Psy 309 Dowling Test 2 Quiz Q & As

_________________ avoidance requires an overt response to avoid the aversive stimulus whereas ______________ avoidance requires avoiding the aversive stimulus by not responding.

-active -passive

In an escape response the antecedent is ________________________________ whereas in an avoidance response, the antecedent is _____________________________________.

-aversive stimuli or event -potential for an aversive stimuli or event

Complete the sentences in a manner that makes it an accurate explanation of the influence of characteristics of the observer on observational learning: ________ benefit the most from observing others, and __________ benefit the second most, with other animals benefiting to varying degrees. When the observer has more of a learning history, the observer experiences __________ learning from the model. Sometimes younger observers imitate the model __________ than older observers.

-humans -apes -better -more

Contingency management utilizes the principles of operant conditioning to _________________ appropriate/desired behavior(s) and __________________ inappropriate/undesired behavior(s).

-increase -decrease or eliminate

________ is learning that takes place by observing events and their consequences with two major types. ________ is the type in which the organism learns by observing another organism engage in a behavior and the consequences that the other organism receives for that behavior. __________ is the type in which the organism learns by observing events in the world and their consequences without a model.

-observational learning -social observational learning -asocial observational learning

Complete the sentences in a manner that makes it an accurate explanation of the influences on observational learning: Observing a(n) ______________ model means observing someone who has mastered the skill engaging in the skill whereas observing a(n) _______________ model means observing someone who is learning the skill themselves engaging in the skill. Research results indicate that observing a skilled model ________________ results in more learning than observing an unskilled model.

-skilled -unskilled -sometimes

Copy of A schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that determines... ...how often and/or when the behavior must be performed to receive reinforcement ...how often the organism will receive reinforcement regardless of the performance or non-performance of the behavior ...when the organism will receive reinforcement regardless of the performance or non-performance of the behavior ...what will be reinforcing to the organism at what times

...how often and/or when the behavior must be performed to receive reinforcement

1) A Spanish teacher trying to teach their students to roll their "r" should use the procedure of _______________. 2) An animal trainer trying to teach a dog to retrieve the morning newspaper from the front lawn should use the procedure of ________________. 3) A parent trying to teach their child how to clean the dishes after cooking should use the procedure of ________________. 4) A soccer coach trying to teach an athlete how to correctly kick the ball should use the procedure of __________________.

1) shaping 2) chaining 3) chaining 4) shaping

Ryan currently completes his homework for 5 minutes before complaining and his father would like him to complete all 30 minutes without complaining. Of the following, what is the best behavior to start reinforcing if using a shaping procedure? 5 minutes of complaint-free homework 10 minutes of complaint-free homework 20 minutes of complaint-free homework 30 minutes of complaint-free homework

10 minutes of complaint-free homework

Put the following methods to suppress behavior in the recommended hierarchy for their use from Level I to Level IV. __Response cost and Time out from reinforcement __Extinction __Positive punishment pain-inducing procedures __Differential reinforcement procedures (DRO, DRA, DRI, and DRL)

3. Response cost and Time out from reinforcement 2. Extinction 4. Positive punishment pain-inducing procedures 1. Differential reinforcement procedures (DRO, DRA, DRI, and DRL)

Under which conditions is the organism most likely to learn the avoidance response? (Partial credit for each correct) A rat who can avoid a mild shock if it presses a lever when the light comes on. A rat who was classically conditioned to fear a red light because the red light was almost immediately followed by a shock. The rat later learned that it could avoid the shock if it pressed a bar when the light came on. A rat who was classically conditioned to fear a red light because the red light was followed by a shock about 5 seconds later. The rat later learned that it could avoid the shock if it pressed a bar when the light came on. A rat who can avoid a very strong shock if it presses a lever when the light comes on.

A rat who was classically conditioned to fear a red light because the red light was almost immediately followed by a shock. The rat later learned that it could avoid the shock if it pressed a bar when the light came on. A rat who can avoid a very strong shock if it presses a lever when the light comes on.

When using a token economy all of the following are accurate except: The value of reinforcers in tokens must be clearly defined (e.g., dessert = 6 tokens) A shaping program must be built in The behavior(s) that earn a token must be clearly defined

A shaping program must be built in

Tom was the manager of a small manufacturing plant. The employees often waited until the last minute to clock in, consequently, they were often late because too many were trying to clock in at once. Tom made it a point to greet and meet with the employees clocked in on time. He would smile and make pleasant conversation with the employees while they were clocking in. As soon as the deadline for clocking in arrived, he would depart for his office. A few of the employees were happy to meet him each morning. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the A B C FO in this vignette? Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. -Tom made it a point to greet and meet with the employees clocked in on time. He would smile and make pleasant conversation with the employees while they were clocking in. -The employees often waited until the last minute to clock in -An increase in employees who were late because too many were trying to clock in at once. -As soon as the deadline for clocking in arrived, he would depart for his office.

A-Tom made it a point to greet and meet with the employees clocked in on time. He would smile and make pleasant conversation with the employees while they were clocking in. B-The employees often waited until the last minute to clock in C: As soon as the deadline for clocking in arrived, he would depart for his office. FO: An increase in employees who were late because too many were trying to clock in at once. Negative Reinforcement

Match the correct label of the discriminative stimuli to the correct example. S+ (SD) S- (S△) A. A green traffic light for the behavior of continuing to press the gas peddle B. A red traffic light for the behavior of continuing to press the gas peddle

A. A green traffic light for the behavior of continuing to press the gas peddle =S+ B. A red traffic light for the behavior of continuing to press the gas peddle =S-

Match the term with the definition. Primary reinforcer Secondary reinforcer A. A reinforcer that is inherently reinforcing because it has innate biological value to the organism B. A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing through experience

A. A reinforcer that is inherently reinforcing because it has innate biological value to the organism -Primary reinforcer B. A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing through experience -Secondary reinforcer

Match the type of reinforcement schedule with it's definition. Continuous reinforcement schedule Interval schedule of reinforcement Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement Variable interval schedule of reinforcement A. A schedule in which every instance of the behavior is reinforced B. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies a variable length of time since the last reinforcement occurred before the next occurrence of the behavior will receive reinforcement C. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies the length of time since the last reinforcement occurred before the next occurrence of the behavior will receive reinforcement D. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies a constant length of time since the last reinforcement occurred before the next occurrence of the behavior will receive reinforcement

A. A schedule in which every instance of the behavior is reinforced -continuous reinforcement B. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies a variable length of time since the last reinforcement occurred before the next occurrence of the behavior will receive reinforcement -variable interval schedule of reinforcement C. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies the length of time since the last reinforcement occurred before the next occurrence of the behavior will receive reinforcement -interval schedule of reinforcement D. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies a constant length of time since the last reinforcement occurred before the next occurrence of the behavior will receive reinforcement -fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Match the type of reinforcement schedule with it's definition. Continuous reinforcement schedule Ratio schedule of reinforcement Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement A. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies an average number of times the behavior must occur to receive reinforcement B. A schedule in which every instance of the behavior is reinforced C. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies how many times the behavior must occur to receive reinforcement D. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies an exact number of times the behavior must occur to receive reinforcement

A. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies an average number of times the behavior must occur to receive reinforcement -Variable ratio schedule B. A schedule in which every instance of the behavior is reinforced -continuous schedule C. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies how many times the behavior must occur to receive reinforcement -ratio schedule D. A schedule of reinforcement in which the contingency specifies an exact number of times the behavior must occur to receive reinforcement -fixed ratio schedule

Match the operant conditioning response with the correct way the stimulus or event is presented for that response. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment A. Addition of a desired or pleasant stimulus or event B. Addition of an undesired or aversive stimulus or event C. Removal of an undesired or aversive stimulus or event D. Removal of a desired or pleasant stimulus or event

A. Addition of a desired or pleasant stimulus or event -positive reinforcement B. Addition of an undesired or aversive stimulus or event -positive punishment C. Removal of an undesired or aversive stimulus or event -negative reinforcement D. Removal of a desired or pleasant stimulus or event -negative punishment

Match the term to the correct definition. Positive punishment Negative punishment Omission training Punisher Punishment A. Addition of an aversive stimulus or event following a behavior that causes the future likelihood of that behavior occurring to decrease B. Process during which the desired behavior is being reinforced and when the organism engages in the undesired behavior, they are unable to be reinforced. C. When the consequence of engaging in a behavior decreases the future likelihood of engaging in that behavior in a similar situation in the future D. A stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it follows occurring again in a similar situation in the future in response to this consequence E. Removal of a desired stimulus or event following a behavior that causes the future likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future to decrease

A. Addition of an aversive stimulus or event following a behavior that causes the future likelihood of that behavior occurring to decrease -positive punishment B. Process during which the desired behavior is being reinforced and when the organism engages in the undesired behavior, they are unable to be reinforced. -omission training C. When the consequence of engaging in a behavior decreases the future likelihood of engaging in that behavior in a similar situation in the future -punishment D. A stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it follows occurring again in a similar situation in the future in response to this consequence -punisher E. Removal of a desired stimulus or event following a behavior that causes the future likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future to decrease -negative punishment

Match the aspect of extinction with the correct type of conditioning. Decrease in strength of conditioned response Decrease in strength of previously reinforced behavior Unpairing of CS and US Unpairing of previously reinforced behavior and reinforcement A. Decrease in response that occurs in extinction of a classically conditioned response B. Unpairing that occurs in extinction of an operantly conditioned response C. Unpairing that occurs in extinction of a classically conditioned response D. Decrease in response that occurs in operantly conditioned response

A. Decrease in response that occurs in extinction of a classically conditioned response -decrease in strength of conditioned response B. Unpairing that occurs in extinction of an operantly conditioned response -unpairing of previously reinforced behavior C. Unpairing that occurs in extinction of a classically conditioned response -unpairing of CS and US D. Decrease in response that occurs in operantly conditioned response -decrease in strength of previously reinforced behavior

Match the operant conditioning response with the correct change in the future likelihood of the behavior. Reinforcement Punishment A. Decrease in the future likelihood of the behavior happening again in a similar situation in the future B. Increase in the future likelihood of the behavior happening again in a similar situation in the future

A. Decrease in the future likelihood of the behavior happening again in a similar situation in the future -punishment B. Increase in the future likelihood of the behavior happening again in a similar situation in the future -reinforcement

Match the role each term plays in the process of shaping to the correct role by filling in the blank in each statement with the relevant term. behavioral variation successive approximations reinforcement extinction A. During shaping, the organism must be reinforced for _____ of the end goal behavior, thus gradually requiring the organism to behave in closer and closer approximations to the ultimate desired behavior. B. The individual doing the shaping must use _____ to get rid of all previous approximations such that the organism being shaped continues to behave in closer approximations to the end goal behavior. C. During shaping, the organism must engage in ____ so that the next approximation can then be reinforced. D. During shaping the individual doing the shaping must provide _____ for successive approximations.

A. During shaping, the organism must be reinforced for _____ of the end goal behavior, thus gradually requiring the organism to behave in closer and closer approximations to the ultimate desired behavior. -successive elements B. The individual doing the shaping must use _____ to get rid of all previous approximations such that the organism being shaped continues to behave in closer approximations to the end goal behavior. -extinction C. During shaping, the organism must engage in ____ so that the next approximation can then be reinforced. -behavioral variation D. During shaping the individual doing the shaping must provide _____ for successive approximations. -reinforcement

Match the example of how the individual is attempting to break their habit with the correct label for that method. Fatigue method Threshold method Incompatible stimuli method A. Miles smokes every time he watches TV. To break this habit he watches TV for an extended period of time until he no longer smokes while watching TV. B. Mika regularly bites her nails when studying. To break this habit, she is wearing gloves when she studies. C. Marla eats whenever she gets bored. To break this habit she reads something that she finds slightly boring but not so boring that she is prompted to eat. She gradually increases the intensity of the stimuli that she is exposing herself to until she is engaged in VERY boring activities and is no longer prompted to eat.

A. Miles smokes every time he watches TV. To break this habit he watches TV for an extended period of time until he no longer smokes while watching TV. -fatigue method B. Mika regularly bites her nails when studying. To break this habit, she is wearing gloves when she studies. -incompatible stimuli method C. Marla eats whenever she gets bored. To break this habit she reads something that she finds slightly boring but not so boring that she is prompted to eat. She gradually increases the intensity of the stimuli that she is exposing herself to until she is engaged in VERY boring activities and is no longer prompted to eat. -threshold method

Match the definition with the correct term as they apply to operant conditioning. Stimulus control Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination S+ also known as the SD S- also known as the S△ A. Not responding (or responding less) to stimuli that are not the S+ B. Stimulus that indicates the behavior will receive reinforcement C. When changes in behavior that occur in one situation spread (or travel) to other situations (situations are made up of stimuli) D. Stimulus that indicates the behavior will not receive reinforcement E. When a response is emitted in the presence of a particular stimuli but not in the presence of other stimuli

A. Not responding (or responding less) to stimuli that are not the S+ -stimulus discrimination B. Stimulus that indicates the behavior will receive reinforcement -S+ also know as the S^D C. When changes in behavior that occur in one situation spread (or travel) to other situations (situations are made up of stimuli) -stimulus generalization D. Stimulus that indicates the behavior will not receive reinforcement -S- also know as Sdelta E. When a response is emitted in the presence of a particular stimuli but not in the presence of other stimuli -stimulus control

Match the method to break a habit with the description of the method. Fatigue method Threshold method Incompatible stimuli method A. Present the stimulus associated with the habit below the level required for a response and gradually increase the intensity until the intensity is at full strength and it does not elicit the habit. B. Repeatedly presenting the stimuli that elicits the response until the response is not elicited or the organism performs a new response, which is then paired with the stimulus. C. Having the organism go into a situation in which the old habit cannot occur in.

A. Present the stimulus associated with the habit below the level required for a response and gradually increase the intensity until the intensity is at full strength and it does not elicit the habit. -threshold method B. Repeatedly presenting the stimuli that elicits the response until the response is not elicited or the organism performs a new response, which is then paired with the stimulus. -fatigue method C. Having the organism go into a situation in which the old habit cannot occur in. -incompatible stimuli method

Match the type of reinforcement schedule with it's pattern of responding. Differential reinforcement schedule and DRH schedules Fixed ratio schedule Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule & Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Variable ratio schedule Fixed interval schedule Variable interval schedule A. Produces a consistent response rate until habituation or satiation to the reinforcer occurs & encourages rapid acquisition of behavior or rapid increase in rate of responding B. Reduce the frequency of the undesired behavior and increase the frequency of the desired behavior C. Produce a post-reinforcement pause and then positively accelerating response rate as the end of the interval nears (a scallop shape) D. Produce high, steady levels of responding (but lower than comparable FR and VR schedules) E. Reduces the frequency of the undesired behavior and can eliminate it F. Increase the rate/frequency of behavior G. Reduces the frequency of the undesired behavior but keeps it happening at the more desired frequency H. Produces steady rates of responding with no or very short pre-ratio pauses

A. Produces a consistent response rate until habituation or satiation to the reinforcer occurs & encourages rapid acquisition of behavior or rapid increase in rate of responding -fixed ratio schedule B. Reduce the frequency of the undesired behavior and increase the frequency of the desired behavior -DRA and DRI C. Produce a post-reinforcement pause and then positively accelerating response rate as the end of the interval nears (a scallop shape) -fixed interval schedule D. Produce high, steady levels of responding (but lower than comparable FR and VR schedules) -variable interval schedule E. Reduces the frequency of the undesired behavior and can eliminate it -DRO F. Increase the rate/frequency of behavior -differential reinforcement schedule and DRH schedules G. Reduces the frequency of the undesired behavior but keeps it happening at the more desired frequency -DR of low responding schedule H. Produces steady rates of responding with no or very short pre-ratio pauses -variable ratio schedule

Match the type of reinforcement schedule with it's definition. Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule A. Schedule in which the contingency requires a behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the undesired behavior to be performed in order to receive reinforcement B. A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior must occur a set number of times within a specific time period to be reinforced C. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on reinforcing a behavior when it occurs after a specified period of non-occurrence. If the behavior occurs during the interval, the interval resets. D. Schedule in which the contingency requires the behavior to not be performed for a specified period of time in order to receive reinforcement E. Schedule in which the contingency requires another behavior to be performed in order to receive reinforcement and a previously reinforced behavior no longer receives reinforcement F. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on reinforcing a behavior when it occurs at a high rate during a specified time

A. Schedule in which the contingency requires a behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the undesired behavior to be performed in order to receive reinforcement -Differential Reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule B. A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior must occur a set number of times within a specific time period to be reinforced -Differential reinforcement schedule C. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on reinforcing a behavior when it occurs after a specified period of non-occurrence. If the behavior occurs during the interval, the interval resets. -Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule D. Schedule in which the contingency requires the behavior to not be performed for a specified period of time in order to receive reinforcement -Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule E. Schedule in which the contingency requires another behavior to be performed in order to receive reinforcement and a previously reinforced behavior no longer receives reinforcement -Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule F. A schedule of reinforcement that occurs based on reinforcing a behavior when it occurs at a high rate during a specified time -Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule

Match the term to the definition. Reinforcer Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement A. When a desirable consequence (stimulus or event) follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of the behavior it followed happening again in a similar situation in the future B. The removal of an aversive stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior it followed happening again C. A stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behavior it follows occurring again in a similar situation in the future in response to this consequence

A. When a desirable consequence (stimulus or event) follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of the behavior it followed happening again in a similar situation in the future -Positive reinforcement B. The removal of an aversive stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior it followed happening again -Negative Reinforcement C. A stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behavior it follows occurring again in a similar situation in the future in response to this consequence -Reinforcer

Match the term to the correct definition. Contingency Behavior Reinforcement Instrumental conditioning A. When the consequence of engaging in a behavior increases the future likelihood of engaging in that behavior in a similar situation in the future B. The relationship between a specific behavior and reinforcement C. Observable action an organism can engage in D. When an organism learns how to obtain a reward by engaging in a behavior. In this form of conditioning, the organism is limited in how many rewards it can obtain.

A. When the consequence of engaging in a behavior increases the future likelihood of engaging in that behavior in a similar situation in the future -Reinforcement B. The relationship between a specific behavior and reinforcement -Contingency C. Observable action an organism can engage in -Behavior D. When an organism learns how to obtain a reward by engaging in a behavior. In this form of conditioning, the organism is limited in how many rewards it can obtain. -Instrumental conditioning

C'nee dislikes country music. Her best friend, Jazmyn, knows this and after C'nee insulted her, Jazmyn blared country music in her car. C'nee is now less likely to insult Jazmyn. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Jazmyn blared country music in her car C'nee insulted Jazmyn C'nee dislikes country music. Her best friend, Jazmyn, knows this C'nee is now less likely to insult Jazmyn

A: "C'nee dislikes country music. Her best friend, Jazmyn, knows this". B: "C'nee insulted Jazmyn". C: "Jazmyn blared country music in her car". FO: "C'nee is now less likely to insult Jazmyn." Positive Punishment

C'nee loves having extra spending money to use for whatever she wants each week. However, she got a fine for bringing library books back late so she doesn't have any extra spending money. She is now less likely to bring library books back late. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? She is now less likely to bring library books back late. She got a fine for bringing library books back late so she doesn't have any extra spending money. C'nee loves having extra spending money to use for whatever she wants each week. She needs to return her library books. She brought her library books back late

A: "C'nee loves having extra spending money to use for whatever she wants each week. She needs to return her library books." B: "She brought her library books back late". C: "She got a fine for bringing library books back late so she doesn't have any extra spending money." FO: She is now less likely to bring library books back late. Negative Punishment

When Amalia was young she danced barefoot on the AstroTurf and her feet became raw and swollen afterwards. She has refused to dance on AstroTurf ever since. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Amalia wanted to dance Her feet became raw and swollen She danced barefoot on the AstroTurf She has refused to dance on AstroTurf ever since.

A: Amalia wanted to dance. B: She danced barefoot on the AstroTurf. C: Her feet became raw and swollen FO: She has refused to dance on AstroTurf ever since. Positive Punishment

Billy sometimes teased Marsha about her weight. One day this angered Marsha so that she slapped Billy in the face. She continued doing this whenever Billy teased her. As a result of this relation, Billy teased Marsha about her weight more often than he ever had before she began slapping him. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Billy teased Marsha about her weight one day Marsha slapped Billy in the face. Billy sometimes teased Marsha about her weight. Billy teased Marsha about her weight more often than he ever had before she began slapping him.

A: Billy sometimes teased Marsha about her weight. B: Billy teased Marsha about her weight one day C: Marsha slapped Billy in the face. FO: Billy teased Marsha about her weight more often than he ever had before she began slapping him. Positive Reinforcement

Chris loves hanging out with friends but recently his friends all left his apartment after he insulted them. He is now less likely to insult his friends. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Chris loves hanging out with friends & he is hanging out with them Chris insulted his friends He is now less likely to insult his friends. His friends all left his apartment after he insulted them.

A: Chris loves hanging out with friends & he is hanging out with them B: Chris insulted his friends C: His friends all left his apartment after he insulted them. FO: He is now less likely to insult his friends. Negative Punishment

Jamal dislikes loud noises. He recently opened an exit door marked "do not open" and set off the loud alarm. He is now less likely to open an exit door marked "do not open". You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Loud alarm went off Jamal dislikes loud noises. He is leaving a building. He is now less likely to open an exit door marked "do not open". He opened an exit door marked "do not open"

A: Jamal dislikes loud noises. He is leaving a building. B: He opened an exit door marked "do not open"'. C: "Loud alarm went off". FO: He is now less likely to open an exit door marked "do not open" Positive Punishment

Joey, a supervisor in a warehouse, was worried about the foul language the workers used. He decided he wanted to reduce the use of cuss words in the warehouse. Every time he heard a worker using foul language, he shook his head in disapproval. This disapproval resulted in an increase in the level of the foul language. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the A B C FO in this vignette? Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. -an increase in the level of the foul language -Joey, a supervisor in a warehouse, was worried about the foul language the workers used. He decided he wanted to reduce the use of cuss words in the warehouse. -Worker using foul language -Joey shook his head in disapproval

A: Joey, a supervisor in a warehouse, was worried about the foul language the workers used. He decided he wanted to reduce the use of cuss words in the warehouse. B: worker using foul language C: Joey shook head in disapproval FO: an increase in the level of foul language positive reinforcement

Nicole is unassertive and her friends take advantage of her but she enjoys spending time with them. When she was assertive by telling a friend she was unable to help her out, her friend told Nicole she was no longer able to hang out with her that night. Nicole has not been assertive with that friend since then. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Nicole is unassertive and her friends take advantage of her but she enjoys spending time with them. Her friend told Nicole she was no longer able to hang out with her that night. She was assertive by telling a friend she was unable to help her out Nicole has not been assertive with that friend since then.

A: Nicole is unassertive and her friends take advantage of her but she enjoys spending time with them B: She was assertive by telling a friend she was unable to help her out C: Her friend told Nicole she was no longer able to hang out with her that night. FO: Nicole has not been assertive with that friend since then Negative punishment

In a program designed to teach junior high school students social skills, a researcher was interested in encouraging the students to ask follow-up questions during discussions. Whenever Zeke, one of the students, asked a follow-up question, the researcher would praise him and comment upon what an interesting question Zeke had asked. Zeke, who seldom received praise, was overjoyed with this attention. Zeke began to ask more follow-up questions during discussions. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the A B C FO in this vignette? Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, classical conditioning, or none of these. -Zeke began to ask more follow-up questions during discussions -Students participating in a social skills group -The researcher praised Zeke and commented upon what an interesting question Zeke had asked. Zeke, who seldom received praise, was overjoyed with this attention. -Zeke, one of the students, asked a follow-up question

A: Students participating in a social skills group B:Zeke, one of the students, asked a follow-up question C:The researcher praised Zeke and commented upon what an interesting question Zeke had asked. Zeke, who seldom received praise, was overjoyed with this attention. FO:Zeke began to ask more follow-up questions during discussions Positive Reinforcement

In a program designed to teach junior high school students social skills, a researcher was interested in encouraging the students to ask follow-up questions during discussions. Whenever Zeke, one of the students, asked a follow-up question, the researcher would praise him and comment upon what an interesting question Zeke had asked. Zeke, who seldom received praise, was overjoyed with this attention. Zeke began to ask more follow-up questions during discussions. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Zeke began to ask more follow-up questions during discussions Students participating in a social skills group The researcher praised Zeke and commented upon what an interesting question Zeke had asked. Zeke, who seldom received praise, was overjoyed with this attention. Zeke, one of the students, asked a follow-up question

A: Students participating in a social skills group. B: Zeke, one of the students, asked a follow-up question C: The researcher praised Zeke and commented upon what an interesting question Zeke had asked. Zeke, who seldom received praise, was overjoyed with this attention. FO: Zeke began to ask more follow-up questions during discussions. Positive Reinforcement

Workers at the preschool taught Leonard and the other students correct color names. In order to encourage the children to use these names, they began giving objects and materials to the children only when the children had asked for the materials using the correct color name (e.g., Leonard's requests for a ball were not honored but his requests for a blue ball were). As a result of this procedure, Leonard and the other children used the correct color names when requesting objects and materials much more often than they had before. You will use this vignette to answer this and the next four questions. What is the ABC-FO in this vignette? Workers at the preschool taught Leonard and the other students correct color names. Children asking for the materials using the correct color name Workers giving objects and materials to the children only when the children had asked for the materials using the correct color name (e.g., Leonard's requests for a ball were not honored but his requests for a blue ball were). Leonard and the other children used the correct color names when requesting objects and materials much more often than they had before.

A: Workers at the preschool taught Leonard and the other students correct color names. B: Children asking for the materials using the correct color name C: Leonard and the other children used the correct color names when requesting objects and materials much more often than they had before. FO: Leonard and the other children used the correct color names when requesting objects and materials much more often than they had before. Positive Reinforcement

Which of the following make punishment more effective? (Partial credit for each correct) Inconsistent administration An alternative to the punished behavior is being reinforced Delay between behavior and punishment More severe punishment

An alternative to the punished behavior is being reinforced More severe punishment

Rosa was in a crowd of people and witnessed someone break their leg. The break was gruesome and Rosa knew the person would need a lot of help. She left the area and consoled herself that someone else would help. Based on the principles of learning, which of the following would best explain why Rosa left the area rather than helping? As the gruesomeness of an event increases, people are less likely to help for fear that they will not know what to do. As the aversiveness of an event increases, escape behavior is more likely due to the higher cost of engaging with the aversive event. Escape behavior is likely whenever an aversive situation occurs. Very few people find helping others reinforcing.

As the aversiveness of an event increases, escape behavior is more likely due to the higher cost of engaging with the aversive event.

Stacey was at a store that sold metal puzzles and noticed that when one fell off the shelf and hit the floor it caused a spring to open and solved the puzzle. When someone later asked her to solve the same puzzle, she was able to do so quickly. What is this an example of? Modeling Social observational learning Reinforcement Asocial observational learning

Asocial observational learning

Assume typical responses to the following stimuli and events. Meaning if on average people find the stimuli or event aversive, assume it is aversive; and if on average, people find the stimuli or event desirable, assume it is desirable. Match the stimuli or event with whether it would be considered a positive or negative punisher. Being hit Giving money to a cause you despise A. Positive punisher B. Negative punisher

Being hit -positive punisher Giving money to a cause you despise -negative punisher

Assume typical responses to the following stimuli and events. Meaning if on average people find the stimuli or event aversive, assume it is aversive; and if on average, people find the stimuli or event desirable, assume it is desirable. Match the stimuli or event with whether it would be considered a positive or negative punisher. Being reprimanded Receiving the "cold shoulder" A. Positive punisher B. Negative punisher

Being reprimanded -positive punisher Receiving the "cold shoulder" -negative punisher

Which of the following best explains why you occasionally engage in less preferred activities instead of only engaging in your most preferred activity all the time. Hull's drive reduction theory Blisspoint Probability-differential theory

Blisspoint

In which of the following ways is extinction for an operant/instrumental response similar to extinction of a classically conditioned response? Both involve an extinction burst Both can later have spontaneous recovery Both cause decrease in response Both involve unpairing

Both can later have spontaneous recovery Both cause decrease in response both involve unpairing

Chris was bitten by the neighbor's German Shepherd. Now whenever she sees a dog in the neighborhood, she becomes afraid. She still enjoys petting her own family's cocker spaniel. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive punishment Negative punishment None of these Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

Zaria has learned that in the presence of her mother's angry face if she avoids her mother, she will not get yelled at. However, if she talks to her mother when her mother is looking angry, she will get yelled at. Which theory best explains why Zaria has learned to avoid talking to her mother when her mother looks angry? Mowrer's two-factor theory of avoidance learning Cognitive theory of avoidance learning Expectancy theory of avoidance learning Cognitive expectancy theory

Cognitive expectancy theory

____ states the animal learns to expect various results of responding or not responding to warning signals and behaves based on those expectations. Cognitive expectancy theory Mowrer's two-factor theory of avoidance learning Cognitive theory of avoidance learning Expectancy theory of avoidance learning

Cognitive expectancy theory

Match the clinical technique with the primary use of that technique in a clinical setting. Contingency management programs Exposure based treatment Constraint-induced movement therapy Applied Behavior Analysis interventions A. Used to help individuals who suffered a stroke and failed to recover use of a limb B. Used to treat anxiety related issues including escape and avoidance responses C. Used for many issues including in the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder D. Used to increase desired behavior(s) and decrease undesired behavior(s).

Contingency management programs -D Exposure based treatment -B Constraint-induced movement therapy -A Applied Behavior Analysis interventions -C

Which of the following are alternative ways to suppress behavior other than punishment? (Partial credit for each correct) Variable interval schedule of reinforcement Response cost DRO schedule of reinforcement Extinction Response prevention Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

DRO schedule of reinforcement Extinction Response prevention

Contingency management has been utilized to modify: (Partial credit for each correct) Decrease depressive symptoms Increase self-care behaviors Improve classroom behaviors Decrease drug use

Decrease depressive symptoms Increase self-care behaviors Improve classroom behaviors Decrease drug use

An experimenter is training a rat to decrease lever pressing and increase touching a disk by raising up on its' hind legs in order to receive food. So the experimenter no longer reinforces any lever presses with food but gives the rat food as soon as it raises up on its' hind legs and touches the disk. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule

An experimenter is training a rat to lever press multiple times but only when the green light is on. If the rat presses the lever ten times during the 10 seconds the green light is on, the rat receives food, thereby increasing the rate of lever pressing while the green light is on. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule

In order to earn a stuffed animal at the carnival, you must hit the target at least 10 times in 1 minute. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule

An experimenter is training a rat to decrease lever pressing, which occurs on the left side of the rat's cage. So the experimenter reinforces the rat with food when the rat is on the right side of the cage. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

An experimenter is training a rat to lever press less frequently than it was, requiring the rat to not press the lever at all for a full minute before it will get reinforced for pressing the lever. If the rat presses the lever during this minute, the experimenter resets the time and the rat must go a full minute from that point in time before it will get reinforced for pressing the lever. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule

If you are trying to build muscle and you engage in strength training before the 24 - 48 hours of recommended rest, you do not get reinforced by building your muscles (you might even get hurt). This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule

An experimenter is training a rat to lever press less frequently than it was, ultimately hoping to completely eliminate lever pressing. So the experimenter requires the rat to not press the lever at all for a full minute. If the rat does not lever press at all for a full minute, it receives reinforcement. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Molly is trying to reduce how frequently her children fight with each other so she praises her children when they have not fought for 15 minutes in a row. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

An experimenter is training a rat to lever press only when the green light is on. If the rat presses the lever while the green light is on for 10 seconds, the rat receives food, thereby increasing the rate of lever pressing while the green light is on. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Differential reinforcement schedule

If a parent wants to extinguish their child's escape behavior of calling to be picked up from school whenever they are having a bad day, what would you recommend based on the knowledge from this course? Take the child home from school immediately and punish them for leaving school. Do not allow the child to come home when they attempt to escape from school. Lecture the child on the phone about why they should stay at school.

Do not allow the child to come home when they attempt to escape from school.

Based on the relationship between consistency of punishment and its effectiveness, which of the following punishment schedules would be most effective in suppressing behavior? Fixed-ratio-10 Fixed-ratio-1 Variable-ratio-5 Variable-interval-20 sec

Fixed-ratio-1

If you wanted to use the knowledge from matching law to make sure you engage in studying more than watching Netflix, which of the following would help you do so? (Partial credit for each correct) Punish yourself for watching Netflix if you do so. Do not have the Netflix app on your device, so you do not see it when it is time to study. Make the choice in advance that you will study instead of watching Netflix. Give yourself a reinforcer for studying to bridge the delayed reinforcement of good grades later on.

Do not have the Netflix app on your device, so you do not see it when it is time to study. Make the choice in advance that you will study instead of watching Netflix. Give yourself a reinforcer for studying to bridge the delayed reinforcement of good grades later on

When shaping yourself or another organism, which of the following must you make sure to do? (Partial credit for each correct) Increase the magnitude of the reinforcer for closer approximations to the end goal behavior Do not reinforce any one approximation for too long Do not increase requirement for reinforcement too quickly Make sure to reinforce small steps approximating the end goal behavior

Do not reinforce any one approximation for too long Do not increase requirement for reinforcement too quickly Make sure to reinforce small steps approximating the end goal behavior

Ebony dislikes hearing other people arguing. She is in the lunch room at work and two co-workers begin to argue. So Ebony takes her lunch, leaves the lunch room, and finishes her lunch at her desk (where she can no longer hear the argument). She is more likely to engage in this behavior again in the future. What two concepts does this illustrate? Avoidance behavior, negative reinforcement Escape behavior, positive reinforcement Escape behavior, negative reinforcement Avoidance behavior, positive reinforcement

Escape behavior, negative reinforcement

When a previously rewarded response no longer receives reward or a previously reinforced behavior no longer receives reinforcement, the strength of the response or behavior decreases. What is this called? Habituation Acquisition Extinction Reverse acquisition

Extinction

Drew is used to people doing exactly what he tells them to do immediately after he tells them to do it. He told Jeff to get him a drink and Jeff refused to do so. Drew then began to yell and scream at Jeff until Drew finally gave up and got the drink for himself. What two processes is this example illustrating? Extinction burst then extinction Reinforcement then spontaneous recovery Spontaneous recovery then extinction Extinction then extinction burst

Extinction burst then extinction

___ schedules of reinforcement typically have pauses in responding following reinforcement. Fixed Variable Ratio Interval

Fixed

The first lever press after 10 seconds results in food delivery, thereby increasing the rate of lever pressing. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Fixed interval

An airline offers a frequent flyer program in which after people earn 25,000 miles, they get a free flight. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Fixed ratio

Every tenth time Sniffy presses the lever, the shock stops for 10 seconds, thereby increasing the rate of lever pressing. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Fixed ratio

Joey, a supervisor in a warehouse, was worried about the foul language the workers used. He decided he wanted to reduce the use of cuss words in the warehouse. Every time a worker using foul language, he shook his head in disproval. This disapproval resulted in an increase in the level of the foul language. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Fixed ratio

Rats who are placed in an operant conditioning chamber with an electrified floor will typically learn to press a lever to escape the shock. Which of the following would impair their ability to learn this escape response? If the rat learned that a light will come on when they press the lever and then 10 seconds later the shock will stop. If the shock did not stop until 10 seconds after the rat pressed the lever. If the shock was paired with the presence of a light. If the shock stopped immediately after the rat pressed the lever.

If the shock did not stop until 10 seconds after the rat pressed the lever.

Halle loves making people laugh but Hank does not. Which of the following is true? Both Halle and Hank will likely increase engaging in behaviors that make others laugh Hank will likely increase engaging in behaviors that make others laugh Halle will likely increase engaging in behaviors that make others laugh

Halle will likely increase engaging in behaviors that make others laugh

Which of the following are behaviors? Hitting a ball feeling sad drinking water saying "hello" Increase in body temperature studying Smiling Salivation

Hitting a ball drinking water saying "hello" studying Smiling

2-year-old Aiyana participated in a study in which she watched the experimenter open a box to obtain a toy inside by jumping up and down three times and then open the box with their elbows. Aiyana was then told to open the box to get the toy however she wanted to do so. Aiyana jumped up and down three times and then opened the box with her elbows. Which of the following is accurate? Aiyana likely has a developmental disability because she imitated aspects of the modeled behavior that were unnecessary to obtain reinforcement. Aiyana likely imitated aspects of the modeled behavior that were unnecessary to obtain reinforcement only because she is young; when she is older she is less likely to do so. Humans, like Aiyana, tend to imitate all aspects of the modeled behavior, even irrelevant components.

Humans, like Aiyana, tend to imitate all aspects of the modeled behavior, even irrelevant components.

Which of the following are true about the implications of the impact of the consistency of rewards prior to extinction? If an organism is currently displaying an extinction burst and is reinforced for the behavior during the extinction burst, the reinforcement will strengthen the persistence of the behavior and may even increase the intensity of the behavior. If you want to make a behavior resistant to extinction, you should reinforce the behavior using very high magnitude reinforcement. If you want to make a behavior resistant to extinction, you should reinforce the behavior using intermittent reinforcement once the behavior is at the desired strength and frequency. It is important to remember if trying to extinguish an undesired behavior to not reinforce it after extinction has begun.

If an organism is currently displaying an extinction burst and is reinforced for the behavior during the extinction burst, the reinforcement will strengthen the persistence of the behavior and may even increase the intensity of the behavior. If you want to make a behavior resistant to extinction, you should reinforce the behavior using intermittent reinforcement once the behavior is at the desired strength and frequency. It is important to remember if trying to extinguish an undesired behavior to not reinforce it after extinction has begun.

Which of the following does matching law predict? (Partial credit for each correct) If two different schedules of reinforcement are in effect with different lengths of delay on each schedule, the organism will match behavior to be proportional to the delay of reinforcement available on each schedule. If two different schedules of reinforcement are in effect with identical magnitude of reinforcement on each schedule, the organism will match behavior to be proportional to the amount of reinforcement available on each schedule. If two identical schedules of reinforcement are in effect with different magnitudes of reinforcement on each schedule, the organism will match behavior to be proportional to the amount of reinforcement available on each schedule. Organisms will match their level of behavior on two different schedules of reinforcement to the different schedules of reinforcement.

If two different schedules of reinforcement are in effect with different lengths of delay on each schedule, the organism will match behavior to be proportional to the delay of reinforcement available on each schedule. If two different schedules of reinforcement are in effect with identical magnitude of reinforcement on each schedule, the organism will match behavior to be proportional to the amount of reinforcement available on each schedule. If two identical schedules of reinforcement are in effect with different magnitudes of reinforcement on each schedule, the organism will match behavior to be proportional to the amount of reinforcement available on each schedule. Organisms will match their level of behavior on two different schedules of reinforcement to the different schedules of reinforcement.

Which of the following images was not shown in the video? Image of Dumbledore's Army from Harry Potter Image of the Joker from Batman Image of a set of stairs with piano tiles on them Image of characters from the Hunger Games

Image of the Joker from Batman

When recommending people engage in consistent discipline there are multiple aspects to being consistent. Which of the following are accurate aspects of being consistent? (Partial credit for each correct) Implementing reinforcement programs consistently once they are started Implementing punishment programs consistently once they are started Applying rules and expectations consistently Not allowing temporary emotions or circumstances change how discipline is carried out

Implementing reinforcement programs consistently once they are started Implementing punishment programs consistently once they are started Applying rules and expectations consistently Not allowing temporary emotions or circumstances change how discipline is carried out

All of the following are true about stimulus control except: A peak shift refers to when an organism displays stronger responding to a stimulus farther from the excitatory stimuli than to the actual excitatory stimulus CS+ and S+ are excitatory stimuli Inhibitory gradients develop around a CS- or S- In order to develop an excitatory gradient, the response must be reinforced

In order to develop an excitatory gradient, the response must be reinforced

All of the following are examples of the common operant conditioning mistakes many people (including parents) make with regard to discipline except: Inadvertently reinforcing behaviors they want to decrease or stop by giving them attention. Engaging in inconsistent discipline. Becoming angry and escalating the intensity of the punishment in an attempt to coerce the child to behave appropriately. Inadvertently punishing behaviors they want to increase or continue.

Inadvertently punishing behaviors they want to increase or continue.

Which of the following are important to obtain from a baseline measurement? (Partial credit for each correct) Information about when and where the behavior takes place Information about what immediately follows the behavior Information about the frequency and intensity of the behavior Information about how long this behavior has been occurring

Information about when and where the behavior takes place Information about what immediately follows the behavior Information about the frequency and intensity of the behavior

___ conditioning is the type of conditioning that occurs when an organism learns how to obtain a reward by engaging in a behavior. In this form of conditioning, the organism is limited in how many rewards it can obtain. Classical Instrumental Operant Pavlovian

Instrumental

Which of the following is not accurate regarding contingency management? It begins with the baseline phase, next is the assessment phase, then the implementation stage, and last is the contingency contracting stage. Contingency management programs have successfully been used to increase behaviors such as self-care behaviors in individuals who are experiencing psychosis Contingency management programs have successfully been used to decrease undesirable behaviors like disrupting the class and also increase desirable behaviors like completing class work Contingency management programs have successfully been used to decrease behaviors such as self-harm behaviors in individuals who engage in self-harm

It begins with the baseline phase, next is the assessment phase, then the implementation stage, and last is the contingency contracting stage.

Which of the following is not one of the potential undesired consequences of punishment? It is unlikely to result in the punished organism engaging in the desired positive opposite behavior. It can result in an escalation of punishment called a punishment trap. It can permanently suppress the behavior that was punished. Parents believing aggression toward a child is acceptable is a strong predictor for physically abusing their child. It can be reinforcing for the punisher.

It can permanently suppress the behavior that was punished.

Eternity has decided she does not want her son to whine anymore. So she is planning on ignoring him whenever he whines. Eternity did not always reinforce her son for whining, she tended to give in to him when he whined approximately every 4 times. What is likely going to happen? It will likely be very quick for Eternity to extinguish her son's whining It will likely take a long time for Eternity to extinguish her son's whining

It will likely take a long time for Eternity to extinguish her son's whining

Larkin dislikes loud noises. The other day his smoke alarm went off and there was no smoke so he took the batteries out. The alarm completely stopped. He is now more likely to take the batteries out of faulty smoke detectors. However, earlier this year, he asked his sister politely to turn down her music when it was too loud and she only turned it down a little bit. He still tries to ask her to turn her music down but he didn't learn to do this as well as he learned to take the batteries out of faulty smoke detectors; why? Larkin has too many other learning experiences with his sister that interfered with learning to ask her politely to turn her music down. Larkin is most likely to avoid the loud music, so he did not need to learn how to get his sister to stop playing it. Larkin was able to fully escape from the loud noise with the faulty smoke alarm but only partially able to escape from the loud music, thus he learned the escape behavior with the smoke alarm better.

Larkin was able to fully escape from the loud noise with the faulty smoke alarm but only partially able to escape from the loud music, thus he learned the escape behavior with the smoke alarm better.

Reward magnitude is positively correlated with which of the following? In other words, as the reward magnitude increases, what also increases? (Partial credit for each correct.) Likelihood of the behavior being reinforced being performed in the future Intensity of the performance of the behavior being reinforced Duration of the behavior being reinforced continuing after the behavior is no longer reinforced Acquisition of the behavior being reinforced

Likelihood of the behavior being reinforced being performed in the future Intensity of the performance of the behavior being reinforced Acquisition of the behavior being reinforced

Malik has a strong phobia of heights. According to Mowrer all of the following are likely true except: Malik's fear of heights is maintained through negative reinforcement Malik was simultaneously conditioned to fear heights and reinforced for an avoidance response Malik was likely classically conditioned to fear stimuli associated with heights first

Malik was simultaneously conditioned to fear heights and reinforced for an avoidance response

Mario used to make all of his high school friends laugh whenever he told jokes. However, now that he is in college, when he tells the jokes people used to laugh at when he was in high school at college, nobody laughs. Which of the following can this cause? (Partial credit for each correct) Mario might stop telling jokes to everyone. Mario might escape from the people in college. Mario might experience a frustration response. Mario might develop a conditioned frustration response to the people in college.

Mario might escape from the people in college. Mario might experience a frustration response. Mario might develop a conditioned frustration response to the people in college.

What best explains why humans tend to choose the immediate reinforcement of eating unhealthy food over the delayed reinforcement of being healthy? Response-deprivation theory Matching law Issues with willpower Probability-differential theory

Matching law

Which of the following are potential undesired consequences of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct) Modeled aggression Suppression of similar (desired) behaviors Punisher is negatively reinforced for punishing Pain induced aggression

Modeled aggression Suppression of similar (desired) behaviors Punisher is negatively reinforced for punishing Pain induced aggression

C'nee dislikes feeling cold and when she entered Peabody she got very cold. As soon as she put on her sweater, she felt warmer. She is now more likely to put her sweater on as soon as she feels cold in Peabody. What response consequence did she experience? Positive punishment Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Last week, Kaitlin was watching television with her big brother, Winston. All of a sudden, Winston leaned over and punched Kaitlin in the arm. For doing so, Winston's mom took away his television privileges. Winston hasn't punched Kaitlin since. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Classical conditioning Positive punishment None of these Positive reinforcement

Negative punishment

To promote discussion in his classes, Dr. Anson gives extra credit for class participation. Last week, Chris tried to answer every question that Dr. Anson asked. In turn, Dr. Anson told Chris that if he asked one more question, he would not be able to earn extra credit for the next 5 minutes. Chris stopped trying to answer every question. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Positive punishment None of these Positive reinforcement Negative punishment Classical conditioning

Negative punishment

Tyler likes being in his class and he knows his professor has a policy that she can kick students out if they use their cell phone during class. Tyler used his cell phone during class and was surprised to find out his professor actually kicked him out so he missed half of class that day. Tyler has never used his cell phone in that class again. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement None of these Classical conditioning Positive punishment Negative punishment Positive reinforcement

Negative punishment

Every time Courtney gets a headache she takes Advil and her headache goes away within 20 minutes. What is this an example of? (Partial credit for each correct) Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Fixed interval reinforcement schedule Continuous reinforcement schedule

Negative reinforcement continuous reinforcement schedule

Dr. Arnold was working with a four-year-old boy with traumatic brain injury who had few movements and no speech since he had been in an automobile accident. Dr. Arnold began talking to the boy every day regardless of what the boy did as therapeutic procedure. At first the boy would smile only about twice a day, but as a result of Dr. Arnold talking to the boy his smiling increased to about once a minute. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning Positive reinforcement None of these

None of these

Which of the following would lead the observer to learn the most from observing a model and thus later imitate the model? If the observer has already solved the problem, they are more likely to observe others to see alternative ways to solve the problem. Observing a model who is attractive and likeable. Observing a model who is just learning to perform the skill. If the observer observes the model engaging in the behavior and does not observe the consequences the model receives.

Observing a model who is attractive and likeable.

If a dog learned to escape from the presence of their owner when the owner was drunk (because the owner typically beat the dog when they were drunk) and the owner is now sober and has not hit the dog in a long time, what will happen to the escape response? The dog will stop engaging in the escape behavior as soon as it learns the owner will no longer harm them. Once the dog learns that the owner will no longer harm them, the anticipatory pain response will extinguish, and then the escape behavior will extinguish. The dog will never stop engaging in the escape behavior, because it is negatively reinforced.

Once the dog learns that the owner will no longer harm them, the anticipatory pain response will extinguish, and then the escape behavior will extinguish.

Which of the following is not accurate? Operant conditioning can be applied at a societal level to improve corporate behavior, such as increasing chances that corporations will behave in ways to promote the well-being of their customers. Operant conditioning can be applied at a societal level to improve individual behavior, such as increasing chances that individuals will follow laws. Operant conditioning has failed to be applied to large societal issues in societies outside of Western cultures. Operant conditioning can be applied at a societal level to increase people engaging in behaviors to reduce climate change, such as recycling.

Operant conditioning has failed to be applied to large societal issues in societies outside of Western cultures.

Which of the following is not accurate about operant conditioning in school settings? Operant conditioning is only relevant in school settings when the teacher is praising or punishing students. Praising appropriate behaviors more than reprimanding inappropriate behaviors can lead to improved learning outcomes. Operant conditioning can be used to improve competence in various scholastic areas such as reading, writing quality, and arithmetic. Operant conditioning can be used to successfully teach students material.

Operant conditioning is only relevant in school settings when the teacher is praising or punishing students.

Assume typical responses to the following stimuli and events. Meaning if on average people find the stimuli or event aversive, assume it is aversive; and if on average, people find the stimuli or event desirable, assume it is desirable. Match the stimuli or event with whether it would be considered a positive or negative punisher. Shock End of a pleasant date A. Negative punisher B. Positive punisher

Positive Punisher -shock Negative Punisher -End of a pleasant date

For punishment, the consequence has to be considered aversive by the majority of individuals. True False

false

C'nee likes checking Facebook and allows herself to check Facebook only after she exercises for at least 30 minutes. C'nee is now more likely to exercise for at least 30 minutes each day. What response consequence did she experience? Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Negative punishment

Positive Reinforcement

Samantha worked in the distribution department at a large organization. She was known as a loner and seldom interacted with the other employees. The departmental leaders began praising and admiring Samantha when she engaged in cooperative work with the other employees. Samantha began to interact with other employees more often. What response consequence did she experience? Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Positive punishment

Positive Reinforcement

Which of the following is true? Positive punishment is removing a pleasant stimuli contingent on a behavior that reduces the likelihood of the behavior in the future. Punishment reduces inappropriate behavior only. Positive punishment is adding an aversive stimuli contingent on a behavior that reduces the likelihood of the behavior in the future.

Positive punishment is adding an aversive stimuli contingent on a behavior that reduces the likelihood of the behavior in the future.

Liam frequently acted up at school. Today he was talking loudly with the children at his table as the teacher was speaking. As a result, the teacher came over to his table and talked to him about how inappropriate his behavior was. The next day Liam was talking loudly to the other children at his table even more often than normal. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Classical conditioning Positive punishment Negative reinforcement None of these Positive reinforcement Negative punishment

Positive reinforcement

My mother loves it when I call her. After I call her, she frequently will send me a text thanking me for calling. As a result, I am more likely to call her. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning None of these Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative punishment

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following are accurate regarding influences on operant conditioning? (Partial credit for each correct) Preferred reinforcers are more effective at reinforcing behaviors than less preferred reinforcers All behaviors can be increased through operant conditioning Behaviors that are easier to learn are easier to increase through operant conditioning Preferred reinforcers are just as effective at reinforcing behaviors as less preferred reinforcers

Preferred reinforcers are more effective at reinforcing behaviors than less preferred reinforcers Behaviors that are easier to learn are easier to increase through operant conditioning

Which of the following would lead to optimal/ideal operant conditioning? (Partial credit for each correct) Providing the person with a food they do not mind as a reinforcer Providing a quarter of a million dollars for running a marathon Providing the person's favorite dessert as a reinforcer Teaching a behavior that the animal is evolutionarily predisposed to engage in Teaching a behavior that is very difficult for the animal to engage in

Providing a quarter of a million dollars for running a marathon Providing the person's favorite dessert as a reinforcer Teaching a behavior that the animal is evolutionarily predisposed to engage in

A kindergarten teacher is creating a positive reinforcement program for her class in which she wants to increase the length of time they listen quietly to her reading during reading time (reading time lasts about 20 minutes). Which of the following would you recommend she use as the reinforcer? Thanking the children for listening quietly at the end of the reading time Thanking the children for listening quietly approximately every two minutes throughout reading time Providing a token to the children who are listening quietly approximately every two minutes throughout reading time that can later be exchanged for five minutes of screen time Providing five minutes of screen time to the children who listened quietly for the entire reading time

Providing a token to the children who are listening quietly approximately every two minutes throughout reading time that can later be exchanged for five minutes of screen time

Which of the following are true about punishment? (Choose all that are correct) Punishment can decrease the future likelihood of desired behaviors. Punishment is also known as negative reinforcement. The consequence will only be considered punishment if the organism finds the consequence aversive and the future occurrence of the behavior decreases as a result of receiving the consequence. Punishment can decrease the future likelihood of undesired behaviors.

Punishment can decrease the future likelihood of desired behaviors. The consequence will only be considered punishment if the organism finds the consequence aversive and the future occurrence of the behavior decreases as a result of receiving the consequence. Punishment can decrease the future likelihood of undesired behaviors.

Which of the following is not true? Punishment sometimes motivates other behaviors that prevent punishment from happening again. Punishment sometimes motivates the behavior that was punished to happen again. Punishment must motivate no longer engaging in the behavior that was punished to be effective. Punishment is effective if it completely eliminates the behavior from happening in the moment.

Punishment is effective if it completely eliminates the behavior from happening in the moment.

Which of the following are accurate with respect to the manner in which each factor influences the effectiveness of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct) Punishment is most effective when it is administered as immediately as possible after the behavior occurs. Punishment is most effective when the intensity is mild. Punishment is most effective when it is contingent on the behavior being punished occurring. Punishment is most effective when the behavior is punished on a Fixed-Ratio 5 schedule.

Punishment is most effective when it is administered as immediately as possible after the behavior occurs. Punishment is most effective when it is contingent on the behavior being punished occurring.

Which of the following are accurate with respect to the manner in which each factor influences the effectiveness of punishment? (Partial credit for each correct) Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is deprived of the desired outcome that punishment further deprives the organism of. Punishment is most effective when the intensity of the punishment starts off as mild and gets more intense after each occurrence of the behavior being punished. Punishment is most effective when the individual punishing is also simultaneously providing reinforcement for alternative (or incompatible) behavior to the behavior being punished. Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is satiated on the reinforcer that the punished behavior is designed to obtain. Punishment is most effective when the punished behavior is not also receiving reinforcement.

Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is deprived of the desired outcome that punishment further deprives the organism of. Punishment is most effective when the individual punishing is also simultaneously providing reinforcement for alternative (or incompatible) behavior to the behavior being punished. Punishment is most effective when the organism being punished is satiated on the reinforcer that the punished behavior is designed to obtain. Punishment is most effective when the punished behavior is not also receiving reinforcement.

Research on the effectiveness of punishment has suggested: (Partial credit for each correct) Punishment may have no effect on the future occurrence of the punished behavior Punishment may permanently suppress the future occurrence of the punished behavior Punishment is always effective at reducing the future occurrence of the punished behavior Punishment may only temporarily suppress the future occurrence of the punished behavior

Punishment may have no effect on the future occurrence of the punished behavior Punishment may permanently suppress the future occurrence of the punished behavior Punishment may only temporarily suppress the future occurrence of the punished behavior

When it comes to punishment, which of the following is the most accurate? Punishment always motivates behaviors that will avoid punishment other than the behavior being punished. Punishment will be effective if it inhibits the behavior that was punished from happening again. Punishment will be effective if it makes the animal stop the behavior that is being punished at that moment.

Punishment will be effective if it inhibits the behavior that was punished from happening again.

Randall always takes his shoes off when he enters his grandmother's home but never does so when entering other houses. Which of the following do you know are accurate? Randall discriminates between the stimuli of entering his grandmother's home and other houses. Entering his grandmother's home is an excitatory stimulus for removing his shoes. Randall has generalized the behavior of taking his shoes off to his grandmother's house. Randall has been punished for keeping his shoes on in his grandmother's house.

Randall discriminates between the stimuli of entering his grandmother's home and other houses. Entering his grandmother's home is an excitatory stimulus for removing his shoes.

Miguel wants to break the habit of biting his nails while watching TV. Which of the following is not recommended by Guthrie? Reinforce an opposite behavior Repeatedly present the stimulus that elicits nail-biting (TV) until it no longer elicits nail-biting Wear gloves while watching TV Present the stimulus at a lower level (TV in the other room) and gradually increase the intensity of the TV until it no longer elicits nail-biting

Reinforce an opposite behavior

Which of the following are accurate recommendations for how to avoid the 6 most common operant conditioning mistakes? (Partial credit for each correct) Remain calm when punishing Give attention to undesired behaviors to reduce their frequency Positively reinforce desired behaviors as much as possible Rely on reinforcement and punishment equally

Remain calm when punishing Give attention to undesired behaviors to reduce their frequency Positively reinforce desired behaviors as much as possible

Jie enjoys spending time on social media reinforcing. What type of reinforcer is this? Negative Social Secondary Primary

Secondary

Ron likes to play Quidditch more than do his homework. How could Professor McGonagall use Premack's principle to get Ron to do his homework? She should have Ron do his homework first before he is allowed to play Quidditch. She should punish Ron when he plays Quidditch before his homework is done. She should let him play Quidditch first, then do his homework.

She should have Ron do his homework first before he is allowed to play Quidditch.

Ron likes to play Quidditch more than do his homework. How could Professor McGonagall use response deprivation theory to get Ron to do his homework? She should not allow him to do homework at the level he would prefer to do homework and then she could require him to play Quidditch in order to be allowed to do homework. She should punish Ron when he plays Quidditch before his homework is done. She should have Ron do his homework first before he is allowed to play Quidditch.

She should not allow him to do homework at the level he would prefer to do homework and then she could require him to play Quidditch in order to be allowed to do homework.

Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers? Sleep Trip to Disney World Money Ability to maintain a comfortable temperature Food Water Sex Being allowed to play a video game for an extra 15 minutes

Sleep ability to maintain a comfortable temperature food water sex

Abby currently bites her nails 60 times per day but wants to stop biting them completely. She tends to bite her nails at least once every 10 minutes. Which of the following would you recommend? Start by reinforcing herself with a DRO schedule for every 15 minutes she does not bite her nails Start by reinforcing herself with a DRO schedule for every hour she does not bite her nails Start by reinforcing herself with a fixed interval schedule for every 15 minutes she does not bite her nails Start by reinforcing herself with a fixed interval schedule for every 3 hours she does not bite her nails

Start by reinforcing herself with a DRO schedule for every 15 minutes she does not bite her nails

Assume typical responses to the following stimuli and events. Meaning if on average people find the stimuli or event aversive, assume it is aversive; and if on average, people find the stimuli or event desirable, assume it is desirable. Match the stimuli or event with whether it would be considered a positive or negative punisher. Start of another person whining Paying a fine A. Positive punisher B. Negative punisher

Start of another person whining -positive punisher Paying a fine -negative punisher

If Gary wants to increase the amount of time he spends studying from his current level of 30 minutes per day to 3 hours per day and he wants to use shaping, which of the following would you recommend? Start reinforcing himself if he studies for 30 minutes per day Start reinforcing himself if he studies for 45 minutes per day Start reinforcing himself if he studies for 60 minutes per day Start reinforcing himself if he studies for 3 hours per day

Start reinforcing himself if he studies for 45 minutes per day

Tahlia is terrified of spiders and avoids going into the woods for fear of encountering spiders. What is the most recommended thing for her to do to extinguish this avoidance response? Tahlia should relax as she imagines going into the woods. Tahlia should go into the woods until her anxiety gets too high, leave temporarily, and then return and do this repeatedly. Tahlia should go into the woods for an extended period of time until her anxiety goes away.

Tahlia should go into the woods for an extended period of time until her anxiety goes away.

Which of the following can shaping be used for? (Partial credit for each correct) Teaching a new behavior Teaching a behavioral sequence Increasing the behavioral variation of a current behavior Reducing the behavioral variation of a current behavior

Teaching a new behavior Increasing the behavioral variation of a current behavior Reducing the behavioral variation of a current behavior

Based on the principles of learning, which of the following would best explain why many students drop out of classes they think are going to be especially difficult to earn a good grade in but few drop out of classes they think will be only somewhat challenging to earn a good grade in? The students find the professor in the especially challenging classes less reinforcing. The students expect to be punished more for continuing to take the especially challenging class. The anticipation of failure makes escape behavior more likely.

The anticipation of failure makes escape behavior more likely.

Which of the following are ways in which escape behavior can be extinguished? (Partial credit for each correct) The aversive event continues even after the escape behavior occurs. The antecedent aversive event reduces in intensity. The aversive event terminates prior to the escape behavior taking place. The antecedent aversive event no longer happens.

The aversive event continues even after the escape behavior occurs. The antecedent aversive event no longer happens.

In order for time out from reinforcement to be effective, which of the following must be true? (Partial credit for each correct) The environment the person is in prior to time out must be reinforcing to them. The environment the person goes to for time out must not be reinforcing to them. It must be given consistently after every time the behavior to be punished occurs. The person giving the time out must give an explanation of why the person who was sent to time out was sent there.

The environment the person is in prior to time out must be reinforcing to them. The environment the person goes to for time out must not be reinforcing to them. It must be given consistently after every time the behavior to be punished occurs.

A pigeon can obtain the exact same amount of food by pecking at two different discs. The reinforcement schedule for the green disc is a variable interval 1 minute schedule and the reinforcement schedule for the yellow disc is a variable interval 30 second schedule. According to the matching law how will the pigeon behave? The pigeon will only peck on the yellow disc. The pigeon will peck on both discs, but peck more often on the green disc than the yellow disc. The pigeon will peck on both discs, but peck more often on the yellow disc than the green disc. The pigeon will only peck on the green disc.

The pigeon will peck on both discs, but peck more often on the yellow disc than the green disc.

Which of the following are accurate with respect to influences on escape behavior? (Partial credit for each correct) Even if secondary cues to negative reinforcement are present during a delay, a delay in reinforcement causes slower acquisition of the escape response. The greater the reduction in the level of the aversive stimulus or event the organism is attempting to escape, the more escape behavior is learned. As the length of delay of reinforcement increases, the slower the acquisition of escape responses is and the less escape behavior is observed later on. If escape behavior from similar situations has not been reinforced in the past, the organism is less likely to escape now.

The greater the reduction in the level of the aversive stimulus or event the organism is attempting to escape, the more escape behavior is learned. As the length of delay of reinforcement increases, the slower the acquisition of escape responses is and the less escape behavior is observed later on. If escape behavior from similar situations has not been reinforced in the past, the organism is less likely to escape now.

Which of the following is/are true about the intention of punishment (as the term punishment is used in psychology)? (Choose all that are correct) The intention is to provide a penalty equal to the crime or offense. The intention is to reduce or eliminate the frequency, intensity, or both the frequency and intensity of the behavior being punished. The intention is to teach the organism to engage in an alternative behavior. The intention is to make the punished organism experience regret for engaging in the undesired behavior.

The intention is to reduce or eliminate the frequency, intensity, or both the frequency and intensity of the behavior being punished.

When recommending the best way to suppress behavior, which of the following is true? The behavior to be suppressed will determine what strategy to use. The least intrusive and most socially acceptable strategy that will be successful should be used. Positive punishment should be used before negative punishment.

The least intrusive and most socially acceptable strategy that will be successful should be used.

Juan is trying to teach his son his colors and numbers. He gives his son an M & M each time his son correctly labels the color of the M & M. He gives his son the number of M & M's he has in his hand if he has more than one in his hand and ask his son how many he has. His son learned his numbers much more quickly than his colors. What do you know from learning that might explain this? His son was more predisposed to learn numbers than colors. This does not make sense, his son should have learned both behaviors equally well because he was reinforced for both. The magnitude of the reward for correctly identifying the number was higher than for correctly identifying the color, so he acquired the behavior more quickly.

The magnitude of the reward for correctly identifying the number was higher than for correctly identifying the color, so he acquired the behavior more quickly.

The manager of an apartment complex was extremely disappointed when her promotional deal of 1 month free rent did not result in more people signing leases with her complex. She then learned that a competing apartment complex had a promotional deal of 2 months of free rent and that many more people signed leases with that complex. Based on what you know from this course why do you think this happened? The immediacy of the reward was better at the competing complex. The magnitude of the reward for the completing complex was much higher, thus making performance of the behavior (signing a lease) more likely. The competing complex was a better complex so more people signed leases there.

The magnitude of the reward for the completing complex was much higher, thus making performance of the behavior (signing a lease) more likely.

Which of the following is accurate regarding how the intensity of the aversive event influences escape behavior? (Partial credit for each correct) The more aversive the event is, the more likely individuals are to escape from the event, making them more likely to escape from punishers that are very aversive. If the organism anticipates failure when interacting with an aversive event, the organism is more likely to escape from the aversive. The more aversive the event is, the more likely individuals are to escape from the event, making them less likely to help when the stimuli requiring help is very aversive. If the organism anticipates having to interact with the aversive event again in the future, they are more likely to escape from the aversive now.

The more aversive the event is, the more likely individuals are to escape from the event, making them more likely to escape from punishers that are very aversive. If the organism anticipates failure when interacting with an aversive event, the organism is more likely to escape from the aversive. The more aversive the event is, the more likely individuals are to escape from the event, making them less likely to help when the stimuli requiring help is very aversive.

Which of the following is accurate regarding the influence of consequences on observational learning? (Partial credit for each correct) The observer is most likely to imitate the model if the model was reinforced for the behavior. If the observer has solved the problem on their own already, they are unlikely to observe others. If the observer witnessed the model be reinforced for the behavior, they will continue to imitate that behavior even if they are punished when they do so. In asocial observation, the observer is just as likely to imitate the behavior if they observe a reinforcing outcome as they are if they observe a neutral outcome.

The observer is most likely to imitate the model if the model was reinforced for the behavior. If the observer has solved the problem on their own already, they are unlikely to observe others.

Which of the following is/are possible outcomes of punishment if punishment is effective? (Choose all that are correct) The punished behavior increases in frequency The punished behavior declines in intensity The punished behavior declines in frequency and intensity The punished behavior increases in frequency and intensity The punished behavior declines in frequency The punished behavior increases in intensity

The punished behavior declines in intensity The punished behavior declines in frequency and intensity The punished behavior declines in frequency

Dr. Tran argues that punishment will be most effective if all of the following are true except: The punishment is administered after every instance of the behavior being punished The punishment decreases the punished organism's motivation to engage in the behavior being punished The punishment is administered within an hour of the behavior being punished The only way for the organism to prevent receiving punishment is to not engage in the behavior being punished

The punishment is administered within an hour of the behavior being punished

Many parents are perplexed that their child's grades did not improve when they promised the child a large reward at the end of the semester if they improved their grades. What is the most likely reason why this frequently fails to change their child's behavior? The reward promised is not something the child actually wants The reward magnitude is not large enough to modify the child's behavior The time period between the behavior and the reinforcer is too long

The time period between the behavior and the reinforcer is too long

My children have learned to say "yes ma'am" to their teachers (in Mississippi) but not to their female relatives who live in Massachusetts. What best explains this? They have been reinforced for saying "yes ma'am" only while in school They successfully generalized their response to all relevant contexts. They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult. The successfully discriminate between the two types of females.

They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult.

Reggie likes to play basketball but dislikes cleaning his room. Using Premack's principle, how should Reggie's parents get him to clean his room? They should punish Reggie when he plays basketball until he cleans his room. They should let him play basketball first, then clean his room. They should have him clean his room before he is allowed to play basketball.

They should have him clean his room before he is allowed to play basketball.

Reggie likes to play basketball but dislikes cleaning his room. Using response deprivation theory, how should Reggie's parents get him to clean his room? They should not allow him to clean his room at the level he prefers to engage in and then they can require him to play basketball in order to be allowed to clean his room. They should have him clean his room before he is allowed to play basketball. They should punish Reggie when he plays basketball until he cleans his room.

They should not allow him to clean his room at the level he prefers to engage in and then they can require him to play basketball in order to be allowed to clean his room.

Which of the following are accurate with respect to how operant conditioning has been used with animals? (Partial credit for each correct) To teach animals to stop engaging in behaviors that are common for their species; e.g. to teach a cat to stop grooming itself. To improve the ability to provide care for the animals To train bomb detectors To teach animals to perform tricks

To improve the ability to provide care for the animals To train bomb detectors To teach animals to perform tricks

All of the following will help make reinforcement maximally effective except: Providing a secondary reinforcer immediately if a primary reinforcer is not available Using secondary reinforcers instead of primary reinforcers Using a high magnitude reinforcer Providing the reinforcer immediately after the behavior

Using secondary reinforcers instead of primary reinforcers

Checking social media for status updates of friends is reinforcing only if they have posted, and the time in between when they post is inconsistent. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Variable interval

Approximately every tenth lever press results in food delivery, thereby increasing the rate of lever pressing. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Variable ratio

Coach Michelle believes that she should praise her players occasionally for making a basket during practice so she praises them approximately every 10th time they make a basket. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Variable ratio

Match the question to the correct answer. What is punishment? What is the intent of punishment? What is the outcome if punishment is effective? A. The behavior being punished declines in frequency, intensity, or both B. When an aversive response consequence for a behavior decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in a similar situation in the future C. To reduce or eliminate the behavior being punished

What is punishment? B. When an aversive response consequence for a behavior decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in a similar situation in the future What is the intent of punishment? C. To reduce or eliminate the behavior being punished What is the outcome if punishment is effective? A. The behavior being punished declines in frequency, intensity, or both

Jaiquon dislikes nagging. Which of the following is likely an example of a negative reinforcer for Jaiquon? When he finishes his late work his boss stops nagging him. When he misses a deadline his boss starts nagging him to finish his work.

When he finishes his late work his boss stops nagging him.

Which of the following do you need to know in order to determine what type of consequence an organism received during operant conditioning? Whether a stimulus or event was added or removed If the organism finds the stimulus or event desirable or aversive When the organism received the consequence The outcome on the future likelihood of the behavior

Whether a stimulus or event was added or removed If the organism finds the stimulus or event desirable or aversive The outcome on the future likelihood of the behavior

You have to choose between two restaurants, both of which have reinforcing food selections. Restaurant A has greater reinforcing selections than Restaurant B. According to the matching law how will you behave? You will eat at both A and B but more often at A. You will totally avoid Restaurant B. You will eat at both A and B but more often at B. You will eat at Restaurant A only.

You will eat at both A and B but more often at A.

You like two TV shows and find enjoyment in watching each show every time you watch it. However, you like watching TV show A more than TV show B. According to the matching law how will you behave? You will watch both shows but you will watch show A more often than show B. You will only watch show A. You will watch both shows but you will watch show B more often than show A. You will only watch show B.

You will watch both shows but you will watch show A more often than show B.

Put the following components of learning an avoidance response in the correct order according to Mowrer's two-factor theory of avoidance learning. ___Reduction in anxiety/fear as a result of no longer being in contact with the conditioned stimulus. ___Engaging in escape behavior from the conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned fear response. ___Increased likelihood to escape when in the presence of the conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned fear response. ___Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until a classically conditioned fear response develops to the previously neutral stimulus.

_3_Reduction in anxiety/fear as a result of no longer being in contact with the conditioned stimulus. _2_Engaging in escape behavior from the conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned fear response. _4_Increased likelihood to escape when in the presence of the conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned fear response. _1_Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until a classically conditioned fear response develops to the previously neutral stimulus.

Put the following components of a contingency management program in the correct order. ___Modifying the plan as needed ___Clearly defining the undesired behavior and obtaining initial information about it ___Conducting a baseline measurement ___Setting the contingencies and training the individual(s) responsible for providing the contingencies to do so ___Implementing the plan

_5__Modifying the plan as needed _1__Clearly defining the undesired behavior and obtaining initial information about it _2__Conducting a baseline measurement _3__Setting the contingencies and training the individual(s) responsible for providing the contingencies to do so _4__Implementing the plan

A pigeon was trained to peck a disc for food reinforcers when a 16 cm card was presented to the pigeon and trained to not peck the disc when a 10 cm card was presented to the pigeon. Following the training the experimenters presented cards of various sizes to the pigeon and observed how much the pigeon pecked the disc. They found that the pigeon was most likely to peck the disc when an 18 cm card was presented. What phenomenon best explains this? Inhibitory control A peak shift Discrimination Generalization

a peak shift

A contingency that determines when or how often reinforcement will be provided for a behavior if it occurs is known as: A schedule of reinforcement Reinforcement contingency Setting event contingency Contingency of consequences

a schedule of reinforcement

The procedure of shaping in operant conditioning refers to: acquiring a behavior by slowly increasing the requirement for reinforcement to closer and closer approximations of the end goal behavior. acquiring a behavior by teaching each segment of the behavior until all segments have been mastered. acquiring a behavior by molding the manner in which the behavior is done to match the end goal behavior.

acquiring a behavior by slowly increasing the requirement for reinforcement to closer and closer approximations of the end goal behavior.

The procedure of chaining in operant conditioning refers to: acquiring a behavior by molding the manner in which the behavior is done to match the end goal behavior. acquiring a behavior by slowly increasing the requirement for reinforcement to closer and closer approximations of the end goal behavior. acquiring a behavior by teaching each segment (or step) of the behavior until all steps have been mastered.

acquiring a behavior by teaching each segment (or step) of the behavior until all steps have been mastered.

Bob dislikes his boss and knows his boss enters the building at 8:00 AM so he purposely arrives to work early and gets into his office before 8:00 AM. What type of response is this? obsessive-compulsive behavior that reduces anxiety. active avoidance response. escape response. passive avoidance response.

active avoidance response.

DeShawn is walking home and notices someone he does not like is leaving a building up ahead but the person has not yet seen DeShawn. DeShawn turns down the closest street and walks a longer way home. What type of response is this? passive avoidance response. obsessive-compulsive behavior that reduces anxiety. active avoidance response. escape response.

active avoidance response.

An escape response is a response: aimed at ending an aversive experience. aimed at preventing contact with a potentially aversive event. aimed at escaping from an individual who is punishing you.

aimed at ending an aversive experience.

Operant conditioning parenting practices can be used in which of the following ways? (Partial credit for each correct) To promote optimal development To treat behavioral problems that are present To have the parent assist with the treatment of other forms of mental health disorders in their child(ren) or adolescent(s) To prevent behavioral problems from developing

all

_______ is a temporary increase in the intensity and/or frequency of responding following removing reinforcement for a previously reinforced response. Resurgence An extinction burst Spontaneous recovery Extinction

an extinction burst

Which of the following can nonreward cause? (Partial credit for each correct) an increase in the intensity of behavior when behavior is reinforced on a FR-2 schedule of reinforcement. a decrease in the intensity of the behavior in all instances. frustration response to the experience of nonreward. a conditioned frustration response to the cues associated with nonreward.

an increase in the intensity of behavior when behavior is reinforced on a FR-2 schedule of reinforcement. frustration response to the experience of nonreward. a conditioned frustration response to the cues associated with nonreward.

When done effectively, punishment reduces the future likelihood of... undesired behaviors. desired behaviors. any behavior it follows.

any behavior it follows

According to response deprivation t heory, if an animal is deprived of making ____________________, even a _______________________ , they will engage in a behavior in order to gain access to the deprived response.

any response a low-probability response

First graph the following data and then complete the sentence below to explain what the graph depicts. From minutes 1 - 6 the graph depicts _______ . From minutes 7 - 10, the graph depicts__________ . From minutes 11 - 24, the graph depicts _________ . At minute 25, the graph depicts__________ . Finally, the graph depicts _________ from minutes 26 - 30.

baseline level of behavior extinction burst initial extinction spontaneous recovery extinction a second time

For punishment to be effective it should: be immediate. produce anger. produce a traumatic reaction. be given in mild form.

be immediate

Dr. Woniz is using instrumental conditioning and Dr. Ivy is using operant conditioning in their current research studies. They are both attempting to modify ____. Reflexes Responses Reactions Behaviors

behaviors

___ can be instrumentally or operantly conditioned. Reflexes Behaviors Reactions Responses

behaviors

Complete the sentences in a manner that makes it an accurate explanation of the influence of the characteristics of the model on observational learning: _____________ learning occurs when there are characteristics of the model that make the observer pay more attention to the model, such as attractiveness. There is a(n) ________________ likelihood of imitating models who are attractive, powerful, or very popular.

better increased

When allowed to choose between reading and watching Netflix Anorah will spend 1 hour reading to every 2 hours watching Netflix. 1 hour reading to every 2 hours watching Netflix is an example of: blisspoint. probability-differential theory. preference setpoint. matching law.

blisspoint

_____ is the point at which the organism would engage in each of two behaviors when allowed to behave with no restrictions.

blisspoint

Animal trainers typically use ____ to teach the animals they are training to put on an impressive show. For instance, training a sea lion to stand up, cover his face with his left flipper, then cover his face with his right flipper, then clap his flippers together, and finally dance with the trainer. punishment shaping token economies chaining

chaining

Fawaz is learning how to get dressed in the morning. His father starts by reinforcing him for getting his shirt on and then once he does that consistently, his father adds on getting his pants on, etc. until he fully dresses himself. What is this an example of? Chaining Token economy Shaping

chaining

Growing up my parents always drank strong coffee. Frequently I would get a hug when the smell of coffee was in the air. Now, every time I smell coffee, I feel a sense of comfort and love. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement None of these Classical conditioning Positive punishment

classical conditioning

Mellanie wakes up at the exact same time every morning (5 AM). When she started waking up at this time, she used an alarm clock to wake herself up. Now, she has noticed her body wakes up naturally around 4:55 AM. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement None of these Classical conditioning

classical conditioning

Taylor and Mary are married. Every time they kiss Mary touches Taylor's back. Taylor recently noticed that when Mary touched her back she became sexually aroused. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Negative reinforcement None of these Classical conditioning Positive punishment Positive reinforcement

classical conditioning

Wrigley enjoys chewing gum. She especially likes chewing the type of gum she was named after. She noticed recently that she feels happy when she sees a box of Wrigley chewing gum. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. None of these Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement Positive punishment

classical conditioning

Zabrina was putting the trash into the trash can and got stung by a bee that had been accidentally trapped in the can. She is now afraid to put the trash into the trash can. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. None of these Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning Positive reinforcement Negative punishment

classical conditioning

Sam just entered a restaurant he has never entered and sees a sign "Please wait to be seated". Sam has learned the ______ between this sign and his behavior of waiting for a host/hostess to seat him, so he waits. punisher conditioning reinforcer contingency

contingency

Whereas extinguishing a positively reinforced behavior involves no longer providing the reinforcement following the behavior, extinguishing a negatively reinforced behavior involves: punishing the escape behavior after it occurs. removal of the aversive event after the escape behavior has taken place. continuation of the aversive event even after the escape behavior has taken place.

continuation of the aversive event even after the escape behavior has taken place.

If you want to teach a new behavior and/or increase the rate or duration of responding for a behavior, the best reinforcement schedule to use is a: Intermittent reinforcement schedule Continuous reinforcement schedule Interval reinforcement schedule Variable reinforcement schedule

continuous reinforcement schedule

When reinforcement is ____ it reduces the effectiveness of reinforcement, sometimes causing no learning to take place. delayed highly desired of high magnitude immediate

delayed

Chance stated "operant learning is absolutely essential to normal ____" (Chance, 2014, p. 255).

development

Mrs. Wilson is trying to teach the children in her preschool class to raise their hand when they want her attention instead of interrupting her. She responds to the children who raise their hand and does not give any attention to children who try to interrupt her. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule

You do not like it when your friend complains about things they cannot control so you have decided to reinforce your friend when they talk about things they can control. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Imani reinforces herself nightly at 8 PM for studying for 3 or more hours that day but only if she studied for 3 or more hours during the time period from 8 AM to 8 PM. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

differential reinforcement schedule

People go shopping on Black Friday for a chance to buy gifts at sale prices. Black Friday sales reinforce shopping on a _____ . Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement schedule

differential reinforcement schedule

A compound schedule of reinforcement is a schedule in which the contingency is an interval schedule of reinforcement and then a ratio schedule of reinforcement. True False

false

Contingency management programs have only been successful in modifying children's behaviors. True False

false

For Lucia watching Netflix is a higher probability behavior than studying for her classes. If the opportunity to study for her classes is restricted below its operant baseline, studying for her classes should be able to serve as a reinforcer according to: maximum deflection theory. response deprivation theory. probability-differential theory. drive reduction theory.

drive reduction theory.

In grade-school children, coloring is a higher probability behavior than doing arithmetic problems. If the opportunity to do arithmetic problems is restricted below its operant baseline, arithmetic problems should be able to serve as a reinforcer according to: maximum deflection theory. response deprivation theory. drive reduction theory. probability-differential theory.

drive reduction theory.

All of the following inhibit punishment being effective except: lying to prevent punishment conditioned responses that may elicit cravings to engage in the punished behavior staying away from the person who will punish you when you have engaged in the behavior to be punished engaging in an incompatible behavior to the behavior being punished.

engaging in an incompatible behavior to the behavior being punished.

Bob dislikes his boss and he is at the company party. Bob's boss starts to talk to him so he excuses himself to go to the bathroom. What type of response is this? Active avoidance Escape Passive avoidance

escape

A dog tends to run away from it's owner when it is being hit by the owner. This is an example of an ________ response. The same dog may run away from it's owner the next time it sees the owner even though it is not currently being hit. This is an example of an ________ response.

escape avoidance

An _______________ response is a response that is aimed at ending an aversive experience and an _______________ response is a response that prevents an aversive thing from happening either permanently or temporarily.

escape avoidance

An _______________ generalization gradient develops around the S+ whereas an __________________ generalization gradient develops around the S-.

excitatory = S+ inhibitory = S-

To promote class discussion, Dr. Anson gives extra credit for participation. Last week, Chris tried to answer every question that Dr. Anson asked. This week, Dr. Anson has been ignoring Chris. Eventually, Chris stopped trying to answer questions. What is this an example of? Extinction None of these Positive punishment Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning

extinction

In order to use chaining to teach a new behavioral chain, the person teaching the chain must reinforce the first step in the behavioral sequence first and then add each subsequent step in order. True False

false

Parents using operant conditioning techniques can modify their children's behaviors but not their characteristics. True False

false

Secondary reinforcers become reinforcing through the process of operant conditioning. True False

false

When attempting to extinguish an avoidance response, the number of exposures to the feared stimulus matters more than the duration of the exposure. True False

false

When disciplining, we should make sure to use enough words to ensure the person being punished understands exactly what they did wrong. true false

false

According to Estes's motivational view of punishment (and research supporting this view), punishment work best when it increases the motivation to engage in an alternative behavior to the one being punished. True False

false- decrease

Providing ____ improves workers quality of work, quality of work improves even more when ______ is added.

feedback reinforcement

When extinction is introduced in operant conditioning, the rate of behavior typically: falls off dramatically immediately. first increases then decreases. will decline to 0 and not show spontaneous recovery. evidences a negative, then positive contrast effect.

first increases then decreases

You need to engage in the behavior of checking the oven to know when to take your pizza out. It takes exactly 20 minutes for your favorite brand of pizza to cook in the oven. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

fixed interval

Jenna wants to reinforce her children every time they clean up their room independently. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

fixed ratio

Which of the following is not a key influence on the effectiveness of punishment? Frequency Severity Consistency Immediacy

frequency

_______ are graphs that show stimulus discrimination training results by showing the strength of the response according to stimuli of varying levels of similarity to the stimuli present during conditioning.

generalization gradients

Most students have learned to raise their hand when they wish to speak in class. Thus, when they enter a new classroom they also raise their hand to speak. Thus, raising their hand to speak has _____ to other classroom settings. However, these same students do not raise their hand when they wish to speak in other settings because they have_____ that the behavior should not take place outside of the classroom.

generalized discriminated

A person prefers hanging out with friends and wants to increase studying. Using Premack's principle ___________________ could be used to reinforce _________________________.

hanging out with friends studying

____ is repeating an observed act, typically repeating the behavior a model engaged in.

imitation

When using Premack's principle to engage in behavioral change, the dual benefit is that it ________________ the desired behavior and _________________ the undesired behavior.

increases desired decreases undesired

A psychologist is measuring how quickly rats will reach a food reward when they are placed into a T maze with a food reward in the right arm. What type of conditioning is this psychologist studying? Operant Pavlovian Instrumental Classical

instrumental

A behavior that was reinforced with a(n) ____________ schedule of reinforcement is much more resistant to extinction than a behavior that was reinforced with a(n) _______________ schedule of reinforcement.

intermittent continuous

Complete the sentences in a manner that makes it an accurate explanation of the influence of the difficulty of the task on observational learning: As the task gets ___________________________, less learning takes place. When the task is difficult, observing a model is ________________ helpful.

more difficult most

The Fun theory examples illustrate that if the environment is changed to become _____, people's behavior can be changed with significant public health implications. more variable less punishing more reinforcing

more reinforcing

The ______________ the aversive event is, the more avoidance behavior is learned. However, the ___________________, the weaker the avoidance response will be.

more severe longer the delay

Amalia dislikes people talking in the audience while others are performing. During one performance she politely told two people to stop talking and they did. Amalia is now more likely to politely ask other audience members to stop talking if they are. What response consequence did she experience? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Positive punishment

negative Reinforcement

Mario was speeding down the highway and was stopped by a cop. The cop gave Mario a speeding ticket. As a result of receiving the speeding ticket, Mario was less likely to speed when driving down the highway. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Classical conditioning Negative punishment None of these Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Positive punishment

negative punishment

Pippin was having fun playing at the playground with the other children. He threw sand in the air so his father took him out of the sand pit for 10 minutes. Pippin was less likely to throw sand in the air after that. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement None of these Positive reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment

negative punishment

Trixie loves to perform for her friends and family. One day she was performing and sang a song that offended her grandparents. Her grandparents left the room as a result. Trixie is now less likely to perform controversial songs in front of her grandparents. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Classical conditioning Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Negative punishment None of these

negative punishment

When Colleen threw a temper tantrum last month, her mother made her sit in the time-out chair for 2 minutes. Since then, Colleen has not thrown another temper tantrum. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Classical conditioning Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement None of these

negative punishment

An individual with agoraphobia needs to go somewhere outside but experiences extreme fear at the thought so they refuse to leave their house. As a result their fear goes away and they are more likely to stay home in the future. What response consequence maintains the agoraphobia? Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Fawaz dislikes feeling cold. He was out at soccer practice and it was much colder than he thought it was going to be so he put on a sweater. He warmed up quickly. The next time he got cold at soccer, he ran to grab his sweater and put it on. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive reinforcement None of these Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Classical conditioning Positive punishment

negative reinforcement

I have plantar fasciitis, which is a foot condition that causes pain. Whenever it flares up and my foot hurts, I stretch my calf muscles and the pain goes away. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Classical conditioning None of these Negative punishment Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Jamal dislikes loud noises. He recently went to a concert that was too loud for him so he left the concert and felt better. He is now more likely to leave concerts. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Negative punishment Positive punishment None of these

negative reinforcement

Kiwi was extremely thirsty so he went into the kitchen and drank a big glass of water. He is now more likely to get himself a big glass of water when he is thirsty in the future. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Positive reinforcement None of these Positive punishment Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Last time they were at the store, Maya begged for a candy bar and stopped as soon as her mother gave her the candy. The next time they are in the store, her mother gives her the candy as soon as Maya begins whining. The change in the mother's behavior is due to experiencing: Negative punishment Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Oceana loves playing in the ocean so she dislikes getting too hot on the beach. Oceana was sitting on the beach and got too hot so she put an umbrella up and cooled off. Oceana was then more likely to put the umbrella up when she got hot in the future. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. None of these Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Negative punishment

negative reinforcement

Virginia is upset about her adolescent son becoming more independent. When he states he is going out with his friends instead of staying to watch a movie with Virginia she begins to cry and say how hard her life is. Her son decides to stay home and spend the night with her. The next time he plans to go out she begins to cry again. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above for Viriginia. Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement None of these Positive punishment Negative punishment

negative reinforcement

A number of households in Florida were selected to participate in a trash recycling program. Residents were encouraged to separate newspaper and aluminum products for collection. It was found that a brochure that informed residents about the nature of the program increased the number of people who participated in the program by separating their trash that could be recycled. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. None of these Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Positive punishment Classical conditioning

none of these

Kinzly was the star of her basketball team until she broke her arm. Since breaking her arm she is no longer able to make a free-throw shot. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcemen None of these Negative punishment Classical conditioning

none of these

Marquis read a book that motivated him to decrease the amount of times he complains. After finishing the book Marquis went from complaining on average 50 times per day to twice a day. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment None of these Positive reinforcement Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning

none of these

The first time Harry Potter used a broom, he was able to fly like someone who had been flying his whole life. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Classical conditioning None of these Positive reinforcement Negative punishment

none of these

A psychologist is doing a study in which they are examining how frequently children seek out playing with other children in their class depending on how reinforcing the children find playing with each child in their class. The psychologist hypothesized that children will seek out playing with the children they enjoy playing with more frequently than seeking out playing with children they do not enjoy playing with. What type of conditioning is this psychologist studying? Instrumental Pavlovian Operant Classical

operant

___ conditioning is the type of conditioning that occurs when an organism learns the relationship between the environmental predictors and the consequences of engaging in a specific behavior. There is no limit to the frequency of the behavior and thus no limit on the amount of reinforcement the organism can receive in this form of conditioning. Operant Pavlovian Instrumental Classical

operant

People with agoraphobia often do not leave their homes. This represents the learning of a/an: passive avoidance response. active avoidance response. escape response. obsessive-compulsive behavior that reduces anxiety.

passive avoidance response

Bob dislikes his boss and as a result ignored his boss's request for Bob to join him for lunch. What type of response is this? escape response. passive avoidance response. obsessive-compulsive behavior that reduces anxiety. active avoidance response.

passive avoidance response.

A person prefers playing video games and wants to increase cleaning their room. Using Premack's principle _______ could be used to reinforce _______.

playing video games cleaning their room

There is a __________ correlation between the intensity of the aversive event and escape behavior due to _________ cost of engaging with the aversive event as it becomes more intense.

positive higher

Amalia loves dancing with a partner and last Friday she was asked to dance by the best dance partner when she dared to dance alone. Amalia is now more likely to dance alone if she has nobody to dance with. What response consequence did she experience? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment

positive Reinforcement

Huxley was trying to impress a girl and used a pickup line he had read on the internet that she found offensive. She slapped him in the face. Huxley has never used that pickup line again. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive reinforcement Negative punishment Classical conditioning None of these Positive punishment Negative reinforcement

positive punishment

Juan politely asked his mother if he could go outside to play with his friends and she yelled at him for interrupting her while she was doing work. The next time he asked her to do something he did not ask politely. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Positive punishment None of these Classical conditioning Negative punishment

positive punishment

Kelby was learning how to use a sharp knife and ignored his parents telling him how to properly hold the knife. As a result, Kelby cut himself. He is now less likely to ignore his parents when they tell him how to do something properly. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative punishment None of these Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement

positive punishment

Ken dislikes being cold. He refused to put on a coat so his father turned on the air conditioning in the car and Ken got cold. Ken is now more likely to put on a coat when told to do so. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative punishment None of these Classical conditioning

positive punishment

Mary and her sister were playing when Mary hit her sister. Mary's father then spanked her. Mary is now less likely to hit her sister in front of her father. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Positive punishment Negative reinforcement None of these Classical conditioning Positive reinforcement

positive punishment

Wan was learning how to cook. She picked up a pot off the hot stove without wearing an oven mitt on her hand. She burnt her hand and since then has never picked up a hot pot off the stove without an oven mitt on her hand. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive reinforcement None of these Negative punishment Negative reinforcement Classical conditioning Positive punishment

positive punishment

When Dr. Kate had a new cat, the cat would pounce on the bed when she was sleeping. One day, this startled Dr. Kate and she accidentally kicked her off the bed. The cat never pounced on the bed when she was sleeping again. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Classical conditioning Negative punishment Negative reinforcement None of these Positive punishment Positive reinforcement

positive punishment

Chris likes chocolate and gave himself chocolate after doing an hour of homework. Chris is now more likely to do his homework. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Negative punishment Negative reinforcement Positive punishment None of these

positive reinforcement

Flower was passionate about the environment so she went to her congressional representative's office and spoke to them about why they should support a bill that would protect the environment. The people she spoke with were very kind and receptive to her message. She has reached out to them many times since then to share her opinions with her representative. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Negative punishment Classical conditioning Positive punishment None of these Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement

positive reinforcement

When Harlowe turned 18 he registered to vote. On Election Day, Harlowe made sure to go vote. After voting, Harlowe got a sticker and felt really good about himself. As a result he has voted in every election since then. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. None of these Classical conditioning Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Negative punishment

positive reinforcement

You are hanging out with friends making dinner when you realize you need help. You ask a friend to do a favor for you in the kitchen and your friend does the favor for you. The next time you are hanging out with this friend you are more likely to ask them to do a favor again. Determine if this is an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, classical conditioning, or none of the above. Positive punishment Classical conditioning None of these Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative punishment

positive reinforcement

Linda and Joe are allowed to play on their iPads on the car ride to school (and at no other time) if they get ready on time in the morning. After this plan was implemented they started getting ready faster. What is this an example of? (Partial credit for each correct) Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Fixed interval reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement schedule

positive reinforcement differential reinforcement schedule

Multiple studies have found when teachers modify their behavior to ______ appropriate behaviors and __________ inappropriate behaviors, the students' behavior improves, the climate of the classroom improves, and learning improves due to less time disciplining which allows for more time on task/instruction time.

praise ignore

According to Premack's probability-differential theory a ___________ activity can serve as a reinforcer for a _________________ activity. The preferred activity has a ______________ probability of occurrence than the less-preferred activity.

preferred less-preferred higher

Mateo was extremely uncomfortable due to the current temperature outside so he went inside and cooled off. The reinforcement for going inside to cool off was due to a: secondary positive reinforcer. primary positive reinforcer. primary negative reinforcer. secondary negative reinforcer.

primary negative reinforcer

Chuckie cracked his tooth which produced great pain. He had the problem corrected by the dentist. The reinforcement for going to the dentist was due to a: primary positive reinforcer. primary negative reinforcer. secondary negative reinforcer. secondary positive reinforcer.

primary negative reinforcer.

If a reinforcer is unable to be provided immediately, ____ can reduce the negative impact. Trick question, nothing can reduce the negative impact promising the person the reinforcer will be their most preferred reinforcer promising the person the reinforcer will be extremely large providing a secondary reinforcer until the primary reinforcer can be presented

providing a secondary reinforcer until the primary reinforcer can be presented

Which of the following major forms of psychotherapy is not based, at least in part, on the principles of operant conditioning? CBT Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Behavior Therapy Psychodynamic ABA

psychodynamic

____________ schedules of reinforcement typically produce higher rates of responding than ___________ schedules of reinforcement. (Fill in the blanks with the words Interval and Ratio in the correct place)

ratio produce higher rates than interval

Lauren studied effectively for her first exam in Psy 309 and as a result earned a good grade. She is now more likely to study in the same manner for her second exam in Psy 309 because she received _____ for her studying effectively. a consequence reinforcement punishment

reinforcement

If I attempted to reduce talking out of turn in class by removing a quiz point from the person who spoke for each time that person spoke, what would that be an example of? time out response cost omission training DRO

response cost

You receive a ticket for speeding and are fined $500. What type of punishment is this? response cost time out DRO omission training

response cost

___ is when a reinforcer is removed as a consequence of a behavior or a reinforcer is no longer available to be earned as a consequence of a behavior.

response cost

Elektra just tried to open an app on her phone but it did not open. At first she kept trying to press the app to get it to open but now she is trying to get it to open by shutting her phone off and turning it back on and rebooting the app, she even tried to delete the app and re-download it. What is Elektra engaging in when she tried all of these other behaviors? Resurgence Spontaneous recovery Extinction An extinction burst

resurgence

_______ is when the organism experiencing extinction engages in other behaviors that used to result in the desired reinforcement . An extinction burst Resurgence Extinction Spontaneous recovery

resurgence

José finds watching movies reinforcing. What type of reinforcer is this? Social Secondary Primary Negative

secondary

Sally wanted to train her dog to stand on its' hind legs when she said "stand" so she began reinforcing him for standing on all four legs when she said stand and slowly increased the requirement for reinforcement to require him to stand on his hind legs. What is this an example of? Shaping Chaining Token economy

shaping

According to matching law, organisms tend to choose ________________ reinforcers rather than _____________________ reinforcers.

small, immediate large, delayed

Emma sat quietly with her hands in her lap during a play and her daughter copied her behaviors. Emma just used ___ to teach her daughter this behavior. explicit teaching classical conditioning reinforcement social observational learning

social observational learning

Presenting an aversive stimulus to an animal contingent on a behavior will ____ decrease the behavior it follows. not always sometimes

sometimes

Delara used to get whatever she wanted when she yelled at her sister. Two weeks ago her sister stopped giving in to Delara's yelling and as a result Delara stopped yelling at her sister. However, today Delara yelled at her sister to give her something. Why did Delara yell again today? Spontaneous recovery Resurgance An extinction burst Extinction

spontaneous recovery

_______ is when a previously extinguished operant/instrumental response reappears without further reinforcement. Extinction Spontaneous recovery An extinction burst Resurgance

spontaneous recovery

Many adults learn that it is appropriate to use curse/swear words in some settings and not others. Thus, they only swear in the settings that they have learned it will be reinforced in. What is this an example of? the effects of generalization stimulus control the effects of punishment classical conditioning

stimulus control

_______ refers to inhibitory and excitatory control of stimuli over classically conditioned responses and operantly conditioned behaviors.

stimulus control

Which of the following is not one of the reasons Skinner defined reinforcers according to their influence rather than their inherent properties? There are only ten universal reinforcers What one organism finds reinforcing another may not Focusing on the influence of a reinforcer forces the person to choose the most effective reinforcer for the organism being reinforced

there are only ten universal reinforcers

A peak shift can develop if: if there is more generalization around the S+ than around the S-. there is an explicit excitatory and explicit inhibitory stimulus and the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients overlap. if there is more discrimination than generalization. if the excitatory generalization gradient does not overlap with the inhibitory generalization gradient.

there is an explicit excitatory and explicit inhibitory stimulus and the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients overlap.

___ is a mild punishment procedure in which the individual loses all opportunities for reinforcement for a specific (typically brief) period of time.

time out

Bill was just sent to sit by himself at the end of the hall doing nothing for 3 minutes after he hit his sister. This is an example of: response-cost. time-out from reinforcement. DRO positive punishment.

time out from reinforcement

A ____ is a system in which an individual earns a secondary reinforcer, such as a poker chip or a point on a chart, for specified behaviors that can later be exchanged for other reinforcers. token exchange token economy reinforcement plan contingency management program

token economy

Juno wants her children to stop fighting so she gives them a point for every 15 minutes they don't fight. They can exchange the points for things they like, such as screen time and candy. What is the best term for this example? Reinforcement program Shaping Bribery Token economy

token economy

Contingencies provided by the environment are essential to learn developmentally expected skills like language and motor skills. True False

true

In some cases punishment may be the most humane way to suppress dangerous behavior and thus to not use it would be unethical. True False

true

It is only ethical to use punishment if less severe treatment options have failed and the punishment is not excessive, cruel, or unusual, or it does not cause more pain/discomfort than the behavior itself. True False

true

Mowrer believed animals who engaged in avoidance behaviors are not avoiding aversive events, they are escaping feared stimuli. True False

true

One of the major issues with Premack's probability-differential theory is that lower probability activities can sometimes reinforce higher probability activities. True False

true

Operant conditioning can be successfully used to teach content, even if the only reinforcement is being allowed to go on to the next step in the lesson. True False

true

Punishment will only be effective if the only way to prevent future punishment is to not engage in the behavior that will result in punishment. True False

true

The primary difference between differential reinforcement schedules and interval schedules is that in a differential schedule the behavior must happen during the specified interval of time to receive reinforcement whereas in an interval schedule the behavior has to happen after the specified interval of time to receive reinforcement. True False

true

Miguel wants to teach his dog to jump onto a stool, which is a trick his dog does not know. What is the best way to do this? Use shaping Use punishment Use chaining Use a contingency management program

use shaping

In fishing the number of times the person casts does not matter, the fish must be present to bite in order to get a fish. Thus, sometimes the fisher can catch a fish after one minute and other times it might take a very long time to catch a fish. Fishing is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Fixed interval Variable interval Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

variable interval

The first lever press after an average of about 10 seconds results in food delivery, thereby increasing the rate of lever pressing. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Variable interval Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

variable interval

A door-to-door sales person who makes two consecutive sales and does not make another sale until knocking on 20 more doors is experiencing what type of reinforcement schedule? Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule Fixed ratio Variable interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Variable ratio Fixed interval Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule

variable ratio

People who play the slot machines are reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. Differential reinforcement of low responding schedule Fixed interval Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule Differential reinforcement schedule Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule Variable ratio Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule Variable interval Fixed ratio Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

variable ratio

Babe Ruth averaged one home run in every 10 official at bats in the major leagues. The Babe's home run hitting pattern is best described as: Fixed Interval-10 Variable-Ratio-10 Fixed Ratio-10 Variable Interval-10

variable ratio- 10

A person prefers watching TV and wants to increase exercising. Using Premack's principle ____ could be used to reinforce _____.

watching TV exercising

Which of the following is not one of Guthrie's three methods to break a habit? Willpower method Incompatible stimuli method Threshold method Fatigue method

willpower method