related to general intelligence once that threshold is reached . This is true even though the baseline IQ needed for creative performance does rise for more complex creative achievements "

How is well being affected by ability to regulate emotions appear to relate to well-being through mid-life? (pg. 475, LO5)

"Many studies, including the MIDUS survey, have found a gradual decline in negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions through early adulthood to old age . According to the MIDUS findings, women reported slightly more negative emotionality (such as anger, fear, and anxiety) at all ages than men. Positive emotionality (such as cheerfulness) increases, on average, among men but falls among women in middle age and then rises sharply for both sexes, but especially men, in late adulthood. Generally, increasing age is associated with more effective emotional regulation, greater emotional well-being, and more co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions "The ability to regulate emotions has implications for the stressors of daily life. Younger adults show greater individual variation in emotionality than older adults. In other words, while average levels of emotionality are similar in both younger and older adults, older adults show less of a positive rise in response to positive events

What does research predict about changes in negative and positive emotions through middle age to old age? (pg. 475, LO5)

"Many studies, including the MIDUS survey, have found a gradual decline in negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions through early adulthood to old age . According to the MIDUS findings, women reported slightly more negative emotionality (such as anger, fear, and anxiety) at all ages than men. Positive emotionality (such as cheerfulness) increases, on average, among men but falls among women in middle age and then rises sharply for both sexes, but especially men, in late adulthood. Generally, increasing age is associated with more effective emotional regulation, greater emotional well-being, and more co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions "The ability to regulate emotions has implications for the stressors of daily life. Younger adults show greater individual variation in emotionality than older adults. In other words, while average levels of emotionality are similar in both younger and older adults, older adults show less of a positive rise in response to positive events

What appears to be the key factor linking marital status and well-being? (pg. 482, LO6)

"Marital quality appears to be a key factor. In one recent meta-analysis of 126 studies, including more than 72,000 individuals from the United States, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, marital quality was associated with better health and lower cardiovascular reactivity dur-ing marital conflict . Protective effects of marriage quality on health have also been found in China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea . A number of studies have found that these effects are more pronounced in men than in women and extend to mortality "

What hormonal change occurs for males starting at about age 30? (pg. 445-446, LO1)

"Men remain fertile throughout the lifespan and do not go through menopause in the same dramatic fashion as do women. Men do have a biological clock, however, and they also experience age-associated changes. Start-ing at about age 30, testosterone levels begin to decline at a rate of about 1 percent a year, although there are wide individual variations"

Define Menopausal Transition. (pg. 443, LO1)

"Menopause is not a single event; it is a process called the menopausal transition. It begins with perimenopause, also known as the climacteric"

Define Sandwich Generation. (pg. 487, LO6)

"Middle-aged adults squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch children and to care for elderly parents."

For women how does self-image impact sexual functioning? (pg. 447, LO1)

"Most middle-aged Americans, like those in other industrialized countries, are generally healthy. All but 16.7 percent of 45- to 64-year-olds consider themselves in good to excel-lent health , and only 2.2 percent of 45- to 54-year-olds and 3.5 percent of 65- to 74-year-olds are currently limited in their activities of daily living, performing everyday chores, such as making dinner or using a bathroom"

Define Myopia. (pg. 440, LO1)

"Nearsightedness"

Under what circumstances can negative emotions damage health? (455, LO2)

"Negative emotions serve important adaptive functions and, under the right circumstances, are a healthy response to events. When nega-tive emotions are elicited in negative contexts, they can have beneficial consequences, such as when fear motivates an individual to schedule a screening for a disease . However, when negative moods are excessive, long-lasting, or occur too frequently, they can have damaging effects on the body, suppress immune function-ing, and increase susceptibility to disease. Negative emotions, such as anxiety and despair, are often associated with poor physical and mental health "

How is sexual satisfaction and activity impacted by general health? (pg. 447, LO1)

"Nonphysiological issues also impact sexual activity. For example, body image can influence the desire to have sex. Women who feel confident about their bodies and are high in self-acceptance tend to have higher levels of sexual satisfaction, while those who are self-conscious about their appearance are more likely to report declines . A couple's relationship quality is important too. When a couple communicates well, kisses and cuddles frequently, and is physically tender, this is associated with greater sexual satisfaction. Importantly, couples who can communicate about sexual activity and preferences, who care about each other's pleasure, and who desire approximately the same amount of sexual activity also tend to be more satisfied"

What has been identified as a particularly strong risk factor for poor health and early death? (pg. 449, LO2)

"People with low socioeconomic status tend to have poorer health, shorter life expectancy, more activity limitations due to chronic disease, and lower well-being than people with higher SES. In part, this is due to the cost of health care. In 2017, almost 38 percent of poor and near poor people either delayed or did not receive medical care because of its expense"

Define Stressors. (pg. 454, LO2)

"Perceived environmental demands that may produce stress."

Define Perimenopause (Climacteric). (pg. 443, LO1)

"Period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes of menopause; includes first year after end of menstruation; also called climacteric

Define Mid-Life Turning Point. (pg. 472, LO5)

"Psychological transitions that involve significant change or transformation in the perceived meaning, purpose, or direction of a person's life"

According to Trait Models of Personality, what characteristic appears to be highest during middle age? (pg. 467-468, LO4)

"Recall that the best known trait model of personality described the individual differences between people as consisting of five factors: openness to experience, conscienciousness extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Costa & McCrae, 1980). The research in this area originally claimed that these traits, known as the Big Five, were relatively con-tinuous and were not believed to change in any appreciable way after the age of 30. More recent data suggest changes during those years are possible"

What factor has wide-ranging positive effects on almost every body system in mid-life? (pg. 441, LO1)

"Staying physically active has wide-ranging positive effects on almost every body sys-tem, including physical health markers such as reduced cardiovascular risk, psychological markers such as decreased risk of depression, and cognitive markers such as decreased risk of dementia (Bauman, Merom, Bull, Buchner, & Fiatarone Singh, 2016). The more people do, the more they can do, and the longer they can do it for."

Define Stress In Middle Age. (pg. 454, LO2)

"Stress is the damage that occurs when perceived environmental demands, or stressors,exceed a person's capacity to cope with them. The body's capacity to adapt to stress involves the brain, which perceives danger (either real or imagined); the adrenal glands, which mobilize the body to fight it; and the immune system, which provides the defenses. Stress in middle age may come from role changes, career transitions, grown children leav-ing home, and the renegotiation of family relationships. Midlife can be a pivotal period in the life span, and how challenges are addressed at this juncture can have implications for whether or not an individual's trajectory takes a positive or negative turn into the later stages of life "

Define The Revolving-Door Syndrome. (pg. 486, LO6)

"Tendency for young adults who have left home to return to their parents' household in times of financial, marital, or other trouble."

Define Ego-Resiliency. (pg. 472, pg. 474, Table 2, LO5)

"The ability to adapt flexibly and resourcefully to potential sources of stress."

What is listed as the suspected cause of mid-life crisis? (pg. 471, LO5)

"The middle-aged man who impulsively buys an expensive sports car or the woman who suddenly leaves her job and home to travel to find herself are familiar stereotypes. Often, changes in personality and lifestyle such as these during the early to middle forties are attributed to what has been called a midlifecrisis. At about this age, many people real-ize that they will not be able to fulfill the dreams of their youth, or that fulfillment of their dreams has not brought the satisfaction they expected, and they become more aware of their own mortality. The midlife crisis is a supposedly stressful period triggered by this review and reevaluation of one's life."

Define Hormone Therapy (HT). (pg. 453, LO2)

"The most troublesome physical effects of menopause are linked to reduced levels of estrogen, and hormone therapy(HT) has been used to address these effects. HT is treatment with artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination with proges-terone, to help relieve symptoms of menopause. HT has a complicated pattern of risks and benefits."

What are the current health trends for diabetes in the U.S. since 1990? (pg. 448, LO2)

"The prevalence of diabetes doubled in the 1990s . Approxi-mately 13.2 percent of adults age 45 to 64 years have been diagnosed with diabetes (National Center for Health Statistics, 2018. The most common type, mature-onset (type 2) diabetes, typically develops after age 30 and becomes more prevalent with age. Unlike juvenile-onset (type 1), or insulin-dependent, diabetes, in which the level of blood sugar rises because the body does not produce enough insulin, in mature-onset diabetes glucose levels rise because the cells lose their ability to use the insulin the body produces. As a result, the body may try to compensate by producing too much insulin. People with mature-onset diabetes often do not realize they have it until they develop such serious complications as heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, or loss of limb"

What is the single most important factor affecting sexual activity in mid-life? (pg. 447, LO1)

"The single most important factor determining sexual activity is the presence of a partner. Married and cohabitating women have a roughly 8 times higher chance of being sexually active. From the ages of 40 to 49, almost 75 percent of women who lived by themselves had sex in the previous 6 months, while nearly 90 percent of married or cohabitating women did, and at 50 to 59 years, 67.7 percent of women living alone had sex in the previous 6 months, while almost 87 percent of married and cohabitating women did "

What is the basic premise of Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory? (pg. 479, LO6)

"Theory, proposed by Carstensen, that people select social contacts on the basis of the changing relative importance of social interaction as a source of information, as an aid in developing and maintaining a self-concept, and as a source of emotional well-being."

Define Social Convoy Theory. (pg. 478, LO6)

"Theory, proposed by Kahn and Antonucci, that people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being, and social support"

Define Empty Nest. (pg. 485, LO6)

"Transitional phase of parenting following the last child's leaving the parents' home"

What lifestyle factor seems to be important to minimizing decline in brain during middle adulthood? (pg. 442, LO1)

"Two factors that do seem to be important are keeping both body and mind busy. Although effects sizes are small, meta-analyses have found that physical activity and fitness are associated with higher white and gray matter volume . Moreover, physical activity in midlife is positively associated with cognitive function during midlife itself, as well as with protection against future cognitive declines. Last, reviews of both aero-bic exercise and resistance training interventions have shown they are effective in improv-ing attention, processing speed, executive function and memory, although effects are generally modest in size"

Define Crystallized Intelligence. (pg. 458, LO3)

"Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, involving the ability to remember and use learned information; it is largely dependent on education and culture"

What has been identified as a particularly important protective factor against poor health and early death for middle age? (pg. 449, LO2)

"Weight in particular seems to affect health. Excess weight in middle age increases the risk of impaired health and death , even in healthy people and for those who have never smoked (Adams et al., 2006). Being overweight, which is medically defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of between 25 to 29.9, is a risk factor. However, obesity, defined as a BMI of 30 or more, is an even greater risk and associated with ever greater mortality . Weight also interacts with ethnicity, making some ethnic groups more likely to become overweight or obese. For example, when considering overweight, Hispanics have the highest prevalence rate at 84.2 percent, in comparison to non-Hispanic whites at 70.8 percent and non-Hispanic blacks at 76 percent . When considering obesity, non-Hispanic blacks (48.1 percent) demonstrate the highest prevalence rate, with non-Hispanic whites (34.5 percent) and Hispanics (42.5 percent) at lower risk"

What is the most important factor in hearing loss? (pg. 441, LO1)

"What factors affect hearing loss? Gender matters; hearing loss pro-ceeds more quickly in men than in women. Prevalence is higher among Hispanics and non-Hispanic white adults than among African . However, the most important factor in hearing loss is environ-mental noise. Estimates are that, worldwide, 16 percent of hearing loss in adults can be attributed to noise experienced at a work site. While hearing protectors such as ear-plugs have decreased the impact of occupational noise, "social noise" (including concerts and personal music players) has increased ."

What are the recent trends in mid-life divorce rates? (pg. 481, LO6)

"While divorce rates for younger adults have fallen in recent years, divorce rates for middle-aged adults are rising. From 1990 to 2015, the divorce rate for adults age 40 to 49 years rose by 14 percent, and the divorce rate for adults older than 50 years rose by a stunning 109 percent . Although divorce in midlife is more common than in the past, the breakup can still be traumatic. In an American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) survey of adults who had been divorced at least once in their forties, fifties, or sixties, most respondents described the experience as more emotionally devastating than losing a job and about as devastating as a major illness, though less devastating than a spouse's death. Midlife divorce seems especially hard for women, who are more negatively affected psychologically by divorce at any age than men are "

What social timing norm for women is most impactful on personality and well-being? (pg. 471, LO4)

"While there are many norms regarding the "correct" timing for life events, one par-ticularly strong influence, especially for women, involves norms surrounding parenting . Early parenting, for instance, has been associated with declines in well-being and an increased risk of depression when compared to on-time parenting"

Define Identity Balance. (pg. 473, LO5)

"Whitbourne's term for a tendency to balance assimilation and accommodation."

Define Identity Accommodation. (pg. 473, LO5)

"Whitbourne's term for adjusting the self-concept to fit new experience."

Define Identity Process Theory. (pg. 473, LO5)

"Whitbourne's theory of identity development based on processes of assimilation and accommodation."

Define Identity Assimilation. (pg. 473, LO5)

"Whitbourne'stermforefforttofitnewexperience into an existing self-concept.

Define Expertise. (pg. 459, LO3)

"Why do mature adults show increasing competence in solving problems in their chosen fields? One answer seems to lie in specialized knowledge, or expertise—a form of crystallized intelligence that is related to the process of encapsulation."

What 2 neurological changes in the brain during middle adulthood are the basis of declines in brain processing? (pg. 442, LO1)

"Why do these changes occur? Physical changes in the aging brain contribute to the declines in functioning. With increasing age, there is a decrease in the volume of gray matter . Myelin, the fatty sheath that lines nerve axons and helps impulses move more quickly through the brain, also begins to break down with age. The specific location and extent of these changes in the gray and white matter are associated with the severity of processing slowdown and the area of cognition in which it occurs . For example, people who show atro-phy in the left insula, an area of the brain associated with speech production, are more likely to experience the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which a person knows he knows a word but cannot access it"

According to the most recent findings, what appears to be the cause of marital satisfaction across adulthood? (pg. 480, LO6)

"Why do we see these changes in marital satisfaction? One factor that has been con-sistently found to negatively impact marital satisfaction is the birth of a child (Twenge, Campbell, & Foster, 2003). Both mothers and fathers report a decline in satisfaction following this event, although many couples rebound as children get older, somewhat more self-sufficient, and particularly when they enter primary school). Marital satisfaction can also suffer in middle age, when many couples have teen-age children and are heavily involved in careers . Despite the ste-reotypes surrounding the empty nest, on average, the departure of children from the family home is usually met with an average rise in marital satisfaction for parents, although it also increases the risk of marital dissolution slightly . Sat-isfaction usually reaches a height when children are grown, many people are retired or entering retirement, and a lifetime accumulation of assets helps ease financial worries"

How do men and women compare in terms of general health and longevity? (pg. 450-451, LO2)

"Women have a higher life expectancy than men and lower death rates throughout life . Women's greater longevity has been attributed to genetic protection given by the second X chromosome (which men do not have) and, before menopause, to beneficial effects of the female hormone estrogen on both cardiovascular and cognitive health . However, psychosocial and cultural factors, such as men's greater propen-sity for risk-taking, also may play a part"

How does the empty nest event impact marital satisfaction? (pg. 485-486, LO6)

"a supposedly difficult transi-tion, especially for women, that occurs when the youngest child leaves home. Although some parents do have problems in adjusting to the empty nest, they are far outnumbered by those who find the departure liberating (Mitchell & Lovegreen, 2009; Antonucci et al., 2001). Generally, parents whose children have left the nest report higher levels of well-being, especially when their children stay in frequent contact with them"

Define Mammography. (pg. 453, LO2)

"diagnostic X-ray examination of the breasts, appear to be greatest for women over 50. In 2009, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued a new set of guidelines recommending that women begin routine screening for breast cancer at 50, rather than at 40 years of age as had been previously suggested. However, adherence to this diagnostic schedule varies, and medical professionals and organizations often disagree with recommended diagnostic guidelines "

What lifestyle habits may be effective in helping to slow bone loss? (pg. 452, LO2)

"good lifestyle habits can reduce risk, especially if started early in life. Longitudinal studies suggest that exercise can help slow bone density loss . While some research-ers have argued the data on exercise are inconclusive , others have pointed out that the benefits of exercise are promising and extend even further than bone health. For example, staying active can maintain strength, agility, and balance, and can thus be protective against falls that often lead to broken bones in older adults. Older adults also benefit from proper nutrition and the avoidance of smoking or heavy drinking"

Define Mid-Life Review. (pg. 472, LO5)

"introspective examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal and revision of values and priorities."

What feature of post-formal thought is of particular importance for handling the complexities of middle adulthood? (pg. 459-460, LO3)

"lthough not limited to any particular period of adulthood, postformal thought seems well suited to the complex tasks, multiple roles, and perplexing choices and challenges of midlife, such as the need to synthesize and balance work and family demands "

What are the three main goals of social interaction according to Carstensen? (PG. 479, lO6)

"social interaction has three main goals: (1) it is a source of information; (2) it helps people develop and maintain a sense of self; and (3) it is a source of emotional well-being. In infancy, the third goal, the need for emotional support, is paramount. From childhood through young adulthood, information-seeking comes to the fore. By middle age, although information-seeking remains important "

How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change through middle age? (pg. 458, LO3)

Crystallizedintelligence,by contrast, is the ability to remember and use information acquired over a lifetime, such as finding a synonym for a word or solving a math problem. It is fixed, as is the structure of ice. Crystallized intelligence is measured by tests of vocabulary, general information, and responses to social situations and dilemmas—abilities that depend largely on educa-tion and cultural experience."

What is identified as the most significant source of stress for middle age adults in the U.S.? (pg. 455, Figure 2, LO2)

Money

What has been an important identified factor that seems to affect the quality of gay/lesbian relationships? (pg. 483, LO6)

One factor that seems to affect relationship quality in gays and lesbians is whether or not they have internalized society's negative views on homosexuality. Overall, homosexual people who have internalized a negative view of their sexuality report lower relationship quality . This may be because when faced with an episode of discrimination—which is common for sexual minorities—gays and lesbians who have internalized negative beliefs about themselves are more likely to respond with anxiety or depression. Even in the absence of precipitating events, gays and lesbians who have inter-nalized the homophobic attitudes held by others are more likely to show symptoms of depression, presumably because these attitudes affect their overall self-concept. When depressive symptoms increase, so do relationship issues"

How do men and women tend to differ in generativity? (pg. 469, LO4)

Overall, women report higher levels of generativity than men do, and this is particularly true in early adulthood . Moreover, for women, being a parent does not seem to be pivotal in the development of generativity. However, for men, hav-ing a child early in adulthood is associated with greater generativ-ity. In one study, young fathers had higher scores on generative behavior than older fathers . By late adulthood, levels of generativity in men and women are more similar . Apparently, even those adults who enter midlife with low levels of generativity can catch up to their peers later "

Define Ego Virtue Care. (pg. 468, lecture, LO4)

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority. Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation. Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair.

According to Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study what has been the overall finding of how fluid and crystallized intelligence changes over the adulthood and across generations? (pg. 457-458, LO3)

The findings suggest that during young old age, the slopes of decline for several of the primary mental abilities have significantly flattened. This is the case for Verbal Meaning, Inductive Reasoning, Spatial Orientation, and Psychomotor Speed.

Define Fluid Intelligence. (pg. 458, LO3)

Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel problems and is relatively independent of educational and cultural influences."