PSY 309 Exam 2 Test/Quiz Questions

Ryan currently completes his homework for 5 minutes before complaining and his father would like him to complete all 30 minutes without complaining. Of the following, what is the best behavior to start reinforcing if using a shaping procedure?

10 minutes of complaint free homework

When using a token economy all of the following are accurate except:

A shaping program must be built in

Dr. Woniz is using instrumental conditioning and Dr. Ivy is using operant conditioning in their current research studies. They are both attempting to modify

Behavior

In which of the following ways is extinction for an operant/instrumental response similar to extinction of a classically conditioned response?

Both can later have spontaneous recovery Both involve unpairing Both cause decrease in response

Mrs. Wilson is trying to teach the children in her preschool class to raise their hand when they want her attention instead of interrupting her. She responds to the children who raise their hand and does not give any attention to children who try to interrupt her. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior schedule

In order to earn a stuffed animal at the carnival, you must hit the target at least 10 times in 1 minute. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

Differential reinforcement of high responding schedule

You do not like it when your friend complains about things they cannot control so you have decided to reinforce your friend when they talk about things they can control. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior schedule

Molly is trying to reduce how frequently her children fight with each other so she praises her children when they have not fought for 15 minutes in a row. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

Differential reinforcement of other responding schedule

Secondary reinforcers become reinforcing through the process of operant conditioning:

False

Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers?

Food, Sleep, Ability to maintain a comfortable temperature, Sex, Water

Halle loves making people laugh but Hank does not. Which of the following is true?

Halle will likely increase engaging in behaviors that make others laugh

Which of the following are important to obtain from a baseline measurement?

Information about what immediately follows the behavior Information about when and where the behavior takes place Information about the frequency and intensity of the behavior

A psychologist is measuring how quickly rats will reach a food reward when they are placed into a T maze with a food reward in the right arm. What type of conditioning is this psychologist studying?

Instrumental

Which of the following is not one of the potential undesired consequences of punishment?

It can permanently suppress the behavior that was punished

Eternity has decided she doesn't want her son to whine anymore. So she is planning on ignoring him whenever he whines. Eternity did not always reinforce her son for whining, she tended to give in to him when he whined approximately every 4 times. What is likely going to happen?

It will likely take a long time for Eternity to extinguish her son's whining

Which of the following do you need to know in order to determine what type of consequence an organism received during operant conditioning?

Whether a stimulus or event was added or removed, The outcome on the future likelihood of the behavior, If the organism finds the stimulus or event desirable or aversive

When done effectively, punishment reduces the future likelihood of...

any behavior it follows

Animal trainers typically use ____ to teach the animals they are training to put on an impressive show. For instance, training a sea lion to stand up, cover his face with his left flipper, then cover his face with his right flipper, then clap his flippers together, and finally dance with the trainer

chaining

Fawaz is learning how to get dressed in the morning. His father starts by reinforcing him for getting his shirt on and then once he does that consistently, his father adds on getting his pants on, etc. until he fully dresses himself. What is this an example of?

chaining

Mellanie wakes up at the exact same time every morning (5 AM). When she started waking up at this time, she used an alarm clock to wake herself up. Now, she has noticed her body wakes up naturally around 4:55 AM.

classical conditioning

Zabrina was putting the trash into the trash can and got stung by a bee that had been accidentally trapped in the can. She is now afraid to put the trash into the trash can.

classical conditioning

Sam just entered a restaurant he has never entered and sees a sign "Please wait to be seated". Sam has learned the ______ between this sign and his behavior of waiting for a host/hostess to seat him, so he waits.

contingency

If you are trying to build muscle and you engage in strength training before the 24 - 48 hours of recommended rest, you do not get reinforced by building your muscles (you might even get hurt). This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

differential reinforcement of low responding schedule

Imani reinforces herself nightly at 8 PM for studying for 3 or more hours that day but only if she studied for 3 or more hours during the time period from 8 AM to 8 PM. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

differential reinforcement schedule

All of the following inhibit punishment being effective except:

engaging in an incompatible behavior to the behavior being punished.

To promote class discussion, Dr. Anson gives extra credit for participation. Last week, Chris tried to answer every question that Dr. Anson asked. This week, Dr. Anson has been ignoring Chris. Eventually, Chris stopped trying to answer questions. What is this an example of?

extinction

Drew is used to people doing exactly what he tells them to do immediately after he tells them to do it. He told Jeff to get him a drink and Jeff refused to do so. Drew then began to yell and scream at Jeff until Drew finally gave up and got the drink for himself. What two processes is this example illustrating?

extinction burst then extinction

According to Estes's motivational view of punishment (and research supporting this view), punishment work best when it increases the motivation to engage in an alternative behavior to the one being punished.

false

For punishment, the consequence has to be considered aversive by the majority of individuals.

false

You need to engage in the behavior of checking the oven to know when to take your pizza out. It takes exactly 20 minutes for your favorite brand of pizza to cook in the oven. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed interval

An airline offers a frequent flyer program in which after people earn 25,000 miles, they get a free flight. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed ratio

Jenna wants to reinforce her children every time they clean up their room independently. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed ratio

Based on the relationship between consistency of punishment and its effectiveness, which of the following punishment schedules would be most effective in suppressing behavior?

fixed ratio-1

Which of the following is not a key influence on the effectiveness of punishment?

frequency

Chris loves hanging out with friends but recently his friends all left his apartment after he insulted them. He is now less likely to insult his friends.

negative punishment

Last week, Kaitlin was watching television with her big brother, Winston. All of a sudden, Winston leaned over and punched Kaitlin in the arm. For doing so, Winston's mom took away his television privileges. Winston hasn't punched Kaitlin since.

negative punishment

Nicole is unassertive and her friends take advantage of her but she enjoys spending time with them. When she was assertive by telling a friend she was unable to help her out, her friend told Nicole she was no longer able to hang out with her that night. Nicole has not been assertive with that friend since then.

negative punishment

To promote discussion in his classes, Dr. Anson gives extra credit for class participation. Last week, Chris tried to answer every question that Dr. Anson asked. In turn, Dr. Anson told Chris that if he asked one more question, he would not be able to earn extra credit for the next 5 minutes. Chris stopped trying to answer every question.

negative punishment

Trixie loves to perform for her friends and family. One day she was performing and sang a song that offended her grandparents. Her grandparents left the room as a result. Trixie is now less likely to perform controversial songs in front of her grandparents.

negative punishment

When Colleen threw a temper tantrum last month, her mother made her sit in the time-out chair for 2 minutes. Since then, Colleen has not thrown another temper tantrum.

negative punishment

Amalia dislikes people talking in the audience while others are performing. During one performance she politely told two people to stop talking and they did. Amalia is now more likely to politely ask other audience members to stop talking if they are. What response consequence did she experience?

negative reinforcement

An individual with agoraphobia needs to go somewhere outside but experiences extreme fear at the thought so they refuse to leave their house. As a result their fear goes away and they are more likely to stay home in the future. What response consequence maintains the agoraphobia?

negative reinforcement

C'nee dislikes feeling cold and when she entered Peabody she got very cold. As soon as she put on her sweater, she felt warmer. She is now more likely to put her sweater on as soon as she feels cold in Peabody. What response consequence did she experience?

negative reinforcement

I have plantar fasciitis, which is a foot condition that causes pain. Whenever it flares up and my foot hurts, I stretch my calf muscles and the pain goes away.

negative reinforcement

Oceana loves playing in the ocean so she dislikes getting too hot on the beach. Oceana was sitting on the beach and got too hot so she put an umbrella up and cooled off. Oceana was then more likely to put the umbrella up when she got hot in the future.

negative reinforcement

Virginia is upset about her adolescent son becoming more independent. When he states he is going out with his friends instead of staying to watch a movie with Virginia she begins to cry and say how hard her life is. Her son decides to stay home and spend the night with her. The next time he plans to go out she begins to cry again.

negative reinforcement

Every time Courtney gets a headache she takes Advil and her headache goes away within 20 minutes. What is this an example of?

negative reinforcement and continuous reinforcement schedule

A number of households in Florida were selected to participate in a trash recycling program. Residents were encouraged to separate newspaper and aluminum products for collection. It was found that a brochure that informed residents about the nature of the program increased the number of people who participated in the program by separating their trash that could be recycled.

none

Dr. Arnold was working with a four-year-old boy with traumatic brain injury who had few movements and no speech since he had been in an automobile accident. Dr. Arnold began talking to the boy every day regardless of what the boy did as therapeutic procedure. At first the boy would smile only about twice a day, but as a result of Dr. Arnold talking to the boy his smiling increased to about once a minute.

none

Kinzly was the star of her basketball team until she broke her arm. Since breaking her arm she is no longer able to make a free-throw shot.

none

Marquis read a book that motivated him to decrease the amount of times he complains. After finishing the book Marquis went from complaining on average 50 times per day to twice a day

none

A pigeon was trained to peck a disc for food reinforcers when a 16 cm card was presented to the pigeon and trained to not peck the disc when a 10 cm card was presented to the pigeon. Following the training the experimenters presented cards of various sizes to the pigeon and observed how much the pigeon pecked the disc. They found that the pigeon was most likely to peck the disc when an 18 cm card was presented. What phenomenon best explains this?

peak shift

C'nee dislikes country music. Her best friend, Jazmyn, knows this and after C'nee insulted her, Jazmyn blared country music in her car. C'nee is now less likely to insult Jazmyn.

positive punishment

Juan politely asked his mother if he could go outside to play with his friends and she yelled at him for interrupting her while she was doing work. The next time he asked her to do something he did not ask politely.

positive punishment

Mary and her sister were playing when Mary hit her sister. Mary's father then spanked her. Mary is now less likely to hit her sister in front of her father.

positive punishment

Wan was learning how to cook. She picked up a pot off the hot stove without wearing an oven mitt on her hand. She burnt her hand and since then has never picked up a hot pot off the stove without an oven mitt on her hand.

positive punishment

When Amalia was young she danced barefoot on the AstroTurf and her feet became raw and swollen afterwards. She has refused to dance on AstroTurf ever since

positive punishment

Kelby was learning how to use a sharp knife and ignored his parents telling him how to properly hold the knife. As a result, Kelby cut himself. He is now less likely to ignore his parents when they tell him how to do something properly.

positive punsihment

Amalia loves dancing with a partner and last Friday she was asked to dance by the best dance partner when she dared to dance alone. Amalia is now more likely to dance alone if she has nobody to dance with. What response consequence did she experience?

positive reinforcement

C'nee likes checking Facebook and allows herself to check Facebook only after she exercises for at least 30 minutes. C'nee is now more likely to exercise for at least 30 minutes each day. What response consequence did she experience?

positive reinforcement

Liam frequently acted up at school. Today he was talking loudly with the children at his table as the teacher was speaking. As a result, the teacher came over to his table and talked to him about how inappropriate his behavior was. The next day Liam was talking loudly to the other children at his table even more often than normal.

positive reinforcement

Samantha worked in the distribution department at a large organization. She was known as a loner and seldom interacted with the other employees. The departmental leaders began praising and admiring Samantha when she engaged in cooperative work with the other employees. Samantha began to interact with other employees more often. What response consequence did she experience?

positive reinforcement

Workers at the preschool taught Leonard and the other students correct color names. In order to encourage the children to use these names, they began giving objects and materials to the children only when the children had asked for the materials using the correct color name (e.g., Leonard's requests for a ball were not honored but his requests for a blue ball were). As a result of this procedure, Leonard and the other children used the correct color names when requesting objects and materials much more often than they had before.

positive reinforcement

You are hanging out with friends making dinner when you realize you need help. You ask a friend to do a favor for you in the kitchen and your friend does the favor for you. The next time you are hanging out with this friend you are more likely to ask them to do a favor again.

positive reinforcement

Linda and Joe are allowed to play on their iPads on the car ride to school (and at no other time) if they get ready on time in the morning. After this plan was implemented they started getting ready faster. What is this an example of?

positive reinforcement and differential schedule of reinforcement

Chuckie cracked his tooth which produced great pain. He had the problem corrected by the dentist. The reinforcement for going to the dentist was due to a:

primary negative reinforcer

Lauren studied effectively for her first exam in Psy 309 and as a result earned a good grade. She is now more likely to study in the same manner for her second exam in Psy 309 because she received _____ for her studying effectively.

reinforcement

If I attempted to reduce talking out of turn in class by removing a quiz point from the person who spoke for each time that person spoke, what would that be an example of?

response cost

You receive a ticket for speeding and are fined $500. What type of punishment is this?

response cost

Elektra just tried to open an app on her phone but it did not open. At first she kept trying to press the app to get it to open but now she is trying to get it to open by shutting her phone off and turning it back on and rebooting the app, she even tried to delete the app and re-download it. What is Elektra engaging in when she tried all of these other behaviors?

resurgence

Jie enjoys spending time on social media reinforcing. What type of reinforcer is this?

secondary

A Spanish teacher trying to teach their students to roll their "r" should use the procedure of

shaping

Sally wanted to train her dog to stand on its' hind legs when she said "stand" so she began reinforcing him for standing on all four legs when she said stand and slowly increased the requirement for reinforcement to require him to stand on his hind legs. What is this an example of?

shaping

Delara used to get whatever she wanted when she yelled at her sister. Two weeks ago her sister stopped giving in to Delara's yelling and as a result Delara stopped yelling at her sister. However, today Delara yelled at her sister to give her something. Why did Delara yell again today?

spontaneous recovery

Many adults learn that it is appropriate to use curse/swear words in some settings and not others. Thus, they only swear in the settings that they have learned it will be reinforced in. What is this an example of?

stimulus control

Bill was just sent to sit by himself at the end of the hall doing nothing for 3 minutes after he hit his sister. This is an example of:

time out from reinforcement

Juno wants her children to stop fighting so she gives them a point for every 15 minutes they don't fight. They can exchange the points for things they like, such as screen time and candy. What is the best term for this example?

token economy

In some cases punishment may be the most humane way to suppress dangerous behavior and thus to not use it would be unethical

true

The primary difference between differential reinforcement schedules and interval schedules is that in a differential schedule the behavior must happen during the specified interval of time to receive reinforcement whereas in an interval schedule the behavior has to happen after the specified interval of time to receive reinforcement.

true

Miguel wants to teach his dog to jump onto a stool, which is a trick his dog does not know. What is the best way to do this?

use shaping

Checking social media for status updates of friends is reinforcing only if they have posted, and the time in between when they post is inconsistent. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

variable interval

Coach Michelle believes that she should praise her players occasionally for making a basket during practice so she praises them approximately every 10th time they make a basket. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

People who play the slot machines are reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Babe Ruth averaged one home run in every 10 official at bats in the major leagues. The Babe's home run hitting pattern is best described as:

variable ratio- 10

Last time they were at the store, Maya begged for a candy bar and stopped as soon as her mother gave her the candy. The next time they are in the store, her mother gives her the candy as soon as Maya begins whining. The change in the mother's behavior is due to experiencing:

Negative reinforcement

A psychologist is doing a study in which they are examining how frequently children seek out playing with other children in their class depending on how reinforcing the children find playing with each child in their class. The psychologist hypothesized that children will seek out playing with the children they enjoy playing with more frequently than seeking out playing with children they do not enjoy playing with. What type of conditioning is this psychologist studying?

Operant

Which of the following is true?

Positive punishment is adding an aversive stimuli contingent on a behavior that reduces the likelihood of the behavior in the future.

Mateo was extremely uncomfortable due to the current temperature outside so he went inside and cooled off. The reinforcement for going inside to cool off was due to a:

Primary negative reinforcement

Which of the following are true about punishment?

Punishment can decrease the future likelihood of undesired behaviors. Punishment can decrease the future likelihood of desired behaviors. The consequence will only be considered punishment if the organism finds the consequence aversive and the future occurrence of the behavior decreases as a result of receiving the consequence

Which of the following is not true?

Punishment is effective if it completely eliminates the behavior from happening in the moment.

When it comes to punishment, which of the following is the most accurate?

Punishment will be effective if it inhibits the behavior that was punished from happening again

Jose finds watching movies reinforcing. What type of reinforcer is this?

Secondary

Abby currently bites her nails 60 times per day but wants to stop biting them completely. She tends to bite her nails at least once every 10 minutes. Which of the following would you recommend?

Start by reinforcing herself with a DRO schedule for every 15 minutes she does not bite her nails

If Gary wants to increase the amount of time he spends studying from his current level of 30 minutes per day to 3 hours per day and he wants to use shaping, which of the following would you recommend?

Start reinforcing himself if he studies for 45 minutes per day

Which of the following is/are true about the intention of punishment (as the term punishment is used in psychology

The intention is to reduce or eliminate the frequency, intensity, or both the frequency and intensity of the behavior being punished.

Which of the following is/are possible outcomes of punishment if punishment is effective?

The punished behavior declines in frequency and intensity The punished behavior declines in frequency The punished behavior declines in intensity

Which of the following is not one of the reasons Skinner defined reinforcers according to their influence rather than their inherent properties?

There are only ten universal reinforcers

My children have learned to say "yes ma'am" to their teachers (in Mississippi) but not to their female relatives who live in Massachusetts. What best explains this?

They have generalized saying "yes ma'am" to all stimuli that are similar to the teacher who taught them to say it (all female teachers) and discriminate other stimuli (other females who live in Massachusetts) where being called "ma'am" is an insult.