PSY 232 Chapter 7
Low frequency sounds are perceived as being quiet. a. True b. False
False
. Nociceptors are a type of a. free nerve ending. b. Pacinian corpuscle. c. Meissner's corpuscle. d. Ruffini ending.
a
. Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corp. Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini endings are served by _________ fibers. a. Aa b. Aß c. A
b
A commonly used drug that can cause hearing loss by reducing blood supply to the ear is a. nicotine. b. marijuana. c. alcohol. d. heroin.
a
According to place theory, a. the peak of a wave in the basilar membrane correlates with a sound's frequency. b. patterns of neural firing match the frequency of a sound. c. neurons responding to one frequency are located near neurons responding to similar frequencies. d. sounds with frequencies below 4000 Hz are processed by parts of the basilar membrane different from those that process sounds above 4000 Hz.
a
Approximately _________ percent of auditory nerve fibers make connections with outer hair cells, whereas _________ percent make connections with inner hair cells. a. 5; 95 b. 25; 75 c. 50; 50 d. 95; 5
a
Axons from nociceptors synapse in the a. substantia gelatinosa. b. dorsal column nuclei. c. thalamus. d. anterior cingulate gyrus.
a
Axons from the inferior colliculi synapse in the _________ of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate nucleus b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. ventral posterior nucleus d. intralaminar nuclei
a
David lost a foot when an explosive detonated under his Humvee during an Army convoy mission in Iraq. While recovering in a hospital, David's physician warned him that he might experience "phantom pain." This means that David may a. experience a sensation of pain that seems to originate in his missing foot. b. experience vivid flashbacks of his combat injury. c. experience pain in his remaining foot. d. continue to feel pain in his injured leg, as this type of injury never fully heals.
a
High frequency sounds a. produce a weaker signal in the ear farthest away from the sound. b. produce a weaker signal in the ear nearest the sound. c. produce a "sound shadow" on the ear nearest the sound. d. cannot be effectively localized.
a
High frequency sounds produce a peak response a. near the base of the basilar membrane. b. near the apex of the basilar membrane. c. in the tectorial membrane. d. in Reissner's membrane.
a
In order to be sensed by the olfactory system, molecules must a. be airborne and fat soluble. b. be airborne and water repellent. c. have their own particular olfactory receptors. d. arrive in the nose in small concentrations.
a
Information about pain is processed by the _________ nuclei of the thalamus. a. ventral posterior and intralaminar b. ventral posterior and lateral geniculate c. intralaminar and medial geniculate d. medial dorsal and ventral posterior
a
Jessica was experimenting with her electronic keyboard by playing the same song with different instrument settings, such as violin, piano, and flute. The differences Jessica heard in the resulting music are probably due to the _________ of the resulting sounds. a. timbre b. frequency c. amplitude d. pitch
a
Justin was involved in a serious automobile accident, which resulted in damage to his olfactory system. Other than not being able to smell anything, what else can Justin expect from his injury? a. He might become severely depressed. b. The taste of his food might become too strong to be pleasant. c. His sense of taste will become stronger to compensate for the loss of olfaction. d. There will be no other problems, as smell is not an important sense for humans.
a
Lauren is a huge fan of music, and she attends performances in clubs or concerts nearly every weekend. It is likely that a. Lauren will experience more hearing loss than her friends who attend concerts less frequently. b. Lauren will experience less hearing loss than her friends who attend concerts less frequently, because her ears will build up a tolerance to loud sounds in general. c. Lauren's attendance will not affect her hearing, as she is only a college student, not a senior citizen. d. Lauren's hearing will not be affected as long as she limits her exposure to 90 minutes each time.
a
Lauren loves very hot, spicy foods full of pepper. Sometimes, her friends can't eat the food she prepares because they actually feel like their mouths have been burned. It is likely that this response results from the activity of a. nociceptors that respond to certain chemicals. b. warm fibers. c. mechanoreceptors. d. a combination of warm and cold fibers.
a
Olfactory receptor cells differ from most other neural cells in that they a. die and are replaced frequently. b. replicate by mitosis. c. have no dendrites. d. use gaseous neurotransmitters exclusively.
a
Otoliths are a. small stones attached to hair cells. b. vestibular nerves that make contact with hair cells. c. particles suspended in the fluid of the semicircular canals. d. membranes found in the saccule and utricle.
a
Otosclerosis may lead to hearing loss due to a. immobilization of the stapes. b. buildup of earwax in the ear canal. c. infections of the middle ear. d. damage to the tympanic membrane.
a
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in a. the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. b. the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. c. the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe. d. Heschl's gyrus of the temporal lobe.
a
Reissner's membrane separates the _________, whereas, the basilar membrane separates the _________. a. vestibular canal and cochlear duct; tympanic canal and cochlear duct b. tympanic canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and cochlear duct c. vestibular canal and tympanic canal; cochlear duct and auditory canal d. auditory canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and tympanic canal
a
Sound waves with a single frequency are known as a. pure tones, which are rare in nature. b. pure tones, which are common in nature. c. complex tones, which are rare in nature. d. noise, which is common in nature.
a
Spiral ganglion processes travel to the dorsal and ventral _________ nuclei of the medulla by way of cranial nerve _________. a. cochlear; VIII b. vestibular; VIII c. cochlear; VII d. vestibular; VII
a
Temporal theory accounts for the encoding of sounds under _________ Hz. a. 4,000 b. 6,000 c. 10,000 d. 12,000
a
The _________ forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear, whereas the _________ forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear. a. tympanic membrane; oval window b. oval window; tympanic membrane c. round window; oval window d. oval window; round window
a
The amplitude of a sound wave is encoded as _________, whereas the frequency of a sound wave is encoded as _________. a. loudness; pitch b. pitch; loudness c. pure tones; complex tones d. timbre; pitch
a
The analysis of equal loudness contours indicates that a. high frequencies are perceived as louder than low frequencies. b. low frequencies are perceived as louder than high frequencies. c. high frequencies are perceived as equally loud as low frequencies. d. above 40 dB, all frequencies are perceived as equally loud.
a
The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from directly in front of you or behind you is about _________ msec. a. 0.0 b. 0.2 c. 0.4 d. 0.6
a
The fact that you can't feel your watch unless you shake your arm might mean that _________ are the touch receptors mediating your awareness of the touch of your watch. a. Meisner's corpuscles b. free nerve endings c. Ruffini's endings d. Merkel's endings
a
The hum from Courtney's computer bothers her roommate, who is a light sleeper. Because Courtney would like to stay up late to work without bothering her roommate, she might consider reducing the sound by a. buying new thick rugs, curtains, and bedspreads in order to absorb some of the noise. b. removing all fabrics from her dorm room, such as rugs and curtains. c. surrounding the back and sides of the computer with shiny metal panels. d. moving all objects, like lamps and chairs, that are between her computer and her roommate's bed.
a
The primary function of the ossicles is to a. transfer sound energy from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear. b. transfer sound energy from the fluid of the middle ear to the air of the inner ear. c. funnel sound. d. prevent damage from loud noises.
a
The structure indicated by the number "8" in this image is the a. cochlea. b. pinna. c. ossicle. d. incus.
a
When Daniel drives down the street, other people stop and stare because of the loud, low-pitched sounds coming from the new sound system in his car. What types of sound waves are coming from Daniel's car? a. high amplitude, low frequency b. high amplitude, high frequency c. low amplitude, low frequency d. low amplitude, high frequency
a
When potassium channels in the hair cell open, potassium will _________ the cell, producing _________. a. enter; depolarization b. enter; hyperpolarization c. leave; depolarization d. leave; hyperpolarization
a
Which of the following canals are actually connected to each other? a. the vestibular and tympanic canals b. the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct c. the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct d. the auditory and vestibular canals
a
Which of the following structures are found in the outer ear? a. the pinna and auditory canal b. the pinna and the tympanic membrane c. the auditory canal and the tympanic membrane d. the auditory canal and the oval window
a
Which type of mechanoreceptor is encapsulated, adapts rapidly, has a small receptive field, and senses pressure? a. Meissner's corpuscles b. Pacinian corpuscles c. Merkel's disks d. Ruffini endings
a
approximately how many inner hair cells are found in each human ear? a. 3,500 b. 8,000 c. 12,500 d. 15,500
a
. The subjective perception of loudness a. changes at the same rate as the intensity of a stimulus. b. changes at a slower rate than the intensity of a stimulus. c. changes at a faster rate than the intensity of a stimulus. d. has not been measured by scientists due to individual differences among participants.
b
Acousticians designing performance halls choose the fabric for seat covers and curtains very carefully, and even try to predict the type of clothing patrons will wear to performances, due to the ability of fabric to _________ sound. a. refract b. absorb c. reflect d. amplify
b
Aging is associated with a loss of sensitivity to a. higher intensity sounds. b. higher frequency sounds. c. sound localization. d. lower frequency sounds.
b
Ascending pain fibers use which of the following as their primary neurotransmitter? a. GABA b. glutamate c. adenosine d. epinephrine
b
Axons from the gustatory nucleus synapse in the _________ of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) b. ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus c. ventral posterior (VP) nucleus d. intralaminar nuclei
b
Axons from the otolith organs and semicircular canals synapse in the a. ventral cochlear nucleus and medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. b. vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla and the cerebellum. c. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the optic chiasm. d. superior olive of the pons and the reticular activating system.
b
Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse in the a. inferior colliculi. b. superior olive. c. inferior olive. d. primary auditory cortex.
b
Brandon's teeth are stained from his constant coffee drinking, so his dentist recommended that he switch to a new electric toothbrush that not only brushes teeth very rapidly, but also uses sound to reduce plaque and staining. What kind of sound is most likely generated by Brandon's new toothbrush? a. infrasound b. ultrasound c. pure tones d. noise
b
Brittany played a middle C note on the piano, which corresponds to about 261 Hz. It is likely that this tone will a. be processed according to place theory. b. be processed according to temporal theory. c. produce a peak response at the base of the basilar membrane. d. produce nausea, because it is infrasound.
b
Danielle began taking violin lessons when she was only four years old, and she spends many hours practicing each week. When she volunteered to participate in an imaging study at her university, the researchers noticed that a. Danielle had a smaller area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants. b. Danielle had a larger area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants. c. Danielle's frontal lobes were more active than other participants when music was played during the experiment. d. Danielle appeared to experience phantom pain when she was asked to imagine having lost her fingers in an accident.
b
Earbud devices used to listen to music a. do not influence the loudness of music. b. boost the loudness of the music by 6 to 9 dB. c. reduce the loudness of the music by 6 to 9 dB. d. reduce the risk of hearing loss resulting from loud sounds.
b
Fiber pathways carrying information about touch cross the midline in the a. spinal cord. b. medulla. c. midbrain. d. forebrain.
b
Fibers from the mechanoreceptors make their first synapses in the a. dorsal root ganglia of the cerebellum. b. dorsal column nuclei of the medulla. c. the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. d. primary somatosensory cortex.
b
High amplitude sound waves are perceived as a. quiet. b. loud. c. high pitched. d. low pitched.
b
High frequencies are processed by _________ areas of A1, or primary motor cortex. a. rostral b. caudal c. dorsal d. ventral
b
In the film Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban, the "Fat Lady" painting tries to break a glass with the high-pitched, loud sound of her singing voice alone. Which type of sound stimulus is the Fat Lady trying to produce? a. high amplitude, low frequency b. high amplitude, high frequency c. low amplitude, low frequency d. low amplitude, high frequency
b
It is particularly difficult to localize sounds that originate at a. 3 and 9 o'clock (to either side of our bodies). b. 12 and 6 o'clock (directly in front and behind us). c. 12 and 3 or 6 o'clock. d. 6 and 3 or 6 o'clock.
b
Linear acceleration is sensed by the a. cochlea. b. otolith organs. c. semicircular canals. d. nociceptors.
b
Matthew did not awaken when his rather noisy roommate came back to their dorm room in the very early hours of the morning. It is most likely that Matthew's failure to hear the disturbance resulted from a. inner ear damage suffered as a result of attending too many loud heavy metal concerts. b. input from the reticular formation to the medial geniculate nucleus that adjusted his hearing to his state of consciousness. c. stimulation of his superior olivary nucleus that temporarily made his inner hair cells less sensitive. d. a temporary deficit in glutamate in his inner hair cells.
b
Michael has decided to donate to a blood drive at his university. As the nurse prepares to insert a needle into Michael's arm, which of the following structures becomes more active in anticipation of pain? a. Michael's intralaminar nuclei of the hypothalamus b. Michael's anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) c. Michael's posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) d. Michael's somatosensory cortex.
b
Most hair cells communicate by releasing the excitatory neurotransmitter a. acetylcholine. b. glutamate. c. GABA. d. norepinephrine.
b
Olfactory receptor axons synapse within the a. olfactory epithelium. b. glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs. c. olfactory cortex. d. medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
b
Perilymph may be found in the _________, whereas endolymph is found in the _________. a. cochlear duct; vestibular and tympanic canals b. vestibular and tympanic canals; cochlear duct c. cochlear duct and vestibular canal; tympanic canal d. cochlear duct and tympanic canal; vestibular canal
b
Spiral ganglion cells are _________ in structure. a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar d. either bipolar or multipolar
b
The fact that all dogs in the neighborhood begin to howl at the same time every day while you can't hear anything that might cause this response is probably because the dogs a. can hear sounds we would classify as infrasound. b. can hear sounds we would classify as ultrasound. c. are disturbed by underground vibrations. d. require more volume before they can hear the same sounds as you do.
b
The movement associated with the take-off of an airplane is sensed by the a. cochlea. b. otolith organs. c. semicircular canals. d. nociceptors.
b
The range of human hearing a. is the same as all other mammals. b. is similar to many animals, but is unique to our species. c. is the same as all other animals, with the exception of mice and bats. d. covers a much narrower spectrum than other mammals.
b
Typical speech has an intensity of about _________ dB, whereas legal deafness is defined as occurring when speech sounds lower than _________ dB cannot be heard. a. 40; 65 b. 60; 82 c. 82; 100 d. 102; 120
b
Unlike sudden pain from an injury, chronic pain is accompanied by greater activation in a. the thalamus. b. the prefrontal cortex. c. the somatosensory cortex. d. periaqueductal gray.
b
When we watch a film in the theatre, we perceive the sound as coming from the actors' lips instead of from the speakers arrayed around the screen. This is probably due to a. the superiority of modern surround sound systems. b. our use of vision to aid the localization of sound. c. the construction of the theatre, which is designed to reflect sounds from the back and sides of the building. d. our inability to localize sounds above a certain amplitude.
b
Which of the following is the outer layer of skin, which is actually composed of dead cells? a. glabrous tissue b. epidermis c. dermis d. subcutaneous tissue
b
Which of the following mechanoreceptors have large receptive fields? a. Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks b. Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings c. Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles d. Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings
b
Which of the following structures funnels sound into the ear? a. the ossicles b. the pinna c. the tensor tympanum d. the stapes
b
Which of the membranes in the cochlea is labeled number "6" in this image? a. the tympanic membrane b. the basilar membrane c. Reissner's membrane d. the tectorial membrane
b
Your roommate seems to feel much more pain than you do when the two of you are working out together. Which of the following may be an explanation for this phenomenon? a. Your roommate may be stimulating more pain receptors than you are. b. Your roommate may have fewer endogenous opioid receptors than you do. c. Your roommate may have more nociceptors than you do. d. Your roommate is working out way harder than you are.
b
primary auditory cortex, or A1, is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
b
. Hair cells in the endolymph hyperpolarize and depolarize as a result of the activity of their _________ channels. a. voltage-dependent sodium b. transmitter-gated potassium c. mechanically gated potassium d. mechanically gated calcium
c
. Sensations from the mechanoreceptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue, and the dura mater of the brain travels centrally along branches of a. the medial lemniscus. b. the dorsal column. c. cranial nerve V. d. cranial nerve VIII.
c
. The outer and middle ear both transmit sound through _________ and the inner ear uses a _________ medium in the process of transducing sounds waves to electrical energy. a. bone; mucous b. liquid; mucous c. air; liquid d. air; sodium
c
. The average person has approximately how many taste buds? a. 2,000 b. 4,000 c. 6,000 d. 10,000
c
. The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that there is a a. different area of cortex assigned to each ear. b. different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness. c. neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies. d. neurons responding to one amplitude are located next to neurons responding to similar amplitudes.
c
A dermatome is an area of skin a. containing free nerve endings. b. that is covered by hair. c. served by the dorsal roots of a spinal nerve. d. served by the ventral roots a spinal nerve.
c
A single auditory neuron can usually respond to a range of sound intensity of about _______ dB. a. 10 b. 25 c. 40 d. 60
c
According to Melzack and Wall's "gate theory" of pain, why does rubbing your elbow after you bump it help reduce the pain? a. Rubbing produces an increased release of endorphins. b. Rubbing produces a refractory period in nociceptors, preventing their further activation. c. Input from rubbing competes with ascending pain messages. d. The act of rubbing has a placebo effect on the pain.
c
Axons from ________ first synapse in the superior olive in the pons, which in turn forms connections via the lateral lemniscus with the inferior colliculus. a. the spiral ganglion cells. b. the dorsal cochlear nucleus. c. the ventral cochlear nucleus. d. both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
c
Axons from the vestibular nuclei form connections with the _________ of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate nucleus b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. ventral posterior nucleus d. intralaminar nuclei
c
C fibers carry information about a. temperature and pressure. b. pressure and itch. c. pain and temperature. d. temperature and taste.
c
Compared with its apex, the basilar membrane at its base is a. wider and stiffer. b. wider and more flexible. c. narrower and stiffer. d. narrower and more flexible.
c
Decibels (dB) are used to measure a sound's a. pitch. b. frequency. c. intensity. d. harmonics.
c
Echolocation, used by some animals to navigate and find prey, relies on the ability of physical objects to _________ sound. a. absorb b. refract c. reflect d. enhance
c
Gustatory cortex is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
c
Hair cells in a. both the utricle and saccule are arranged horizontally. b. both the utricle and saccule are arranged vertically. c. the saccule are arranged vertically, whereas the hair cells in the utricle are arranged horizontally. d. the saccule are arranged horizontally, whereas the hair cells in the utricle are arranged vertically.
c
Hairlike cilia extend from a. inner hair cells only. b. outer hair cells only. c. both inner and outer hair cells. d. neither inner nor outer hair cells.
c
Hertz (Hz) is used to measure a sound's a. loudness. b. intensity. c. frequency. d. amplitude.
c
Human hearing is not as good as dogs' hearing for _________ frequencies, and not as good as elephants and goldfish for _________ frequencies. a. high; middle b. middle; low c. high; low d. low; high
c
If I increase the volume on my stereo by 10dB, from 60 to 70 dB, my family will probably perceive the loudness of the music as a. 10 times louder than before. b. 100 times louder than before. c. 2 times louder than before. d. about the same as before.
c
If a pain you are feeling is sharp and intense, there's a good chance it is traveling on _________ fibers. a. C b. B c. As d. Beta
c
Input from mechanoreceptors travels to a. the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus of the thalamus. b. the medial geniculate (MG) nucleus of the thalamus. c. the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus. d. somatosensory cortex directly, without forming connections in the thalamus.
c
Jonathan tripped on a sprinkler during a game of flag football, and felt a sharp pain as he broke his ankle. Later on, after he returned home from the emergency room with a new cast, he felt a dull, aching pain in his broken ankle. Which of the following is the best explanation for Jonathan's experience? a. The sharp pain resulted from the transmission of messages along C fibers, and as the rate of signaling dropped, the quality of the pain changed to dull and aching. b. The sharp pain resulted from the activation of nociceptors that respond to mechanical injury, whereas the dull pain resulted from the activation of nociceptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged cells. c. The sharp pain resulted from the transmission of messages along C fibers, and the dull pain resulted from the transmission of messages along A fibers. d. The sharp pain resulted from the transmission of messages along A fibers, and the dull pain resulted from the transmission of messages along C fibers.
c
Localization of sounds in the vertical plane (above or below) is aided by a. the existence of sound "shadow." b. an analysis of the intensity of sounds reaching each ear. c. the effect of the pinna on incoming sounds. d. an analysis of the arrival time of sounds at each ear.
c
Neglect syndrome typically results from damage to _________ somatosensory cortex in the _________ hemisphere. a. primary; right. b. primary; left c. secondary; right d. secondary; left
c
Nicholas plays guitar and Anthony plays bass for their rock band. When they turn up their amplifiers to 80 dB, how will the instruments sound to their neighbors? a. Nicholas' guitar will sound louder than Anthony's bass. b. Anthony's bass will sound louder than Anthony's guitar. c. Both instruments will sound equally loud. d. The apparent loudness of the two instruments will vary from time to time depending on the frequencies of the notes being played.
c
Pain information travels through the spinal cord to the brain along the pathway labeled "3" in this image. What is the name of this pathway? a. the reticulospinal tract b. the rubrospinal tract c. the spinothalamic pathway d. the corticospinal tract
c
Pain information travels to the brain along a. A fibers and C fibers. b. A fibers and C fibers. c. As fibers and C fibers. d. C fibers only.
c
Periaqueductal gray contains large numbers of _________ receptors. a. glutamate b. Substance P c. endorphin d. serotonin
c
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
c
Richard's grandfather is losing his hearing. Consequently, he is probably experiencing a. no problems hearing voices, as age-related hearing loss does not affect the frequencies found in normal speech. b. equal difficulty hearing Richard and his mother. c. more difficulty hearing Richard's mother than Richard. d. more difficulty hearing Richard than his mother.
c
Sounds with frequencies above the range of human hearing are referred to as a. fundamental frequencies. b. pure tones. c. ultrasound. d. infrasound.
c
Stephanie is working on a research project that is investigating the effects of sonar on whale communication. Her recordings of whale songs are most likely to include which of the following types of sound? a. noise b. pure tones c. infrasound d. ultrasound
c
Stimulation of which of the following structures reduces the sensation of pain? a. substantia gelatinosa b. intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus c. periaqueductal gray (PAG) d. dorsal column nuclei
c
The dorsal column nuclei are located in the a. dorsal root ganglia. b. spinal cord. c. medulla. d. midbrain.
c
The organ of Corti rests on the a. tectorial membrane. b. Reissner's membrane. c. basilar membrane. d. tensor tympani.
c
Vestibular information is most highly integrated with which other sensory processing system in humans? a. touch b. olfaction c. vision d. pain
c
Which of the following areas of the human body has the largest representation in the primary somatosensory cortex? a. the foot b. the torso c. the thumb d. the leg
c
Which of the following is not one of the ossicles? a. the malleus b. the incus c. the pinna d. the stapes
c
A low frequency sound wave is perceived as a. quiet. b. loud. c. high pitched. d. low pitched.
d
Approximately how many hair cells may be found in each human ear? a. 3,500 b. 8,000 c. 12,500 d. 15,500
d
Arrival time of sound at the two ears is processed initially by binaural neurons in the a. cochlea. b. ventral cochlear nucleus. c. ventral cochlear nucleus. d. superior olive.
d
Christopher's grandfather was diagnosed recently with shingles. Based on what he had learned about dermatomes in his biological psychology class, Christopher knew that his grandfather would experience unpleasant skin eruptions in a. random patterns all over his body. b. areas that are not covered with hair, such as the soles of the feet. c. a single stripe around the entire circumference of his body. d. a single stripe on one half of his body.
d
Complex stimuli such as clicks, noise bursts, and sounds with specific frequency patterns particularly activate a. the superior olive. b. the inferior colliculi. c. primary auditory cortex. d. secondary auditory cortex.
d
Conduction loss results from damage to a. primary auditory cortex. b. the superior olive. c. the inner ear. d. the outer or middle ear.
d
How many major categories of taste have been identified? a. two b. three c. four d. five
d
Karen just finished an intense weightlifting session. It is likely that she will experience some muscle soreness the following morning due to the a. ability of some nociceptors to respond to capsaicin. b. ability of some nociceptors to respond to lactic acid. c. response of warm fibers to the heat generated by working muscles. d. opening of mechanically gated channels on some nociceptors.
d
Kayla made an appointment with her physician after she experienced a sudden attack of dizziness and nausea. Kayla's physician will most likely begin the examination by checking her a. ossicles. b. pinnas. c. spinal reflexes. d. inner ear.
d
Neurons in the substantia gelatinosa release a. GABA only. b. GABA and Substance P. c. glutamate only. d. glutamate and Substance P.
d
Oliver Sacks's patient with neglect syndrome had which of the following problems? a. He experienced phantom pain in his paralyzed leg. b. He often crashed into things, because he couldn't feel anything on one side of his body. c. He could not recognize Dr. Sacks when he visited. d. He could not recognize his own leg.
d
Pain is typically experienced when people are exposed to sounds above _________ dB. a. 60 b. 90 c. 110 d. 130
d
Pathways serving which sensory system do not synapse in the thalamus before communicating with the cerebral cortex? a. touch b. pain c. audition d. olfaction
d
Perception of pitch is primarily dependent upon the _________ a wave. a. amplitude of b. noise in c. timbre of d. frequency of
d
Rotational movements of the head are sensed by the a. utricle. b. saccule. c. otoliths. d. semicircular canals.
d
Sound waves that do not show a regular, repeating pattern are perceived as a. loud. b. soft. c. pure tones. d. noise.
d
The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from a point perpendicular to your head on either side is about _________ msec. a. 0.0 b. 0.2 c. 0.4 d. 0.6
d
The endolymph surrounding hair cells differs from other extracellular fluids in that it contains a a. smaller than normal concentration of sodium. b. larger than normal concentration of sodium. c. smaller than normal concentration of potassium. d. larger than normal concentration of potassium.
d
The round window covers the a. auditory canal. b. vestibular canal. c. cochlear duct. d. tympanic canal.
d
The sound stimulus begins with the a. absorption of energy by molecules of air. b. reflection of energy from objects in the environment. c. impact of sound energy on the cochlea. d. vibration caused by the movement of objects in space.
d
Through which of the following media can sound waves travel? a. air only b. water only c. air and water d. air, water, and solids
d
When you go to the cosmetologist for a facial wax, she will press her finger against the part of your face she has just pulled hair out of. The resulting decrease in your discomfort is best accounted for by the _________ theory. a. Substance P b. massage c. pressure d. gate
d
Which of the following parts of the body are more sensitive according to the two-point discrimination test? a. back of the torso b. calves of the legs c. forearms d. lips
d
Which of the following structures contains receptors for sound? a. the semicircular canals b. the ossicles c. the auditory canal d. the cochlea
d
Sounds with frequencies below the range of human hearing are referred to as a. fundamental frequencies. b. pure tones. c. ultrasound. d. infrasound.
d
As people age, they are most likely to have problems hearing sounds with lower frequencies. a. True b. False
false
It is relatively easy for most people to distinguish between sounds directly in front of them from sounds coming from directly behind them. a. True b. False
false
Olfactory receptor cells live for between 4 and 6 months, and are not replaced once they die. a. True b. False
false
The processing of the sense of taste differs from most other senses, because taste information travels to the cortex before it travels to the thalamus. a. True b. False
false
The tympanic membrane separates the ____________________ ear from the ____________________ ear.
outer, inner
High frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near the base of the basilar membrane, whereas low frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near its apex. a. True b. False
true
Information from the cochlea travels to the brain along cranial nerve VIII. a. True b. False
true
Meissner's corpuscles feature small receptive fields and rapid adaptation. a. True b. False
true
Nociceptors are largely responsible for the sensation of pain. a. True b. False
true
The semicircular canals contain the same type of fluid found in the cochlear duct of the cochlea. a. True b. False
true
In the thalamus, pain information is sent to the ____________________ nucleus and the ____________________ nuclei.
ventral posterior, intralaminar
Perilymph is found in the ____________________ canal and the ____________________ canal, while endolymph is found in the ____________________.
vestibular, tympanic, cochlear duct
