PSY 231 Quiz 8
A comprehensive reflection of past experiences and contemplation of the meaning of those experiences and their role in shaping one's life is called a: A) life review. B) reminiscence. C) cognitive appraisal. D) congruence.
A
Based on what we know about the quality of relationships in older adults, which of the following relationships tends to be closer? A) Rebecca (age 45) and her mother (age 82) B) David (age 43) and his mother (age 65) C) Jennifer (age 50) and her father (age 75) D) Richard (age 55) and his father (age 85)
A
Caroline has recently lost her spouse. She has a graduate degree in accounting and has worked all her life. She has three children, all of whom live in the same city as she does. What statement reflects her relationship with her children after the death of her spouse? A) Caroline's education has decreased her dependence on her children for financial and legal advice. B) As a widow, Caroline is more dependent on her children for a variety of reasons. C) Caroline has a decreased ability to provide emotional support to her children. D) Caroline will need to go through her own bereavement process in order to handle the death, separately from her children.
A
David is a grandfather who was always very close to his grandchildren. His grandchildren now are adults with children of their own. They moved away across the state so David doesn't get to see them as much as he used to. What can we expect regarding their relationship now? A) The affection between the grandchildren and David will remain strong. B) David will experience greater distress at the separation and move closer to his grandchildren. C) The grandchildren will experience a sense of guilt and pull away from David. D) David will develop health issues related to the separation from his grandchildren.
A
Deaths from unintentional injuries account for _____ deaths per 100,000 in 65-year-old adults. A) 61.5 B) 23.5 C) 12.3 D) 46.2
A
Denise retired from her job as a librarian in her local school district. She loved seeing the children every day. Now that she is retired, she has decided to volunteer at her local library leading story times for preschoolers. What theory of social interaction and elders' psychological functioning is she demonstrating? A) Activity theory B) Continuity theory C) Disengagement theory D) Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
A
Diane is a 65-year-old woman who works at a job that is very stressful. She is close to her co-workers and they support each other. Diane's mother was just diagnosed with cancer. Her husband is 65-years-old, a physician at a local hospital, and enjoys his job. Based on what we know about the decisions to retire, what can we expect regarding when Diane and/or her husband will retire? A) Diane is more likely to retire earlier than her husband. B) Diane's husband is more likely to retire before she does. C) Diane and her husband will most likely retire at the same time. D) Diane and her husband will most likely work until they are over the age of 70.
A
Ego integrity relies on all of the following except: A) inductive reasoning. B) complexity and maturity in moral judgment and thinking style. C) tolerance for ambiguity. D) dialectical reasoning.
A
How is Alzheimer's disease diagnosed in humans? A) Through exclusion-ruling out all other causes of dementia-because the characteristic beta-amyloid plaques can only be assessed in a postmortem examination of brain tissue. B) Through a PET scan to see how the brain and its tissues are working because Alzheimer's diseased brains have a characteristic type of functioning. C) Through an MRI or CT scan to observe the structure of the brain and identify whether the characteristic plaques and tangles are present. D) Through a series of neurological tests that indicate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease exclusively (not present in other forms of dementia).
A
How is mourning different from grief? A) Mourning is a behavioral aspect of bereavement, whereas grief is an emotional aspect of bereavement. B) Mourning is culture-specific, grief is expressed the same universally. C) Mourning is an emotional aspect of bereavement, whereas grief is a behavioral aspect of bereavement. D) There are multiple ways to mourn, but there is only one way to grieve.
A
In order for an older adult to engage in medical decision making, what should they be able to do? A) Basic cognitive capacities, as indicated by awareness of the date, year, and surroundings. B) Ability to read and sign their name. C) Ability to hear and/or see the document that they need to sign. D) The ability to regulate emotion and reduce anxiety.
A
Judy's son has been noticing that his mother has been getting more forgetful and that the forgetfulness began very quickly and is getting worse. She has begun having difficulty with speech, so Judy went to the doctor who diagnosed her with a stroke. What was the doctor's diagnosis regarding her memory loss? A) Judy experienced irreversible memory loss and is diagnosed with vascular dementia. B) Judy experienced memory loss due to mini-strokes in the brain, but they are reversible. C) Judy is in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. D) Judy is in the early phases of Parkinson's disease.
A
Low socioeconomic status is associated with greater arthritis-related symptoms, poorer well-being, and greater use of maladaptive coping strategies among which group of people? A) African Americans B) All individuals over the age of 65 C) Asian men D) Caucasian men
A
Neurogenesis plays a role in all of the following except: A) physical impairments. B) emotional responses. C) stress. D) cognition.
A
Ron has Alzheimer's disease. He frequently forgets doctor's appointments and almost started a fire in his kitchen because he forgot a pan on the stove. Recently, his son was concerned because Ron blamed him for stealing his car keys when Ron simply forgot where he put them. What phase of Alzheimer's disease is Ron in? A) Ron is in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease. B) Ron's Alzheimer's disease has progressed beyond the early phases and he may no longer be able to care for himself. C) Ron's Alzheimer's disease has progressed to the point that he absolutely cannot care for himself and will need 24-hour assistance. D) Ron has reached the final phase of Alzheimer's disease.
A
Well-being correlates with lower levels of: A) neuroticism. B) extroversion. C) agreeableness. D) conscientiousness.
A
What are the symptoms associated with the final stages of Alzheimer's disease? A) Loss of the ability to comprehend and produce speech B) Problems with concentration and short-term memory C) Failure to recognize objects and familiar people D) Impairments in attentional control
A
What can be expected in terms of life expectancy for individuals who are currently diagnosed with cancer? A) We can expect that over two thirds of adults diagnosed with cancer in the United States and Canada will survive. B) We can expect that cancer deaths will increase because individuals are engaging in behaviors that put them at risk at higher rates than ever before. C) We can expect that the number of men diagnosed with cancer will surpass the number of women diagnosed with cancer. D) We can expect that the number of women diagnosed with cancer will surpass the number of men diagnosed with cancer.
A
What characteristic is typical of a victim of maltreatment in old age? A) A person of advanced age who has impairment with activities of daily living B) A man who is of advanced age C) A woman who lives with her adult children D) An elderly person of good health and psychological functioning
A
What form of cognition declines in older adulthood? A) Fluid intelligence B) Crystallized intelligence C) Semantic memory D) Memory for factual material
A
What happens when older adults experience a decline in the sense of taste and smell? A) They seek satisfaction through added salt, sugar, and fat. B) They can take medications to renew their sense of taste. C) They stop eating because nothing tastes good. D) They seek out foods with strong odors.
A
What is the difference between a living will and a do not resuscitate (DNR) order? A) A living will can say what a person would or would not want done; a DNR only indicates a person does not want to be restored if their heart or lungs stop working. B) A living will is only for cases where a person is in a coma; a DNR is for all forms of trauma. C) A living will is not recognized in most hospitals, but a DNR is. D) A living will only states what a person wants done to stay alive, a DNR means the person does not want to stay alive.
A
What is the main determining factor with regard to whether and when an older adult retires? A) Financial resources B) Reaching the age of 65 C) Whether a spouse retires D) Companies "forcing" retirement to make room for younger workers
A
What is the second set of losses as described in the dual-process model of stress and coping? A) The life changes that accompany the death B) An emotional reaction that concerns the grief that comes with losing an attachment figure C) Discussing the death of the loved one D) Experiencing the physical reaction to the loss
A
What is the widowhood effect? A) The increased likelihood for a recently widowed person to die. B) The increased likelihood for experiencing depression after the death of a spouse. C) The decreased likelihood for a recently widowed person to enter into a romantic relationship. D) The decreased likelihood for a recently widowed person to depend on adult children.
A
What percentage of U.S. adults report being "absolutely certain" of the existence of God or a similar spiritual entity? A) Nearly 75% B) 25% C) 50% D) 90%
A
What supplements counteract potential damage caused by free radicals and promote an effective immune system response? A) Antioxidant vitamins and trace elements (vitamins C, E, selenium, copper, and zinc) B) Vitamin A C) Vitamins B6 and B12 D) Vitamin D
A
What type of elder maltreatment is least common? A) Sexual abuse B) Physical abuse C) Neglect D) Emotional abuse
A
What type of emotion-related information do older adults have a greater capacity for processing as compared to younger adults? A) Positive information B) Negative information C) Nonemotional information D) Conflictual information
A
When a dying person seeks out a second or third opinion, they are in the _____ stage of death. A) Denial B) Anger C) Bargaining D) Depression
A
Which age group has the highest percentage of individuals with Alzheimer's disease? A) 75 to 84 B) 85 or older C) 65 to 74 D) Under age 65
A
Which of the following acts is not considered to be financial abuse of an elder? A) Not purchasing medication for an elderly person B) Withdrawing funds from savings C) Charging purchases to the elder's credit card D) Selling an elder's jewelry or other possessions
A
Which of the following is a benefit of weight-bearing exercise for the oldest-old? A) Improved blood flow to the muscles and increased muscle size B) Reduced inflammation of the joints C) Greater endurance D) Increased self-esteem
A
Which statement accurately describes sibling relationships in older adulthood? A) Most older adults feel close to their siblings and consider them to be close friends. B) The majority of older adults do not live close to their siblings. C) The majority of older adults do not communicate with their siblings on a regular basis. D) With age, siblings tend to grow apart rather than closer.
A
Which statement does not reflect the marital satisfaction of older adults as compared to younger adults? A) Older adults report lower levels of pleasure than do younger adults. B) Older adults describe their relationships as having less conflict. C) Older spouses tend to perceive more positive characteristics and fewer negative characteristics in their partners than do younger spouses. D) Older adults appraise their spouse's behavior as more positive than do outside observers.
A
Who is likely to have an easier adjustment to retirement? A) Workers in high stress, demanding jobs, or those that provide little satisfaction B) Workers who retire abruptly without much preparation C) Workers in highly satisfying, low stress, pleasant jobs D) Workers who feel that they are forced to retire
A
Why do older adults have difficulty in attention-demanding tasks? A) They experience a decrease in the efficiency of inhibitory mechanisms. B) Visual sensory deficits cause inattention in older adults. C) They have a decrease in myelination of the brain causing difficulty in attention. D) Auditory sensory deficits are the primary cause of inattention in older adults.
A
Why do we not see cognitive declines in older adulthood that might be expected because of the brain volume shrinkage that occurs in aging? A) Older adults compensate for cognitive declines by showing more brain activity and using different brain areas in solving problems than do younger adults. B) Tests of cognitive ability that are administered to older adults do not measure the same areas of cognitive functioning that are given to younger adults. C) Individuals in older adulthood are more likely to avoid activities that require cognitive effort. D) Family members compensate for older adults and perform cognitive tasks for them, thereby reducing their need for performing highly complex cognitive tasks.
A
David is an older adult who has a strong sense of religiosity. He prays daily and attends church services every week. He believes that God is in control of his life. Which of the following outcomes would David most likely not experience? A) Higher sense of self-worth B) Higher levels of death anxiety C) Greater life satisfaction D) Optimism
B
Debbie is an older adult who lives in a suburb of Chicago. Based on what we know about the impact of context on a person's life, what can we predict about Debbie's psychosocial development? A) Debbie will experience social isolation that those in urban areas do not experience. B) Debbie will be healthier, wealthier, and have a higher rate of life satisfaction. C) Debbie will have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction. D) Debbie will have more health problems and difficulty finding social support.
B
How are cataracts treated? A) Cataracts are treated through the use of medicated eye drops. B) Cataracts are treated through a surgical procedure in which the lens is replaced with an artificial lens. C) Cataracts are treated through laser technology. D) Cataracts cannot be treated and are a common cause of blindness in old age.
B
Jessica is nearing the end of her life. She has spent a lot of time reflecting on past experiences in her life, such as all the different people she has met, and contemplating the meaning of those experiences and their role in shaping her life. She has become more accepting of others and has a higher life satisfaction. What has Jessica done? A) Jessica has engaged in congruence. B) Jessica has completed a life review. C) Jessica has reminisced D) Jessica has done a cognitive appraisal.
B
Laura is a 70-year-old woman who has cardiovascular disease and diabetes. She retired when she was 67. She has a husband, three children, and six grandchildren. She reports a happy childhood and doesn't have any regrets in terms of her career choice. She is an avid reader and enjoys taking care of her grandchildren. What can we expect regarding her cognitive change as she ages? A) Laura will not experience much cognitive decline because she retired before she was 70 years of age. B) Laura will most likely experience some cognitive decline due to her impaired physical health. C) Laura will most likely experience cognitive decline because she did not continue working into her 70s. D) Laura will not experience much cognitive decline because she has a husband and family that provide support.
B
Margaret is a woman in her early 80s who lives in her own home but needs some assistance with housework and cooking. She has some physical impairments that require her to go to the doctor about once every 2 weeks. How would gerontologists categorize her? A) Young-old B) Old-old C) Oldest-old D) Elderly
B
Mary is a 75-year-old woman who is not as active as she should be. When her doctor asks her why she doesn't go for walks to increase her physical activity, she lists all of the following as reasons why except: A) fear of falling. B) not enough time. C) bad weather. D) neighborhood safety.
B
Maureen has received a terminal diagnosis of lung cancer. She has been asking herself « why me » and is upset at the doctors and her spouse who smoked and exposed her to second hand smoke. She feels cheated and robbed out of life and the time she would have been able to spend with her grandchildren. Which stage of death is she experiencing? A) Denial B) Anger C) Bargaining D) Depression
B
Nancy is an older adult who has led a difficult life. She has overcome many adversities, including growing up during the Great Depression, WWII, and the loss of her spouse in middle adulthood. She has maintained a positive outlook on life, and people come to her for advice. What benefit did her life experiences bring? A) Nancy is less likely to be diagnosed with any form of dementia. B) Nancy is considered to be a woman with wisdom. C) Nancy is better able to interact with others socially. D) Nancy is less likely to experience proactive interference with respect to memory.
B
Ray has begun adding a lot of salt, sugar, and fat into his foods. Since he has hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes, the change in his diet has negatively impacted his health. Why is Ray adding salt, sugar, and fat into his diet? A) Because he is rebelling against the doctors telling him what he should eat. B) Because he has experienced a decline in the sense of taste and smell. C) Because he thinks it makes his food taste better. D) Because he doesn't remember how much he added the first time.
B
Ruth is an older adult. She does not eat well, sometimes even forgetting a meal altogether. She also does not drink enough liquids and was recently in the emergency room for dehydration. She has begun to demonstrate symptoms of dementia. Ruth's doctor identified that she was vitamin B12 deficient because of certain medications she was taking. What form of dementia does Ruth have? A) Alzheimer's disease B) Reversible dementia C) Parkinson's disease D) Vascular dementia
B
Sylvia is an elderly woman who is unable to care for herself and her family does not have the ability to meet all of her health needs. She has to live in a nursing home. Even though the home is of a high quality, Sylvia is most likely going to experience: A) a greater sense of control B) A higher rate of depression and anxiety C) a sense of integrity D) a sense of guilt
B
Typically, what is the nature of older adult-adult child relationships? A) Adult children tend to provide instrumental assistance to their elderly parents. B) Older adults continue to assist their adult children financially. C) Adult sons are more likely to visit their mothers than adult daughters are. D) Adult daughters tend to be closer to their fathers than they are to their mothers.
B
What happens in Alzheimer's disease when the hippocampus experiences altered neurogenesis and brain functioning declines? A) Individuals experience a disruption in messages sent from one neuron to the other, resulting in confusion and disorientation. B) The generation and development of new neurons is impaired, resulting in no new neurons replacing those that have died. C) The prefrontal cortex compensates for loss of neuronal activity in the hippocampus, resulting in no loss in problem-solving but a greater decline in memory functioning. D) Individuals experience interference in muscle movement, resulting in jerky, uncontrollable movements.
B
What is a strong and consistent predictor of cognitive performance and problem-solving tasks in old age? A) The size of a person's social network B) Years of formal schooling and literacy levels on reading tests C) Mental health factors D) The degree of contact a person has with family members
B
What is the first set of losses, as described in the dual-process model of stress and coping? A) The life changes that accompany the death B) An emotional reaction that concerns the grief that comes with losing an attachment figure C) Discussing the death of the loved one D) Experiencing the physical reaction to the loss
B
What is the greatest challenge to adjusting to widowhood? A) Financial decline B) Loneliness C) Role confusion D) Grief
B
What is the term used to describe when information that has previously been remembered interferes with memory for new information? A) Reactive interference B) Proactive interference C) Co-figurative attention D) Attention inhibition
B
What percentage of U.S. older adults live in rural areas? A) 10% B) 25% C) 35% D) 50%
B
What type of activity has been shown to restore brain volume, especially in the hippocampus, a brain region closely involved with memory? A) Spending time with young children B) A program of aerobic exercise C) Eating a healthy diet of vitamin D and antioxidants D) Reading and communicating with others
B
When individuals share their feelings with others, they are more likely to enter into the _____ stage of death. A) bargaining B) acceptance C) depression D) anger
B
Which of the Big 5 personality traits does not decline until after age 70? A) Openness B) Conscientiousness C) Agreeableness D) Extroversion
B
Which of the following statements regarding older adults and friendships is true? A) Older adults tend to maintain friendships the formed in early adulthood and not form new friendships later in life. B) Older adults tend to retain relationships with old friends who live far away, but their closest friends tend to live nearby. C) Older adults have more friends than younger adults. D) In older adulthood, men's friendships continue to be more intimate than women's.
B
Who is most likely to maltreat an elderly person? A) A nursing home staff member B) An elderly person's spouse or children C) An unrelated, unfamiliar adult D) A friend
B
Why are falls such a serious hazard for older adults? A) Because falls typically involve damage to the brain resulting in an acceleration of cognitive decline. B) Because the natural loss of bone and high prevalence of osteoporosis increase the risk of bone fractures, especially hip fractures. C) Because rehabilitation centers do not have enough space for the high numbers of elderly experiencing falls, resulting in longer recovery times. D) Because falls exacerbate the negative effects of other diseases such as diabetes or arthritis.
B
Why is arthritis classified as a chronic disease? A) Because individuals have it for a long period of time. B) Because it is managed, not cured. C) Because so many people are diagnosed with arthritis. D) Because it causes chronic stress in individuals.
B
Cataracts are associated with all of the following factors except: A) smoking. B) diabetes. C) insufficient diet. D) oxidative damage.
C
Christopher is an older adult who is described as happy, self-contented, self-centered, laid back, satisfied with what he has, and less preoccupied with productivity. What will Christopher's personality style result in as he ages? A) He will have a smaller number of friends because of his self-centeredness. B) He will have a greater connection to family. C) He will develop a sense of acceptance. D) He will experience greater despair as he ages because of his lower productivity.
C
Culturally patterned ritualistic ways of displaying and expressing bereavement is called: A) loss. B) hospice. C) mourning. D) grief.
C
David has a brain tumor that is inoperable. He has said that he would promise to be a better person if he could survive. He begs to be allowed to live long enough to see Alaska and the northern lights. Which stage of death is he experiencing? A) Denial B) Anger C) Bargaining D) Depression
C
Expertise in the conduct and meanings of life is called: A) concrete thinking. B) abstract thought. C) wisdom. D) dialectical thinking.
C
How many U.S. older adults are widows? A) About 10% B) About 25% C) About 33% D) About 50%
C
If a dying person feels guilt over the illness and its consequences for his or her loved ones, he or she is in the _____ stage of death. A) bargaining. B) acceptance. C) depression. D) anger.
C
In the socioemotional selectivity theory, what function of friendship becomes less important as people age? A) The emotion-regulating function B) The companionship function C) The information sharing function D) The intimacy function
C
Katrina has given her son the legal right to make health care decisions on her behalf in the event that she is unable to do so. What advance directive did she prepare? A) Living will B) Do not resuscitate (DNR) order C) Durable power of attorney D) Estate will
C
Marilyn, an 82-year-old woman, has maintained high cognitive functioning as she has aged. She doesn't spend her time trying to do a wide variety of activities. She realized that when she tried to multitask she had more difficulty, so she has narrowed her goals and selects activities that she enjoys and is good at, like reading in her granddaughter's second-grade classroom. What is Marilyn engaging in? A) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning B) Redirected cognitive functioning C) Selective optimization with compensation D) Social control theory
C
Marybeth is an older adult who has quit volunteering at the food pantry she used to spend five hours a week sorting foods. She has stopped going to morning coffee with her friends. She is not called to help at her church as much as she did in the past. What theory explains Marybeth's behavior? A) Activity theory B) Continuity theory C) Disengagement theory D) Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
C
Older spouses tend to become more similar to each other in all of the following ways except: A) Personality. B) Cognitive functioning. C) Dependency. D) Markers of aging.
C
Reversible dementia can be a result of all of the following factors except: A) poor nutrition and dehydration. B) prescription and nonprescription drugs and drug interactions. C) hormone imbalances. D) physical illnesses.
C
The longest recorded human lifespan is: A) 105 years. B) 112 years. C) 122 years. D) 131 years.
C
The philosophy of the hospice approach emphasizes: A) prolonging life. B) financial planning for family members. C) prolonging quality of life. D) creating a health care proxy.
C
The ritual that the Jewish faith carries out called sitting shiva, where people stop usual activity and receives visitors at home for a week is an example of: A) loss. B) hospice. C) mourning. D) grief.
C
What are the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? A) Personality changes B) Problems with concentration and short-term memory C) Memory problems, specifically episodic memory D) Impairments in attentional control
C
What is it called when individuals compensate for declines in cognitive reserve or energy by narrowing their goals and selecting activities that will permit them to maximize their strengths and existing capacities? A) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning B) Redirected cognitive functioning C) Selective optimization with compensation D) Social control theory
C
What is the most important and most difficult task a grieving person must accomplish? A) Making sense of the feelings he or she has about the death B) Acknowledging his or her emotions C) Adjusting to life without the deceased D) Learning to manage the emotions surrounding the death of the person
C
What message does providing assistance and support to older adults send to them? A) The message that others need them B) The message that they are not capable of taking care of themselves C) The message that they are valued and gives them a sense of belonging D) The message that there time left is short
C
What percentage of older adults report experiencing financial abuse by a family member each year? A) Less than 1%. B) 2% C) 5%. D) 10%.
C
What type of cognitive training was given to participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study that showed improved performance on reasoning tasks? A) Deductive reasoning B) Digit span C) Inductive reasoning D) Picture completion
C
Which of the Big 5 personality traits tends to increase all the way through late adulthood? A) Extroversion B) Openness C) Agreeableness D) Conscientiousness
C
Which statement accurately reflects the experience of widowhood? A) About 50% of individuals in the U.S. will be a widow at some point. B) Women live longer than men and are more likely to remarry. C) Women live longer than men and are less likely to remarry. D) Men live longer than women and are less likely to remarry.
C
Which statement is true regarding the dying process? A) Most individuals find talking about death comforting. B) All individuals with a terminal illness reach the acceptance stage. C) Death is universal, yet talking about death is often discouraged. D) All individuals with a terminal illness progress through a sequence of stages.
C
Which type of information in working memory does not show a decline in older adults? A) Abstract thinking B) Attention-related thinking C) Emotion-related thinking D) Concrete thinking
C
Who is at the highest risk for physical and mental health problems? A) Young-old B) Old-old C) Oldest-old D) Elderly
C
Why do individuals experience a decline in well-being and life satisfaction after retirement? A) They don't get to spend their time in retirement they was they had envisioned. B) They do not know how to spend their time when they stop working. C) They experience a role loss of worker that must be replaced by other social roles over time. D) They don't get to spend time in retirement with the people they hoped to spend time with.
C
Beverly doesn't spend as much time with her old co-workers or her book club, but she is spending more time with her grandchildren. She has dinner at her daughter's house twice a week and enjoys picking her grandchildren up from school on Wednesdays. What theory of social interaction and elders' psychological functioning is she demonstrating? A) Activity theory B) Continuity theory C) Disengagement theory D) Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
D
Donald has a family history of Alzheimer's disease. What type of diet should he consume in order to reduce his risk for Alzheimer's disease? A) Diets high in vitamins C and D help to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. B) Donald should switch to a vegan diet and consume no animal proteins. C) Donald should consume moderate amounts of calcium and increase his intake of carbohydrates. D) Donald should consume a "Mediterranean diet" rich in fish and unsaturated fats such as olive oil and drink red wine.
D
How are the amyloid plaques formed in the brain in patients who have Alzheimer's disease? A) Beta-amyloid causes the myelin in the brain to harden and deteriorate, creating plaques in the brain. B) The protein tau creates twisted bundles of threads that occur when neurons collapse. C) Neurons in the brain combine due to an increase in dopamine in the brain and create blockages between other neurons. D) Patients experience inflammation that causes the beta-amyloid to accumulate and join with clumps of dead neurons and glial cells.
D
How can older adults improve the difficulty they have with multitasking? A) Older adults cannot have any interruptions while performing tasks or difficulty is inevitable. B) Older adults can handle two tasks at one time, but when the tasks increase to three or more, they will have difficulty. C) Older adults need to use other strategies to help with memory when multitasking, such as making lists. D) Older adults need to slow down to a pace with which they feel comfortable, and then they can show performance on working memory tasks similar to that of young adults.
D
How would an individual prevent the onset of macular degeneration? A) Adults can do eye exercises that help the muscles in the eye to stay active and prevent macular degeneration. B) Adults can wear corrective contact lenses that will prevent the occurrence of macular degeneration. C) Adults can go for a yearly eye exam to catch any signs of macular degeneration early. D) Adults should eat a healthy diet including green leafy vegetables high in vitamins A, C, and E, as well as carotenoids.
D
In North America, which of the following groups show the highest rates of religious participation? A) High socioeconomic people of the majority group B) Low socioeconomic people of the majority group C) High socioeconomic ethnic minority groups D) Low socioeconomic ethnic minority groups
D
Jennie is a resident in an understaffed nursing home. The aides who work at the home do not get Jennie up out of bed enough and she has developed bed sores. They sometimes forget to give her medication to her. They make sure she gets her meals, but they don't check to see if she actually eats them. What type of elder maltreatment is Jennie experiencing? A) Sexual abuse B) Physical abuse C) Psychological abuse D) Physical neglect
D
Jessica is a 90-year-old woman who is described as someone who loves sharing stories of her past with her grandchildren. She tells them that she takes credit for only a small part of the wonderful people they are turning out to be. She tells them that she is proud of the fact that she made a difference in the lives of the people she helped while volunteering at her church's homeless shelter and she wants them to continue to follow in her footsteps. What describes Jessica? A) Jessica spends too much time reminiscing. B) Jessica is a woman who does not need to do a life review. C) Jessica is a woman with high subjective age. D) Jessica is a woman who has reached a sense of ego integrity.
D
Maria is bilingual. She speaks in Spanish and English on a daily basis. She will receive all of the following cognitive benefits because of her bilingual ability except for: A) enhanced cognitive control abilities. B) mental flexibility. C) being better able to handle tasks involving switching, inhibition, and conflict monitoring. D) memory improvement.
D
Robert has hearing problems. He has to turn the TV on very loud, and he has a hard time following conversations. He doesn't always hear cars as he is walking in a parking lot, which is embarrassing to him when they yell at him to move. What socioemotional outcome does this cause? A) Avoidance of doctor appointments B) Conflict with family members C) Anxiety disorders D) Lower self-esteem
D
The second most common form of dementia and loss of mental ability in older adulthood is: A) Alzheimer's disease. B) reversible dementia. C) Parkinson's disease. D) vascular dementia.
D
What type of dementia is caused by strokes, or blockages of blood vessels in the brain? A) Alzheimer's disease B) Reversible dementia C) Parkinson's disease D) Vascular dementia
D
What type of exercise has been found to strengthen muscles and offset losses into the 90s? A) Aerobic exercise B) Strength training C) Low-impact exercise D) Resistance exercise
D
Where do most deaths occur today? A) In the workplace B) In a location other than the workplace, home, or hospital/nursing home C) In a person's home D) In hospital and nursing homes
D
Which of the following is not a benefit of social support in older adults? A) Promotes longevity B) Enhances well-being C) Higher life satisfaction D) Greater problem-solving ability
D
Which of the following is not a part of an advance directive? A) Living will B) Do not resuscitate (DNR) order C) Durable power of attorney D) Estate will
D
Which of the following is not a reason why hearing aids are underused? A) Stigma associated with being seen wearing hearing aids B) The cost of hearing aids C) Social attitudes that undervalue the importance of hearing D) Hearing aids do not correct hearing to the degree that most older adults need
D
Which of the following is not a way that attachment to the deceased is carried out? A) Talking about the deceased to keep his or her memory alive B) Feeling that the deceased is watching over them C) Keeping the deceased's possessions D) Performing a ritual that marks the death of the person
D
Which of the following people are most likely to rely on their siblings in older adulthood? A) Terri, who has never married but has three children B) Richard, who is married without children C) Jeffrey, who is married and has two children D) Renee, who has never married and does not have children
D
Which statement accurately reflects grief? A) Grief is expressed similarly in all cultures. B) Grief is represented by wearing special clothing, eating certain foods, saying special prayers, and getting together with others to mourn. C) Grief is a culturally-patterned, ritualistic way of displaying and expressing bereavement. D) Grief is an active coping process in which the grieving person must confront the loss and come to terms with its affects on the world, interpersonal interactions, and his or her sense of self.
D
Which type of arthritis is an autoimmune illness? A) Immunity-based arthritis B) Age-related arthritis C) Osteoarthritis D) Rheumatoid arthritis
D
Why are estimates of life expectancy so much lower in developing nations? A) The large number of females dying during childbirth alters the data on life expectancy. B) Individuals in developing nations do not utilize resources provided to them by social services because of stigma. C) Individuals in developing nations are genetically determined to have lower life expectancy rates based on evolution. D) Developing nations are subject to high rates of poverty and war.
D
Why has the gender gap in life expectancy shrunk in Western nations? A) Because genetically men have increased their life expectancy over generations. B) Because more women in Western nations are dying in childbirth, lowering the average life expectancy for women. C) Because men are becoming more active than ever before. D) Because of gains in medical technology and an increased recognition of the effects of lifestyle on health.
D
