PSY 220 Exam 3
130. Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development _______________. a. was originally conducted with a large sample of males and females b. showed that the stages tended to increase with age, but that few proceeded to Level 3 c. is based on the premise that what matters is the content of moral reasoning, not the structure d. showed that more than half of participants slipped to a lower level over time
b
102. Dr. Rose often uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) in her research. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of her work? a. Gender differences in academic interests b. Changes in emotions between childhood and adolescence c. The effects of different lighting conditions on mating behavior in crayfish d. The part-time work experiences of adolescents from different countries.
b
104. Which of the following is true of gender-related evaluations of work? a. Generally, research indicates that college students often evaluate women's work performance more favorably than men's. b. College students evaluate work done by someone of their own gender higher than work done by someone of the opposite gender. c. Some studies have found that evaluations can be especially harsh when a person's behavior violates stereotypical gender expectations. d. Gender-related evaluations do not depend on characteristics of the evaluators, such as their age.
b
112. Students from ___________ usually have three types of secondary schools. a. Japan b. Europe c. the United States d. Canada
b
114. Longitudinal research on Terman's "Termites" has shown ____________________. a. that they had higher rates of alcoholism and divorce than a comparison group of individuals with average IQs b. they had a great deal of educational and occupational success c. that women achieved high levels of occupational success, but only a small percentage of the men did d. career success peaked in emerging adulthood, but there was a steep decline in the fourth decade of life as most of the sample experienced a mid-life crisis
b
116. Across developed countries, the most serious threat to the lives and health of adolescents and emerging adults comes from _____________________. a. accidental overdoses b. automobile driving c. homicide d. suicide
b
118. Which of the following changes occurs in the immune system during young adulthood? a. There are no changes in the immune system until late adulthood. b. There is a decline in the production of both B and T cells. c. The immune system increases its production of T cells and B cells. d. There is an increase in T cells and a decline in the production of B cells.
b
12. The top three criteria that mark the transition to adulthood across cultures and nations are characterized by ___________. a. conformity b. individualism c. interdependence d. honesty
b
120. Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on college students' sleep patterns? a. Although they cause a number of ailments, sleep problems are relatively rare among college students. b. Preferences for morningness and eveningness change with age. c. Although incurring a sleep debt can result in changes in mood, it does not affect cognitive functioning. d. Most emerging adults tend toward morningness after their first year of college.
b
124. Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he's more adept at _____________________. a. using mnemonic devices consistently b. tasks that require divided attention c. tasks that require transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory d. maximizing his metamemory
b
128. Why does it take much longer to complete an undergraduate degree now compared to a few decades ago? a. Students are not academically prepared for university training and must take remedial coursework. b. Financial concerns require that students also work, which increases the time to complete the degree. c. Students lack focus and change their majors quite a few times, which adds time on to their academic programs. d. More students transfer to different institutions that do not accept all of their previous credits.
b
125. Which of the following statements about depression is most accurate? a. Rates of major depressive disorder are higher among adolescents than rates of depressed mood. b. Psychotherapy alone was as effective in treating adolescent depression as psychotherapy combined with medication. c. Rates of depressed mood rise substantially from middle childhood to adolescence. d. Boys are more likely than girls to show increases in depressed mood during adolescence.
c
110. Recent research has shown that maturity of which brain structure during young adulthood reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise? a. Temporal lobe b. Corpus callosum c. Frontal cortex d. Occipital lobe
c
113. IQ in childhood ________________________. a. has no relation to later occupational status b. correlates positively with later income, but not other measures of success c. is a powerful predictor of income and occupational status in adulthood d. has not been studied as a predictor of later adulthood outcomes because that would be considered unethical
c
115. According to research (Brown et al., 2002), college students are more than twice as likely as other adults to report ________________________. a. taking naps b. insomnia c. delayed sleep phase syndrome d. restless leg syndrome
c
119. Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is reflected in the idea of the American "melting pot?" a. Biculturalism b. Separation c. Assimilation d. Marginality
c
121. Fifteen-year-old Sadreana has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Her treatment is most likely to include ___________. a. systematic desensitization and aversion therapy b. equine therapy and electroconvulsive therapy c. psychotherapy and antidepressant medications d. psychoanalytic therapy and electroconvulsive therapy
c
123. Based on the most recent statistics, which of the following American adolescents is LEAST likely to use substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana? a. John, who is White b. Loreto, who is Latino c. James, who is Chinese American d. Jerome, who is Native American
c
10. For most people, self-esteem _______________________________. a. rises during emerging adulthood b. declines during emerging adulthood c. stays about the same as it was in adolescence d. declines during the first half of emerging adulthood and increases in later emerging adulthood
a
101. Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates in the deli at a local grocery store. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a college degree and have a teaching career. Kerry has a positive outlook on life and has strong self-esteem; her future seems bright. There are many selves described in this scenario-which of the following best describes Kerry's trepidation about working in a dissatisfying career? a. Real self b. False self c. Feared self d. Realistic self
a
107. Sanjay is part of a small group of friends, also known as a ____________, who eat lunch together at school every day and socialize with each other on the weekends. a. clique b. crowd c. faction d. subgroup
a
109. Who comprises the source of adolescents' happiest experiences? a. Friends b. Parents c. Extended family d. Siblings
a
111. When comparing the emotions experienced by American adolescents with those experienced by their parents, researchers found that the adolescents reported feeling _________ more often. a. self-conscious b. bored c. happy d. proud
a
117. Which of the following adolescents is LEAST likely to smoke cigarettes? a. Michael, from Canada b. Marcelle, from France c. Jon, from Switzerland d. Marc, from Italy
a
122. Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development has shown that ________________________. a. the stage of moral reasoning achieved tends to increase with age b. over time, people regress to an earlier stage of moral reasoning c. people often skip stages and advance to the highest stage in adulthood d. the majority of people reach Stage 5: community right and individual rights orientation
a
126. Shakira and Jerome are in an argument over childcare. Rather than put their two children in daycare, Jerome would like to be a stay-at-home father. Shakira thinks that because Jerome is a man, he will not be able to nurture and care for their two children as well as she would. Shakira is exhibiting concerns rooted in _________________. a. gender stereotypes b. a separated identity status c. prejudice d. egocentrism
a
13. Which of the following is TRUE about work during adolescence? a. Few American adolescents see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career. b. Most are likely to work answering phones and doing clerical work in an office setting. c. Less than half of adolescents in the United States and Canada have held at least one part-time job by the end of high school. d. The United States is the only country where part-time work is associated with problem behavior.
a
134. According to Perry, reflective judgment ________________. a. refers to a type of dualistic thinking b. is more common when the educational system promotes tolerance of diverse points of view c. is less likely to develop in cultures that value pluralism d. is more characteristic of first-year college students than those in their senior year because first-year college students are more open to new ideas
a
144. In regards to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk for substance use and delinquency? a. Late maturing boys b. On-time maturing boys c. Early-maturing girls d. Late-maturing girls
a
145. Compared to the concrete thinking abilities displayed in childhood, the ability to reason in adolescence ________________________. a. utilizes the hypothetical thinking involved in a scientific experiment b. involves more random attempts at problem solving as they persist longer c. differs quantitatively, but not qualitatively d. is not significantly different
a
22. During high school, Joe was a popular kid who got into trouble when hanging around a group of older friends. One time he even climbed through the window of a convenience store to steal beer when they'd run out at a party. Eventually, Joe got a steady job, got married, and had children. He mentioned at his reunion that he regretted the poor choices he had made. According to Moffitt, Joe would be considered a(n)____________. a. adolescent-limited delinquent b. conduct disorder-persistent delinquent c. sporadic delinquent d. time specific delinquent
a
23. Research has shown that in developing countries, ____________ are more likely to experience emerging adulthood. a. young people in urban areas b. females c. young people from divorced families d. young people who are true to their traditional heritage
a
26. Vital capacity is the maximum _______________. a. amount of air that can be contained in the lungs b. number of inhalations per minute of intense exercise c. target heart rate d. number of times the person's heart beats per minute
a
28. Which of the following is TRUE regarding political involvement in emerging adulthood? a. Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in extreme political movements. b. Most emerging adults lack interest in improving the state of their communities because they are so self-focused at this time of life. c. Emerging adults tend to be most interested in conventional politics, rather than special topics. d. In Europe, as well as in Canada and the United States, voting rates and involvement in political parties is relatively high.
a
34. In emerging adulthood, _______________________________. a. rates of residential change in American society are much higher at ages 18 to 29 than at any other period of life b. there is a sense of optimism about being able to "get where I want to be in life" among those from individualistic cultures, but not for those from collectivistic cultures c. the focus on self-exploration means that individuals are more egocentric than their adolescent counterparts d. the feeling "in-between" is unique to those in the United States and Canada because emerging adults in other cultures tend to remain at home, rather than moving out
a
36. One of the findings from the most detailed study of sexual behavior among young adults in the United States was that __________________________. a. masturbation continues through the thirties and forties for most men b. women reported more frequent sexual fantasies than their male counterparts c. more than half of young adults from the late twenties to early forties reported more than one sexual partner in the past year d. there were no gender differences in the frequency of orgasm
a
41. Rather than turning to other coping strategies, such as talking about his problems or even taking a walk to burn off steam, John smokes pot to reduce stress, anxiety or sadness. This pattern of substance use is referred to as _________________. a. medicinal substance use b. addictive substance use c. social substance use d. experimental substance use
a
43. Research has shown that during adolescence, ________ is most strongly related to global self-esteem. a. physical appearance b. scholastic competence c. athletic competence d. social acceptance
a
46. In the United States, girls _____________________________. a. who have an eating disorder are also more likely than other females to be depressed b. with bulimia are usually about 20% overweight c. who are Asian American are more likely to have eating disorders than are those in other ethnic groups d. are more likely than boys to be satisfied with their bodies
a
49. Theo is an adolescent boy who has gotten in trouble for a number of delinquent acts such as underage drinking, vandalizing on Halloween, and trespassing. Researchers who take a biological approach would explain this behavior as being caused by an immature ________________. a. frontal lobe b. occipital lobe c. hypothalamus d. pituitary gland
a
50. In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength, and endurance in their coming-of-age rituals because ___________. a. daily life often requires these capacities b. it is a way to show off for the young women observing c. they want to assert their power over women d. they are required by national law
a
51. According to Labouvie-Vief, how would an adolescent who is in formal operations respond to the following scenario? "A man who was a heavy drinker, especially at parties, was warned by his wife that if he came home drunk one more time, she would leave him and take the children. Sometime later he went to an office party and came home drunk. What will she do?" a. "Did he apologize and beg her not to leave? Did she really mean it when she said she would leave him?" b. "She said she would leave if he came home drunk once more, he came home drunk, therefore she will leave." c. "Does she have some place to go?" d. "Does she really want to leave? It was most likely just a threat."
a
61. When learning to weave, boys in the Dioula culture start by watching their fathers weave, and then learn to weave themselves in early adolescence. The boy starts off working on his own to complete a simple pattern and gets help when he makes mistakes. He moves on to more complex patterns and continues to consult with his father for several years until he can weave completely on his own. This is an example of ___________________. a. Scaffolding b. hypothetical-deductive reasoning c. divided attention d. accommodation
a
73. Xavier is 23 years old and has recently graduated with his bachelor's degree in psychology. He is seeking employment and would like to find a job that leads to a promising career. Less than ideal, he applied for a position as an academic advisor at a community college, was offered a job, and accepted the position. Which stage of Donald Super's theory of occupational development is Xavier in? a. Implementation b. Crystallization c. Consolidation d. Stabilization
a
89. Which of the following is the primary reason why many cultures encourage young wedded adults to have sex frequently? a. To produce children b. to ward off evil spirits c. To increase the chances that they will be happily married and stay together d. To increase intimacy in the marriage
a
91. The countries with the highest obesity rates are ____________________. a. the wealthiest countries b. the poorest countries c. Asian countries d. traditional cultures
a
93. Vanessa is terrified of becoming fat. Her weight is normal, and most of the time she has normal eating habits, but sometimes she loses control and "binges" on large amounts of food. In an effort to avoid becoming fat, Vanessa makes herself throw up after these binges. Vanessa is exhibiting symptoms of ___________. a. bulimia b. anorexia nervosa c. pica d. the secular trend
a
99. Compared to his brother in college, Jonah is more likely to think that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates _______________________________. a. the personal fable b. the imaginary audience c. selective attention d. hypothetical reasoning
a
132. How is creativity measured? a. It is assessed based on self-reports. b. Assessments of creativity have focused on the number of works a person produces, or on the timing of a person's "best" works, as determined by experts in the area or by the works' influence. c. No one has attempted to measure creativity. d. A standardized test has been developed that assesses both creativity and IQ.
b
135. Of all the many uses of the Internet, the number one use is ________________. a. accessing pornography b. using social media sites c. online shopping d. gambling
b
136. Which of the following people would most likely willingly and happily live with his or her parents until his or her late 20s or early 30s? a. Brice, an emerging adult from the United States b. Antonio, an emerging adult from Italy c. Hector, an emerging adult from Canada d. Matthias, an emerging adult from Germany
b
139. Two of the most notable aspects of _____________ in emerging adulthood concern advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment. a. concrete thought b. postformal thought c. hypothetical and deductive reasoning d. metacognition
b
141. In the United States, nearly all 18- to 29-years olds (89%) agreed with the statement ____________________. a. "I have chosen a career path that brings satisfaction and stability to my life." b. "I am confident that eventually I will get to where I want to be in life." c. "I am who I am and that is never going to change." d. "It's a relief to finally be financially independent."
b
147. Which of the following statements about the health of emerging adults is most accurate? a. Most emerging adults experience an increased susceptibility to physical illness due to the increased stressors associated with this developmental period b. Exercise tends to decline from adolescence through emerging adulthood, but overall this is a healthy stage of life. c. Emerging adults are at a high risk of getting cancer and heart disease. d. The immune system is least effective during emerging adulthood.
b
150. Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults? a. The research showing delayed sleep phase syndrome and sleep debt is based almost exclusively on low-income emerging adults who work full-time, rather than attending college. b. The preference of being a morning person versus a night person changes with age due to increased levels of cortisol. c. Sleep debt has negative consequences for both cognitive and emotional functioning. d. Students who stayed up all night before exams thought they did worse than their peers who got a full night's sleep.
b
16. Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with ______________________. a. close friends b. dating partners c. acquaintances d. parents
b
18. Between the ages of 25 and 50, an individual's basal metabolic rate ___________. a. increases steadily b. declines c. remains the same d. stays the same until the late 40's and then declines sharply
b
2. The substance use of an adolescent who drinks alcohol to relieve feelings of sadness and loneliness would be classified as __________________________. a. social substance use b. medicinal substance use c. experimental substance use d. addictive substance use
b
20. In the United States, ________________ are LEAST LIKELY to be living at home with their parents in their early 20s. a. Latino Americans b. White Americans c. African Americans d. Asian Americans
b
24. Niels, 17, is in a sexual relationship with his girlfriend, Henriette. Niels's parents are well-aware that he and Henriette are having sex, and, like most other parents in his country, not only are they fine with it, but they also have no problem with Henriette spending the night in Niels's bedroom. Niels and his family are most likely living in a(n) _______________ culture. a. restrictive b. permissive c. semirestrictive d. open
b
25. People from traditional cultures consider ________ as the key transition to adulthood. a. independent decision making b. marriage c. leaving the parents' house d. being able to sustain oneself independently
b
29. Which of the following best illustrates the process of "recentering" as defined by Jennifer Tanner? a. There is a move from adolescent ego centrism to an inner self-focus during emerging adulthood. b. The center of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner. c. During infancy the center of development is located within an individual's genotype, but as time passes, environment plays a larger role, therefore moving the center of development. d. The center for physical development is located in the nucleus of all cells; however, cancer cells infiltrate and modify the nuclei of healthy cells, transferring the location of cellular development.
b
31. One difference between gay male couples and heterosexual couples is that gay male couples ____________. a. have conflict in different areas b. tend to have a higher frequency of sexual activity c. seek out partners who are similar to themselves in many ways d. seek out long-term relationships based on love and mutual respect
b
32. Grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake, and bone density all peak during what time period? a. The early teen years b. The 20s c. The 30s d. The 40s
b
33. Which of the following statements about exercise is true? a. Nearly all adults in developed countries engage in regular exercise. b. Most adults in developed countries do not exercise regularly. c. Across SES groups, women exercise more than men. d. Adults at lower SES levels exercise more than adults at higher SES levels.
b
44. Based on a longitudinal study, the National Study of Adolescent Health, rates of obesity in young adulthood were highest among _____________. a. African American men b. African American women c. European American men d. Asian men
b
47. Which of the following individuals is likely to spend the least amount of time exercising? a. Harrison who is of high SES and male b. Benita who is of low SES and female c. Ian who is of low SES and male d. Ramona who is of middle SES and female
b
48. Several interventions have been developed to reduce automobile injuries and fatalities for young drivers. Which of the following approaches has been shown to be most effective? a. Mandatory drivers' education b. Graduated driver licensing programs c. Increasing the minimum driving age d. Safe driving pledges
b
5. Erik Erikson's notion of intimacy is best described as ___________________. a. when an individual develops the skills necessary for a relationship by modeling it after what he or she has observed from their environment b. uniting your newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, emotionally close relationship c. when the ego works in conjunction with the superego to satisfy the desires of the id in a socially acceptable way d. a gratifying sexual relationship
b
52. Marriage appears to be a very important marker of the transition to adulthood in ______________________. a. the West b. traditional cultures c. all cultures d. no cultures
b
56. Today, the ________ marriage is the most common in most Eastern cultures. a. arranged b. semi-arranged c. romantic d. open
b
57. Kohlberg's proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Shweder and his student, Jensen, who believe that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand an individual's ____________. a. social context b. cultural worldview c. personality factors d. intellectual abilities
b
6. Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. If one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty ____ others did in her family's history. a. similar to when b. younger than c. slightly older than d. significantly older than
b
62. Researchers who study young drivers have found that ____________________________. a. increased parental monitoring does not reduce automobile accidents because adolescents spend so much time with their friends b. graduated driver licensing (GDL) is an excellent approach to reducing automobile accidents c. inexperience is the only factor found to be significantly correlated with accidents and fatalities d. the best way to reduce car accidents and fatalities is for parents to encourage their children to gain more experience driving with their friends who have taken driver's education and who will serve as role models for safe driving
b
63. Which of the following is TRUE about expertise? a. According to most researchers in the field, it takes about 25 years of study and practice in most fields to attain expertise. b. Expertise is associated with changes in the brain. c. Expertise tends to decline after young adulthood. d. Expertise is defined in terms of knowledge base, rather than problem solving, because it is difficult to measure problem solving skills.
b
64. Data from the national Monitoring the Future study has shown that substance use of all kinds peaks in the ____________. a. early teens b. mid-teens c. 20's d. 30's
b
68. You are talking to a person from another country. She told you that when she was admitted to university in her native country, she studied in only one topic area, rather than taking courses in various disciplines as part of general education requirements. On which of the following continents is she most likely to have attended college? a. South America b. Europe c. Asia d. Africa
b
69. In math and science, students from ______________ consistently score at the top. a. the United States and China b. Japan and South Korea c. Russia and China d. China and Wales
b
7. Emerging adults who live in ________ would emphasize becoming capable of supporting parents financially as among the most important criteria for becoming an adult. a. Canada b. Japan c. the United States d. Europe
b
70. Which of the following best describes pubertal timing? a. The average age of menarche is much later today than it was in earlier generations. b. Menarche takes place as late as age 15 in some developing countries, due to lack of proper nutrition and medical care. c. The timing of puberty has no effect on adolescent boys. d. The effects of early maturation are generally positive for girls.
b
77. Religiosity in adolescence is ______________________________. a. usually lowest among African Americans b. associated with lower rates of delinquency c. highest in European and Asian countries d. the same regardless of if adolescents' parents are married or divorced
b
78. Sternberg's triangular theory of love includes three components: intimacy, passion, and _______________. a. compassion b. commitment c. support d. similarity
b
79. Your friend's parents have been married for 25 years and have a relationship based on mutual understanding and support. You can tell that they care for each other, but the "romance" seems to be gone. According to Sternberg, what type of love do you think they are experiencing at this time? a. Consummate love b. Companionate love c. Compassionate love d. Empty
b
83. Research on resilience has shown that ___________________________. a. bouncing back from adversity requires a high level of achievement and extraordinary abilities b. high intelligence characterizes many individuals who are considered resilient c. as a group, girls are more resilient than boys d. parenting has no influence on resilience
b
84. Binge drinking __________________________. a. peaks in emerging adulthood in the United States, but not in Europe where adolescents are often allowed to drink alcohol with their meals b. has not been studied longitudinally because of the difficulty getting IRB approval to ask about alcohol use among high school students c. is highest among single mothers in their early twenties who do not go to college d. is more likely among emerging adults than those in other age groups because they spend more time in unstructured socializing
b
86. Which of the following statements about eating disorders is most accurate? a. People with bulimia are usually slightly underweight. b. Bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa. c. Over the past decade, anorexia nervosa has become more common in males than in females. d. Persons with bulimia do not view themselves as having a problem and regard their eating patterns as normal.
b
87. The most important estrogen is estradiol and the most important androgen is ____________. a. human growth hormone b. testosterone c. leptin d. insulin
b
90. A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to ____________________________. a. evaluate the strength of cohort differences b. examine changes in emotions at various time points c. examine how different environmental experiences affect brain development d. determine whether behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence
b
94. Maturity of _______ reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise. a. the synapses b. the frontal cortex c. the occipital lobe d. the hippocampus
b
96. Charlotte is a typical American girl. Based on the research, one would expect her self-esteem to be lowest in ________________. a. the late elementary school years b. early adolescence c. late adolescence d. emerging adulthood
b
97. Research on the religious beliefs and practices of emerging adults has shown that _________________. a. religious beliefs and practices are associated with lower rates of participation in a number of risk behaviors, as well as higher well-being b. most are categorized as agnostic or atheist c. White emerging adults are more likely than African Americans to cope with stress by relying on their religious beliefs d. virtually all individuals in this developmental period attend religious services at least once a month
b
1. Which of the following is true regarding research on couples after the birth of the first child in developed countries? a. Gender roles become more traditional and women are more likely to take an extended period of leave after the birth of a child. b. Marital satisfaction declines more for men than women after the birth of a child because men become jealous of the new baby. c. For couples who had a troubled marriage before the child was born, marital satisfaction increases after the baby arrives because it brings them closer together. d. Marital satisfaction improves for all couples following the birth of the first child.
c
103. Cross-cultural research on intelligence _____________________. a. has not been conducted b. has shown that the most important qualities across cultures are analytical and verbal skills c. has shown that skills that allow individuals to adapt to their environment are considered a type of intelligence d. can only be conducted in cultures where individuals can read the questions on IQ tests
c
105. Which of the following is TRUE regarding physical changes during young adulthood? a. Individuals with dark skin show skin aging earlier than their counterparts with white skin. b. The immune system increases its production of T cells and B cells. c. The heart muscle starts to become more rigid. d. There is an increase in vital capacity.
c
108. On the basis of anthropological evidence, the United States would be considered a(n) ________ culture in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex. a. permissive b. authoritarian c. semirestrictive d. restrictive
c
11. According to Holland, people are likely to be unhappy if they _______________________________. a. are not able to have a lot of social contacts on the job b. spend more time working the "second shift" than in their full-time workplace c. do not have a good fit between their personality and their job d. make less money than their spouse/romantic partner
c
127. Which of the following is the most accurate about Terman's research? a. Only the Termites who pursued careers in technology had more career success than the comparison group with average IQs. b. The price of a high IQ was a high risk of personal problems. c. The Termites were less likely to have personal problems such as alcoholism, divorce, and mental disorders. d. There is a correlation between childhood IQ and adult success, but it is weak.
c
129. Which of the following statements about marriage is TRUE? a. People who are unhappily married are still happier than those who are single due to divorce. b. People who remain single after age 30 are more likely than their married counterparts to have mental health and physical health problems. c. Across countries, the proportion of young adults who have neither married nor had a long-term cohabiting relationship by age 40 is around 50%. d. By age 40, European Americans are more likely to have never married than their African American counterparts.
c
131. What happens to self-esteem for most people during emerging adulthood? a. It remains at about the same level as it did in adolescence. b. It increases for females, but declines slightly for males. c. It increases. d. It declines gradually until rising again in middle adulthood.
c
137. In Western countries, conflict with parents _______________________________. a. remains constant during adolescence b. steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood c. declines in late adolescence d. is highest during middle childhood
c
14. After learning to knit a simple scarf with her grandmother's guidance, Alexis began to knit a sweater while on break from college. She went over to her grandmother's once when she had a question. By the time Alexis had to go back to school, she had nearly finished the sweater. She finished the sweater a few weeks later while she was back at college, needing only one Skype session to help her. After finishing the sweater, her grandmother mailed her a pattern so she can knit a handbag. This illustrates ___________________. a. selective attention b. synaptic pruning c. scaffolding d. hypothetical-deductive reasoning
c
140. Male emerging adults are more likely than females to ________________________. a. have negative attitudes toward recreational sex b. suffer severe punishments if they have premarital sex c. be willing to have intercourse with someone they have known for only a few hours d. have sex only in the context of a close romantic relationship
c
146. Doug refers to himself as a "cafeteria Catholic" because he believes in God and follows some of the practices of his religion, but ignores the rest. According to Smith and Snell (2010), Doug would be categorized as _________________. a. an agnostic b. a deist c. a liberal believer d. a conservative believer
c
148. Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic? a. Fallopian tubes b. Ova c. Breasts d. Vagina
c
149. If you are an adolescent living in ___________ you are most likely to be participating in an apprenticeship program. a. the United States b. New Zealand c. Germany d. Canada
c
15. Which of the following is true of emerging adults' political beliefs? a. Unlike their counterparts in Canada or Western Europe, emerging adults' political participation is very low in the United States. b. Emerging adults tend to see the activities of political parties as highly relevant to their lives. c. Emerging adults tend to be skeptical of the motivations of politicians. d. Emerging adults tend to have higher conventional political participation compared to previous generations of young people.
c
17. A person who is high in ____ is able to put ideas or materials together in new, culturally meaningful ways. a. generativity b. kinesthetic intelligence c. creativity d. intrapersonal intelligence
c
21. Which of the following statements about depression is TRUE? a. Over 90% of individuals eventually get a diagnosis of major depressive disorder in adolescence. b. Depressed mood includes symptoms such as difficulty sleeping and changes in appetite. c. Rates of depressed mood rise notably from middle childhood to adolescence. d. Girls tend to use distraction more than boys when faced with the beginning of a depressed mood.
c
27. ________ are most likely to be living on their own rather than with their parents in their early twenties. a. Latinos b. African Americans c. White Americans d. Asian Americans
c
3. Research on adolescents' media use has found that ________________________. a. males did not report enjoying the social aspect of gaming b. American adolescents use media for about two hours every day and a bit less during the school week c. more boys than girls report playing electronic games nearly every day d. it makes people more empathic as they often identify with the victim
c
35. Amity is an adult with a BMI of 27. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as ______________. a. average weight b. underweight c. overweight d. obese
c
37. Compared to their peers in the United States, adolescents in Asian countries _______________. a. have a shorter school day b. have a shorter school year c. have to take entrance exams for both high school and college d. are taught with an emphasis on critical thinking and creativity
c
39. In traditional cultures, girls reach womanhood mainly through _______________________. a. their achievements b. the same means that males reach manhood c. their biological changes d. protecting their young
c
4. Of the following evening leisure activities among American adults, the most common is __________________. a. playing portable electronic devices b. using social media on the Internet c. watching television d. communicating with friends via text messaging on the phone
c
45. Which of the following is true regarding divorce rates? a. Rates of divorce are higher among Whites than among African Americans. b. Rates of divorce are higher among those with college degrees than those without because college graduates devote so much time to their careers. c. The United States has the highest divorce rate in the world. d. Divorce is common and rates are similar across all cultures.
c
53. Bianca, a third-year college student, has developed a type of thinking that would be characterized as relativism. This means that she __________________. a. is able to perform mental operations on tangible problems, but lacks abstract thought b. is able to understand the laws of relativity c. is able to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view d. has meta-cognitive awareness
c
54. Which of the following best describes religious beliefs in emerging adulthood? a. There is an overall decline in religious behavior, but not religious beliefs from adolescence to emerging adulthood. b. Emerging adults are not tolerant of religious differences. c. In emerging adulthood, religious beliefs are highly individualized. d. Emerging adults place great emphasis on the religious doctrine of their faith.
c
55. Menna is an adolescent from a Western culture. When asked about the most important feature of her friendships, she is most likely to mention _____________________. a. similar interests b. similar future goals c. intimacy d. the popularity of the person
c
58. Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults? a. Preference for being a morning person versus a night person changes with age due to increased levels of cortisol. b. Students who stayed up all night before exams thought they did worse than their peers who got a full night's sleep. c. The peak of eveningness comes at around age 20-21. d. Research showing delayed sleep phase syndrome and sleep debt is based mostly on emerging adults who work full time, rather than those who attend college, because their lives are so hectic.
c
59. In the United States, conflict in adolescence ___________________. a. is most intense between fathers and sons b. steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood c. is more frequent between early-maturing adolescents and their parents compared to "on-time" adolescents and their parents d. is similar in frequency to that observed in traditional cultures
c
65. When asked about the most important criteria for becoming an adult, an emerging adult from the United States is most likely to say ______________________________. a. getting married b. having a child c. being financially independent d. moving out of the house
c
66. Skin becomes looser and muscle mass decreases during young adulthood and beyond because _______________________. a. there is a substantial decrease in iron and vitamin b. there is a decrease in the production of vitamin K c. there is a decrease in growth hormones d. there is a decrease in calcium
c
71. Which of the following groups experiences the least overall happiness? a. People who are separated b. People who are widowed c. People in unhappy marriages d. People who are single
c
72. Which of the following statements best describes political development during emerging adulthood? a. Emerging adults tend to have higher political participation in comparison to adults. b. This generation of emerging adults tends to have higher political participation compared to previous generations of young people. c. Emerging adults tend to be skeptical of the motivations of politicians. d. Emerging adults tend to be less likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to particular issues, such as efforts against war and racism.
c
75. When it comes to friendship in emerging adulthood, _______________________. a. there is a steady increase in the time spent in leisure activities in the twenties as these friendships become increasingly important b. much of their time together is spent in structured activities c. intimacy continues to be an important component d. both men and women reported that self-disclosure was what promoted the feeling of emotional closeness
c
76. What is the capacity of long-term memory? a. It has a limit of 7 plus or minus 1 item. b. It has a limit of 7 plus or minus 2 items. c. It is essentially unlimited. d. It is limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams.
c
8. Compared to schools in the United States, those in Eastern countries _____________________________. a. have a shorter school day b. are all sex-segregated c. focus almost exclusively on rote learning d. place a greater emphasis on creativity
c
80. Erikson thought that intimacy was not possible until individuals _______________________. a. had established themselves in their career b. were capable of making independent decisions c. had a fairly stable sense of identity d. possessed formal operational thinking
c
81. Adolescents who are more religious ________________________. a. are more likely to attend college b. are less likely to be held back in school c. report less depression d. have more conflict with their parents because they openly discuss their views
c
82. Emerging adults in ________ view being able to support their parents financially as a necessary criterion for adulthood. a. the United States b. Canada c. China d. Israel
c
92. Assuming they are all serious students, which of the following individuals would be most likely to describe their college or university experience as a relatively relaxed time to think and explore? a. A student from Canada b. A student from England c. A student from Japan d. A student from China
c
95. According to Perry, adolescents tend to engage in ___________: an act is either right or wrong, with no in-between; a statement is either true or false, regardless of the nuances of the situation. a. concrete thinking b. relative hypothesis testing c. dualistic thinking d. rigid thinking
c
98. Jace thinks he's a really good driver. He often speeds on long stretches of highway and doesn't usually slow down on the curves in the road despite what the signs say. He brags to his friends in the car that he can drive fast because he knows what he's doing. He goes on to say that only bad drivers get themselves in accidents. His way of thinking demonstrates ________________. a. selective attention b. the imaginary audience c. the personal fable d. hypothetical-deductive reasoning
c
100. Beyond reducing body fat, exercise has also been shown to _________________. a. lower metabolic rate for several hours after exercise b. lower rates of schizophrenia and depression c. decrease white blood cells d. lower the death rate of those who maintain regular exercise in adulthood
d
106. Research on the media use of adolescents _____________________________. a. has found that only females report that they enjoy the social aspect of gaming b. has found that adolescents in industrialized countries use media for about 2 hours every day c. has focused primarily on the benefits, such as increasing problem-solving ability and strategizing d. has shown that the content of electronic games is related to their emotional responses
d
133. Which of the following is true of emerging adults' health? a. Most emerging adults experience an increased susceptibility to physical illness due to the increased stressors associated with this developmental period. b. For most sports, the peak age of performance comes during adolescence, and athletic abilities begin to decline in the early twenties. c. During emerging adulthood the immune system is weak. d. The heart is strong during emerging adulthood and reaction time is faster than at any other time of life.
d
138. An emerging adult answered the question "What is the most important criterion for becoming an adult?" with the response of "becoming capable of supporting my parents financially." This person is most likely from _______________. a. Germany b. France c. the United States d. Japan
d
142. Which of the following best represents the research on gay and lesbian couples? a. Gay and lesbian adults often seek out romantic partners who are opposite from them in many ways. b. No differences have been identified between gay and lesbian couples. c. Gay and lesbian couples have different sources of conflict in their relationship than do heterosexual couples. d. Gay and lesbian couples are similar to heterosexual couples in most ways.
d
143. Larson and Richards (1994) compared preadolescent 5th-graders to adolescent 8th-graders and found that the percent of time experienced as "very happy" __________________. a. increased slightly b. increased dramatically c. stayed the same d. decreased
d
19. Which of the following best represents research on formal operational thinking across cultures? a. Formal operational thinking takes the same form, regardless of culture. b. Individuals in collectivistic cultures take much longer to develop formal operations. c. Formal operational thinking only exists in developed countries. d. The way that formal operational thinking is manifested is likely different across different cultures.
d
30. An emerging adult from ________ would be most likely to express the following sentiment upon first entering college: "In many ways, college is easier than high school; it's a relief to spend less time on homework and to have more time to explore my options." a. Canada b. Japan c. the United States d. Germany
d
38. Dialectical thought __________________________. a. relies strictly on emotion in solving real-life problems b. has been found to characterize emerging adults in individualistic cultures more than those in collectivistic cultures c. refers to the need for explaining human actions in terms of logical principles d. involves the growing awareness that problems often have no clear-cut solutions
d
40. What happened to Terman's "Termites" when they became adults? a. They had higher rates of divorce. b. They suffered from emotional and psychological problems. c. They amassed great wealth, but were very unhappy. d. As a group, the Termites had a great deal of educational and occupational success.
d
42. Researchers who study young drivers have found that ___________________. a. as a result of campaigns to increase the use of seat belts, young people are now as likely as older drivers to wear seat belts b. rates of accidents and fatalities are low in the early months of driving, but increase steadily as new drivers gain confidence c. young drivers are no more likely to drive at excessive speeds compared to their older counterparts, but are more likely to report driving under the influence of alcohol d. young drivers are more likely than older drivers to believe their friends would approve of risky driving behavior, such as speeding
d
60. Which of the following best describes the relationships between age and crime? a. Adolescents are less likely than adults to commit crimes because they do not have enough opportunity to do so. b. Adolescents are less likely to be the victims of crime than are children or adults. c. Adolescents are likely to commit crimes alone because they worry about their reputation if they get caught. d. A small percentage of adolescents commit the majority of crimes.
d
67. According to Sternberg, commitment, passion, and intimacy combine to form ________ love. a. romantic b. fatuous c. compassionate d. consummate
d
74. Reflective judgment __________________________. a. is a synonym for dualism b. increases over time for all emerging adults as a result of maturation, regardless of their educational background or the skills required in their job c. is more likely to characterize students in their first year of college than those in their senior year because first-year college students are more open to new ideas d. is more likely to develop in cultures that value pluralism
d
85. Which of the following individuals is most likely to be unemployed in emerging adulthood? a. Simon, an African American b. Liam, a European American c. Jon, an Asian American d. As a result of the struggling economy, rates of unemployment are equally high among all ethnic groups.
d
88. Adolescents in developed countries who work part-time ____________________. a. are less likely to use drugs and alcohol than their nonworking counterparts b. have higher grades in school than other students c. usually contribute the majority of their earnings to support the household income d. do not typically see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career
d
9. According to Erikson's theory _______________________. a. identity develops in emerging adulthood b. failure to establish commitments in the key areas of identity results in identity confusion c. the search for identity is better described as exploration rather than crisis d. adolescents can be classified into one of four identity statuses based on an interview measure
d
