PSY 280 Exam #2

after examining surveys, you collected from culture X, you find that people's responses tend to cluster toward the center of your scale. this phenomenon is known as the _____ bias. a) acquiescence b) social desirability c) moderacy d) deprivation e) extremity

c) moderacy

Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test? a) "Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics" b) "This test was fair; I just didn't work hard enough" c) "Chemistry is still very important to me" d) "Lex did so well! I need to work hard to be more like him"

a) "Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics"

Cross-cultural studies on choice demonstrate which of the following? a) Asian Americans prefer a task an ingroup chooses for them more than one that an outgroup chooses for them b) European Americans and Asian Americans both prefer to choose a task for themselves than to have someone else choose it for them c) European Americans prefer a task if they choose it for themselves, whereas Asian Americans prefer a task if someone else chooses it for them d) Asian Americans prefer a task an outgroup chooses for them more than European Americans do e) none of the above

a) Asian Americans prefer a task an ingroup chooses for them more than one that an outgroup chooses for them

Research comparing the self-concepts of Americans and Kenyans has found: a) Kenyan undergraduate and tribal people (the Samburu) view the self in highly different ways b) all Kenyan populations had similar kinds of self-concepts c) Americans were the only participants who described themselves primary in terms of personal attributes d) the Samburu describe themselves primarily in terms of personal attributes e) none of the above

a) Kenyan undergraduate and tribal people (the Samburu) view the self in highly different ways

Which of the following people is taking an outside-in perspective on the self? a) Lily, who perceives herself as smart after learning that her roommates saw her all-A's report card b) Liam, who perceives himself as athletic after breaking his previous record on the 200-meter sprint c) Leo, who perceives himself as helpful after spending the day cleaning his grandmother's house d) Liu, who perceives himself as kind after nursing an injured cat back to good health

a) Lily, who perceives herself as smart after learning that her roommates saw her all-A's report card

which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure? a) a journal entry b) television programs c) school books d) magazine advertisements

a) a journal entry

The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that the stronger self-enhancement motivations are associated with.... a) high scores - above the midpoint - on self-esteem questionnaires b) more objective responses when evaluating one's positive characteristics c) perceptions that the self is average in relation to others d) weaker self-serving biases

a) high scores - above the midpoint - on self-esteem questionnaires

Mia loves visiting foreign countries and travels every chance she gets, usually staying for up to a month in each country. "I don't think I will ever get tired of traveling," she says. "Every single culture I've experienced has been so amazing and exciting!" According to the acculturation curve, which stage has Mia experienced? a) honeymoon stage b) culture shock c) crisis stage d) adjustment stage

a) honeymoon stage

The acculturation strategy that predicts the most favorable outcomes is.... a) integration b) assimilation c) separation d) marginalization

a) integration

reference group effects in cross-cultural research occur because.... a) people use social comparison to evaluate themselves b) people do not really know how they feel c) people from different cultures have different response styles d) people value what they are most in need of

a) people use social comparison to evaluate themselves

when reference group effects occur in cross-cultural research, what's the reason? a) people use social comparison to evaluate themselves b) people do not really know how they feel c) people from different cultures have different response styles d) people value what they are most in need of e) some words do not translate well into our languages

a) people use social comparison to evaluate themselves

Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for him? a) a society that is homogenous b) a society the espouses values that match Pedram's personality c) a society in which he will be a visible minority d) a society that encourages people to code-switch

b) a society the espouses values that match Pedram's personality

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see a strong divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of? a) entity theory of self b) interdependent view of self c) independent theory of self d) objective awareness of self

c) independent theory of self

Stereotype threat occurs for what reason? a) it is damaging to one's self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of your group b) people risk behaving in ways consistent with stereotypes, thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy c) everyone believes in the content of stereotypes, even if they won't consciously admit it d) people apply stereotypes to groups they don't like e) stereotypes are vulnerable to being disproved by counter-stereotypical information

b) people risk behaving in ways consistent with stereotypes, thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy

The motivation of working-class Americans appear to differ from those of upper-middle class Americans in what way? a) working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, prefer to not choose their own pens rather than be able to choose them b) working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, like a pen they didn't choose about as much as a pen they did choose c) working-class Americans prefer fewer pen choices than upper-middle-class Americans d) working-class Americans prefer choices about their efforts, whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer choices about their lifestyle e) none of the above

b) working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, like a pen they didn't choose about as much as a pen they did choose

Research on messages in advertising in Korea and the U.S. has indicated that... a) ads emphasizing conformity are relatively ineffective in the U.S. b) ads emphasizing uniqueness are relatively ineffective in Korea c) Korean ads are more likely to send conformity messages than American ads d) Korean ads deliver messages about both conformity and uniqueness to a similar extent e) all of the above

c) Korean ads are more likely to send conformity messages than American ads

In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case? a) participants from the individualistic culture will most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one b) participants from both cultures will be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one c) a lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same d) no participants from either culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one

c) a lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same

How is creativity related to multicultural experiences? a) the kinds of travel destination of creative people are more exotic than are those of less creative people b) creative people tend to congregate in international creative centers, such as Paris and New York c) creative people are more likely to have adopted to life in more than one culture d) because multicultural people have confused identities, people need to become creative to derive a clear narrative form their lives e) multicultural people have been exposed to a broader array of artistic traditions in their lives

c) creative people are more likely to have adopted to life in more than one culture

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism? a) higher social class is associated with interdependence in both Western and Eastern cultures b) higher social class is associated with interdependence in Western cultures and independence in Eastern cultures c) higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures d) higher social class is unrelated to independence and interdependence

c) higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures

Which of the following statements is most accurate? a) there is very little cross-cultural variation in self-esteem b) in collectivistic cultures, interdependence is positively associated with self-esteem, but in individualistic cultures, independence is positively associated with self-esteem c) independence is positively associated with self-esteem d) interdependence is positively associated with self-esteem e) self-esteem is higher in children than adults in non-Western cultures, and higher in adults than in children in Western cultures

c) independence is positively associated with self-esteem

A group-enhancing bias is.... a) more common among East Asians than Westerners b) more common among Native Americans than European Americans c) more common among Westerners than East Asians d) weaker than a self-serving bias for people in all cultures e) evident equally in all cultures

c) more common among Westerners than East Asians

The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics, why? a) one cannot put people through an acculturation experiment; it's correlational research b) there are no validated acculturation measures c) people's circumstances vary so much that it's hard to identify common patterns d) there is no agreement on the definition of acculturation e) immigrants do not like to have their experience studied by researchers

c) people's circumstances vary so much that it's hard to identify common patterns

When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock? a) when the person endorses an integration acculturation strategy b) when the person is introverted c) when the person moves to a homogenous society d) when the person has an interdependent self-construal

c) when the person moves to a homogenous society

As a member of his college debate team, Marvin's goal is the same as his teammate's goal: to win! In preparation for a major competition, Marvin's coach institutes several rules that will help the team members focus, including a rule to abstain from drinking alcohol the night before the competition. If Marvin is from a collectivistic culture, how will he most likely respond to this rule? a) "It is unfair for the coach to dictate how I can and can't behave" b) "I had no say in this rule, so I won't obey it" c) "I don't like another person making a decision for me" d) "I don't mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately benefits me too"

d) "I don't mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately benefits me too"

What happens when people evaluate themselves while facing a mirror? a) people from all cultures become more self-critical in front of a mirror b) Americans view themselves more positively, and Japanese view themselves more negatively c) Americans view themselves more negatively, and Japanese view themselves more positively d) Americans view themselves more negatively, Japanese do not change e) people from all cultures view themselves more positively in front of a mirror

d) Americans view themselves more negatively, Japanese do not change

the Human Relations Area Files.... a) cover most cultures of the modern world b) were compiled by surveying IBM workers across the world c) were compiled by psychologists using standardized questionnaires d) are a database of ethnographic data from small-scale societies

d) are a database of ethnographic data from small-scale societies

Raquel recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following strategies should she AVOID if her goal is to engage in self-enhancement? a) disregard the importance of sociology b) blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam c) think about how the student with the lowest score in class did d) compare herself with how the best student in her class did

d) compare herself with how the best student in her class did

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? a) an interdependent view of self b) an independent view of self c) conscientiousness d) cultural fit

d) cultural fit

the tendency for people who live in isolating conditions to report valuing social connection more than those living in close-knit communities is an example of.... a) the reference group effect b) acquiescence bias c) debiasing effects d) deprivation effects

d) deprivation effects

Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to... a) experience an L-shaped acculturation curve b) have his acculturative stress be influenced by his initial experiences in the host culture c) have a personality with poor cultural fit d) have a separation acculturation strategy e) use blending

d) have a separation acculturation strategy

Based on research exploring gender comparisons of the self-concept, what statement below is true? a) women tend to have self-concepts more like Asians, whereas men have self-concepts more like Westerners b) women have more of a collectivistic self-view than Westerners c) men score higher on assertiveness than women d) men and women score similarly on agency e) men and women score similarly on relatedness

d) men and women score similarly on agency

Which of the following accurately lists the five personality traits that make up the five-factor model of personality? a) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity b) openness to experience, capability, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism c) openness to experience, curiosity, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity d) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

d) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

According to research on consistency, what would be an effect way to persuade an American friend to help you? a) remind her of how consistently she acts across different social situations b) remind her of how important the issue is that requires her help c) remind her of what you may think of her d) remind her that she has helped you before e) have her look in a mirror when you ask her for help

d) remind her that she has helped you before

what is a drawback to using back-translation? a) the researcher might unintentionally prime participants to think in ways similar to English speakers b) the literal meaning of the words is sometimes lost c) the researcher has no way of identifying whether the translators faithfully captured the meaning d) the translation may sound very unnatural, and may contain idioms that are unintelligible e) participants might not have good enough language skills to understand the materials

d) the translation may sound very unnatural, and may contain idioms that are unintelligible

Dr. H wants to unpackage the cultural difference between Japanese and American horror movies. What is Dr. H trying to find out? a) Japanese and American opinions about Japanese and American horror stories b) what the Japanese think about American horror movies and vice versa c) how much statistical power this difference has d) the underlying reasons for this difference

d) the underlying reasons for this difference

according to a culture of honor explanation, the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because.... a) the South is hotter than the North b) there was a more extensive slave trade in the South than the North c) the South is poorer than the North d) there were more herders in the South than in the North e) there are more guns available in the South than in the North

d) there were more herders in the South than in the North

which of the following is an advantage of experiments in cross-cultural psychological research? a) the results can be generalized to more situations b) they are easier to conduct than correlational studies c) they are equally meaningful to people in the real world d) they make response biases less problematic e) they can more easily be conducted in the real world

d) they make response biases less problematic

Jee-Young is a bicultural Korean Canadian who has high bicultural identity integration. Compared with other bicultural Korean Canadians who have low bicultural identity integration, Jee-Young... a) will show less acculturative stress b) is more likely to score high on measures of cultural distance c) is less likely to acquire undesirable cultural habits d) will engage in more frame-switching e) will more likely adopt an assimilation strategy

d) will engage in more frame-switching

How do primary and secondary control among Japanese and American differ? a) Americans feel primary control in American-made situations and secondary control in Japanese-made situations b) Japanese feel more powerful in secondary control situations than in primary control situations c) Japanese feel more powerful in Japanese-made primary control situations than they do in American-made primary control situations d) Japanese recall more primary control situations than secondary control situations e) Americans and Japanese feel more powerful in primary control situations than they do in secondary control situations

e) Americans and Japanese feel more powerful in primary control situations than they do in secondary control situations

The Big Five Personality traits... a) are clearly observed only in Western cultural contexts b) do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures c) are believed to be unique to humans d) emerge identically cross-culturally, regardless of the language from which the trait terms are derived e) do not cover the full extent of personality traits in all cultures, but they are still cross-culturally robust

e) do not cover the full extent of personality traits in all cultures, but they are still cross-culturally robust

Research on personality and acculturation reveals that... a) introverts tend to be more successful at acculturating than extroverts b) extroverts tend to be more successful at acculturating than introverts c) extroverts tend to proceed through a more severe period of culture shock on the acculturation curve compared with introverts d) introverts fare worse early on, whereas extroverts tend to fare worse over the long run e) none of the above

e) none of the above

the tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to value food more than those living where food is abundant is an example of..... a) the reference group effect b) socially desirable responding c) acquiescence bias d) unsynchronized sample selections e) the deprivation effect

e) the deprivation effect

Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Which of the following is true about Hayden? a) he draws a weaker distinction between a stranger at the bus stop and his brother b) he feels his identity is primarily based on his sense that he's outgoing and extraverted person c) he acts the same way regardless of the context or situation d) he is more motivated to be unique and different from others e) the same brain regions will be activated when he's thinking about himself and his mother

e) the same brain regions will be activated when he's thinking about himself and his mother