PSY 271 Exam 3

About ____________ of the television programs that children watch depict at least some violence.

90 percent

The frustration-aggression hypothesis argues that aggression increases in direct proportion to

All of the above are correct

Nisbett and Cohen believe that a culture of honor developed in the Southern United States because the North was primarily settled by ______________, who were ________________, but the South was primarily settled by ________________, who were ________________________, and thus had to become tough and willing to protect their property from raids.

English and Germans; farmers; Scots and Irish; herders

Which of the following statements captures the "risky shift" phenomenon?

Groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals

If experimental groups are created using the "minimal group paradigm", which of the following characteristics do these groups have?

Groups will be created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups.

Kari is trying to memorize lines for a school play. According to the research reviewed in the text, under what conditions will the presence of others detract from her ability to learn the lines?

If Kari finds the task difficult

Doug Lowenstein, president of the Interactive Digital Software Association, stated, "There is absolutely no evidence, none, that playing a violent video game leads to aggressive behavior." Research by Anderson and Bushman and their colleagues suggests that

Lowenstein is incorrect because some video games increase aggression.

Marcie is having difficulty with her friendships and is feeling as if her friends do not really like her. She is imagining what her future would be like without any of her current friends. According to research the effects of social rejection, how might Marcie respond to someone who cuts in front of her in line at the cafeteria?

Marcie is likely to get upset and act aggressively towards the person who cuts in front of her.

____________ is more common among women compared with men.

Relational aggression

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she respond-ed faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names. What does this finding suggest?

Sarah has a stereotype that men are stronger than women

The ____________ region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates.

Southern

Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?

States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression.

Research that has examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams has found what connection between team jersey and aggression?

Teams that wore black jerseys were penalized more often for more aggressive play.

Courtney's sorority is experiencing groupthink. The symptoms of groupthink include all of the following EXCEPT

The members of Courtney's group feel vulnerable to outside criticism.

Bob and Will are arguing about capital punishment and end up adapting more extreme attitudes on the topic than they had previously. According to the social comparison interpretation, why did Bob's and Will's attitudes become more extreme?

They desire to be different from others, but also to be correct in their views.

In a review of 35 studies, Anderson and Bushman documented several effects of playing violent video games. Which of the following is one of those effects?

Violent video games decrease prosocial behavior

Imagine you are playing a video game when five strangers arrive to watch you. According to Zajonc's work on social facilitation, the ____________ created by the presence of these strangers would impair your performance if you ____________ this particular video game.

arousal; are unfamiliar with

Michael is exceptionally good at Ping-Pong. According to research, good players such as Michael, who know they are being watched while they play, perform

better than good players who do not know they are being watched.

According to the textbook, sexists who believe that all women are passive, dependent, and unintelligent maintain this stereotype by

categorizing active, independent, and smart women as special exceptions.

The ____________ perspective emphasizes that stereotypes can be use-ful categories that allow us to process information efficiently.

cognitive

Nisbett studied regional differences in aggression. His research indicates that

compared with Northern men, Southern men are more sensitive to insults.

"Realistic group conflict theory" posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

competition over limited resources

The textbook suggests that even if schools are integrated, if children's parents don't encourage and support that integration, children will be less likely to meet and play with children from minority groups. In this case, which condition for reducing prejudice is NOT met?

contact supported by social norms

The textbook reports research conducted by David Phillips that found that suicide rates often rose substantially following media reports of someone committing suicide. When people imitate acts that they hear about in the media, this is a form of aggression called ________________________.

copycat violence

During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States showing the enemies of America as rats and other animals. This is an example of __________.

dehumanization

Two concepts presented in the textbook that tend to increase conflict between groups are __________________ and _____________.

dehumanization; reactive devaluation.

According to ____________, being aware of another person's presence divides our attention between this person and the task at hand. This division of attention is arousing, which explains why people perform better on well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

distraction-conflict theory

Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical and psychological threat defense system, which includes the tendency to act aggressively, supports a(n) ___________________ explanation of aggression as a result of social rejection.

evolutionary

Many different theorists have examined gender differences in aggression and why men are more physically aggressive than women. One explanation is that throughout history, men were more likely to be hunters and protectors and had to be physically aggressive. This explanation is held by _______________ theorists, whereas the idea that men are socialized into roles that prioritize physical aggression is held by ________________ theorists.

evolutionary; cultural

According to Miller and Dollard, ____________ is likely to increase aggressive tendencies.

frustration

As discussed in the textbook, early studies showed that decisions made in groups were riskier than decisions made on one's own. Additional studies were conducted to learn whether this finding would generalize across many different situations. This later research showed that group decisions are not always riskier than individual decisions. Rather, group decisions tend to be more extreme than individual decisions. This phenomenon is captured by the concept of

group polarization

Tom finds solving math problems easy. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, when Tom solves math problems in the presence of others (as opposed to alone),

his performance improves

The ____________ has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

implicit association test

The idea that we look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as

inclusive fitness

A major city is experiencing one of its hottest summers ever. For several weeks, the temperature has not dropped below 90 degrees Fahrenheit. According to research, these conditions should lead to a(n) ____________________ in ___________________ crimes.

increase; violent

Angela and her younger brother Bernie have a history of fighting. One day, Angela threatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy that she wants to play with. Then, Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams, "I hate you!" Angela is demonstrating ____________ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ____________ aggression.

instrumental; hostile

At times, frustration can lead to passive resignation, which is called

learned helplessness

Sally has found herself lost in a crowd and is therefore experiencing deindividuation. This means Sally is

less self-aware, more focused on other people, and less inhibited.

The neo-associationistic account of aggression asserts that ____________.

many types of aversive events elicit aggressive responses

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

material resources are scarce

According to research on group polarization, people who make decisions in groups tend to make ____________ decisions than people who make decisions on their own.

more extreme

Evan is inclined to support the pro-choice position on abortion. He used to talk about abortion with a wide range of friends with different views. Then he stumbled on an Internet bulletin board that is visited almost exclusively by people who are pro-choice. Once this happened, he restricted his discussions on abortion with the other bulleting board members. According to social psychological research, Evan's attitude toward abortion should become

more extreme

In research conducted by Leonard Aron and colleagues, boys who watched ___________ violent TV at age 8 were ___________________ to engage in serious criminal activity by age 30.

more; more likely

According to the social psychological concepts of distinctiveness and the illusory correlation, ____________ on the part of members of ____________ are partic-ularly distinctive and memorable.

negative behaviors; minority groups

The idea that events such as experiencing pain or frustration lead to anger, which then leads to aggression, is called the ________________________ account of aggression.

neo-associationistic

A certain college student believes that all male professors think alike, act alike, and look alike. Thus, this student is demonstrating the ____________ effect.

outgroup homogeneity

Ross and colleagues found that people tended to __________________ the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue they felt strongly about.

overestimate

Samantha is experiencing the "spotlight effect". This means that she

overestimates the degree to which her appearance and behavior are noticed by others.

Which of the following scenarios captures the meaning of Cartwright and Zander's definition of a group?

people who decide how to help a stranded motorist

Recall that Glick and Fiske studied positive and negative stereotypes about women in 19 different countries. These researchers argue that

positive stereotypes can have troubling consequences

Research indicates that automatic, negative associations to members of various stigmatized groups appear to be more easily activated among

prejudiced individuals than among nonprejudiced individuals.

Several military officials meet to plan battle strategy. Captain Biggs thinks that General Olsen's strategy will be ineffective and deadly for American soldiers, but Biggs does not speak out. He is worried that others will see him as an ignorant coward. Biggs's response in this situation best illustrates how the concept of ____________ applies to groupthink.

self-censorship

According to research, which of the following shows are particularly likely to increase aggression?

shows that depict violence against "bad" or "evil" people

Normal Triplett conducted what is widely regarded as social psychology's first experiment. He found that children tended to perform a relatively easy task better while in the presence of another child doing the same task. This finding set the stage for research on

social facilitation

People arrange themselves into social hierarchies

starting as early as age 2

The evolutionary perspective holds that stepchildren are more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of genetic parents because

stepchildren do not enhance stepparents' inclusive fitness.

____________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.

stereotype threat

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math. Janet is engaging in

stereotyping

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies ____________. Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies ____________.

stereotyping; discrimination

Research shows that people occasionally engage in a disturbing behavior called ____________. It is ____________ likely to occur when many individuals are present (as opposed to none or just a few).

suicide baiting; more

Which of the following events BEST illustrates the disastrous effects of groupthink?

the Kennedy administration's decision to conduct the Bay of Pigs invasion

Recall that Zajonc placed cockroaches in either a complex maze or a simple maze. He created three other conditions as well. Any given cockroach was induced to navigate the maze (a) entirely alone; (b) in the presence of an "audience" of cockroaches; or (c) simultaneously with another cockroach (but without an audience). The audience condition (b) permitted Zajonc to demonstrate whether

the mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder performance.

Thinking that members of a particular group are hostile, we may act to-ward them in a guarded manner. As a result, we may elicit a coldness that we see as proof of their hostility. This scenario captures the essence of

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Research shows that people are more likely to stereotype others or give in to their prejudices when ____________.

their own self-esteem is threatened

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?

wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins

Recall that Payne (2001) had participants decide as quickly as possible whether an object depicted in a photograph was a handgun or a hand tool (for example, pliers). Each photograph was immediately preceded by a picture of either a black face or a white face. Results showed that ____________.

white participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a black face; however, white participants were faster to identify a hand tool as a hand tool when it was preceded by a white face.

Research on "stereotype threat" has shown that female students per-formed

worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.