PSY 3206 Final Exam

In the Dubner and Levitt article, "Selling soap", doctors at Cedars-Sinai Hospital had their hands cultured and were shown photos of the resulting bacterial colonies. What was the effect of this on their hand-hygiene? a. A small increase in hand-hygiene compliance b. An increase to nearly 100% hand-hygiene compliance c. A small decrease in hand-hygiene compliance d. A decrease to 0% hand-hygiene compliance

b. An increase to nearly 100% hand-hygiene compliance

Hostility and cardiovascular health are negatively correlated. If hostility leads to greater sympathetic and HPA activation and this activation leads to poorer cardiac health, the neural-hormonal activation is an example of: a. An environmental influence b. A mediator c. A third variable d. None of the above

b. A mediator

A meta-analysis of over 300 studies of stress and health conducted by Segerstrom and Miller found: a. Acute stressors decreased all immune responses b. Chronic stress decreased all immune functions c. Distant trauma decreased all immune functions d. Brief naturalistic stressors decreased all immune functions

b. Chronic stress decreased all immune functions

You have been monitoring your thoughts about food and eating behaviors as an early step to making some changes to lose weight. You caught yourself thinking, "I am never going to be able to prepare fresh meals. I don't know how to cook and don't have time for that." You decide to challenge these assertions by looking up local cooking classes that promise to teach you to make meals that can be prepared in 30 minutes or less. This process of changing thoughts that are obstacles to change is called: a. Stimulus control b. Cognitive restructuring c. Modeling d. Self-monitoring

b. Cognitive restructuring

In studies of personality and health: a. We can assume that findings in one study will generalize to other populations b. Effect sizes are typically small c. When personality affects one disease we can assume it affects others d. Effect sizes are typically large

b. Effect sizes are typically small

A topic that might be studied by a health psychologist is more likely to be: a. A cost analysis of health care legislation b. Effective methods to increase hand washing by school children c. The development of an effective vaccine for influenza d. Genetic changes in bacterial species over time

b. Effective methods to increase hand washing by school children

In the research by Ted Kaptchuk, described in the Harvard Magazine article and the TED-MED talk, patients being treated for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) a. Did not experience improvement in their symptoms following sham acupuncture b. Experienced an improvement in their symptoms following sham acupuncture and even more improvement if they also received a warm, empathetic provider interaction c. Were not responsive to either sham acupuncture or to a warm, empathetic provider interaction d. Only experienced an improvement in their symptoms following the warm, empathetic provider interaction

b. Experienced an improvement in their symptoms following sham acupuncture and even more improvement if they also received a warm, empathetic provider interaction

In the case of Emily described in lecture, the health counseling revealed that important factors negatively influencing Emily's eating behaviors were: a. Her unwillingness to change her environmental triggers b. Her husband and extended family c. Her occasional relapses d. Her college friend and co-worker

b. Her husband and extended family

Research thus far has found that marriage is most likely to benefit the health of: a. Wives b. Husbands c. Couples of all varieties d. Couples who have hostile arguments

b. Husbands

Psychological stressors: a. Are perceived similarly by all people b. Include extreme temperatures and exercise c. Are identified as such by the perceptions of the individual d. Bring about very different physiological responses in the body from physical stressors

c. Are identified as such by the perceptions of the individual

In the film, In Defense of Food, host and author Michael Pollan would identify which of the following grocery items as food: a. Frozen pizza b. Boxed cereal c. Bag of carrots d. Canned soup

c. Bag of carrots

A non-clinical health psychologist, like Traci Mann: a. Works primarily in a healthcare setting b. Works directly with patients to change behaviors c. Conducts research d. Provides medical treatments

c. Conducts research

As described in lecture, a person's self-concept can be affected by chronic illness due to changes in a. Personal achievement b. Physical appearance c. Social relationships d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

Based on what you have learned in this class, which of the following are likely to influence your goal to eat more fruits and vegetables: a. Stocking your home environment with fruits and vegetables b. Sharing meals with people who eat lots of fruits and vegetables c. Having a conscientious personality d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

If you were going to create a very effective placebo or nocebo you would: a. Give it to people who had prior experience with an active treatment delivered the same way b. Make it look like an expensive name-brand product rather than a low-cost generic c. Deliver it by injection rather than by pill d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

In his TEDxFulbright talk, Dr. Ruairi Robertson explains that our microbiome: a. May affect our ability to fight infection b. May affect our brain functioning c. Can be affected by what we eat d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

In his TEDxUCLA talk, psychologist and director of UCLA hospitals, David Feinberg, describes that the transformation of their hospitals from low-ranking to high-ranking involved: a. Using a metric of service orientation with a high threshold for all job candidates b. Requiring all executive staff to make patient rounds c. Trying to view the hospital environment from the patient's perspective d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

In the 2013 survey of health behaviors practiced by people across the country that was discussed in lecture a. Nearly 70% of people were not within their ideal body weight range (rather than the 60% misstated by your instructor) b. More than half of those surveyed were not practicing the recommended level of physical activity c. The largest slice (%) of those surveyed reported that they practiced 3 of the healthy behaviors d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

In the North article, "Could a Personality Test Improve Your Health?", the author provides support for the idea that understanding and possibly changing one's personality could: a. Increase longevity b. Prevent diseases c. Improve medical treatment d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

In the lectures on personality types and health we saw which of the following patterns: a. Measurement instruments differ across studies b. Effects were largest in the original research and grew smaller in attempts at replication c. Definitions of personality types and health outcomes differ across studies d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

Psychological responses, such as anxiety and depression, that may occur in the face of diagnosis of a chronic illness are important because they a. Are associated with poorer illness management b. Can cause distress to the patient c. Are associated with poorer surgical outcomes d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

The following elements of the Ornish Reversal Program, Blue Zones, and the UMN Center for Spirituality & Healing website are consistent with the BPS Model: a. Social support b. Mindfulness and relaxation c. Good nutrition and exercise d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

The quote by health psychologist Shelley Taylor that "People do not develop chronic diseases, families do" reflects which of the following social impacts of chronic illness: a. A shift in responsibilities b. Changes in health behaviors c. Increased dependence d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

The research of Type A and Type B personalities and health has not continued because the results were so unreliable. A factor contributing to these inconsistent results is: a. Studies looked at different types of cardiovascular outcomes b. Studies used different classification methods and study designs c. Studies included participants that were at different stages of disease d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

The role of care guides and child life specialists is to: a. Attend to the patient's comfort and well-being b. Aid communication between patients and their doctor c. Advocate for patients d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

Which of the following are concepts in common between the class lectures and the TEDxUTA talk by rheumatologist and author Esther Sternberg? a. Chronic stress can negatively impact health b. Factors in a person's health are internal and external c. Factors in a person's health can be viewed as layers d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

Which of the following is something to be managed in dealing with a chronic illness? a. Medical and therapeutic appointments b. Treatment adherence c. Patient education d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

You have become a designer of healthcare environments. Your new client, a large hospital, wants to know why you have recommended they spend additional money on surrounding landscaping and windows in all the patient rooms, with coverings controlled by the patient. You explain that these features have been shown to: a. Reduce patient pain b. Improve patient sleep c. Reduce patient stress d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) usually includes: a. Social functioning b. Psychological status c. Physical functioning d. All of the listed components

d. All of the listed components

The SAM response to stress includes: a. The sympathetic nervous system b. Epinephrine c. The adrenal medulla d. All of the listed components

d. All of the listed components

A person's behavior can influence cardiovascular health by: a. Causing accumulated damage that impairs the CV system's ability to respond to stress b. Decreasing the likelihood the person will interpret events as stressors c. Increasing the amount of social support available during stress and illness d. All of the listed factors

d. All of the listed factors

Factors that can affect the therapeutic process regardless of the particular intervention include: a. Client characteristics b. The therapeutic process c. Provider characteristics d. All of the listed factors

d. All of the listed factors

In contrast to growing up with hostile conflict or neglect, the nurturant parenting observed in animal studies has been shown to: a. Hasten HPA recovery following stress b. Reduce HPA reactivity c. Reduce anxious behavior, even in those genetically predisposed d. All of the listed outcomes

d. All of the listed outcomes

PNI research has linked stressors, such as medical school exams, to: a. Higher viral counts b. Lower antibody production in response to vaccination c. Slower wound healing d. All of the listed outcomes

d. All of the listed outcomes

UMN researchers are studying mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to learn how: a. It may help patients with neurological disease learn to control their bodies b. It may help patients with cardiovascular disease manage stress, anxiety, and depression c. It may improve a person's ability to control a computer with their mind d. All of the listed relationships

d. All of the listed relationships

One of the ways we have seen the BPS framework illustrated with research is: a. Poor health behaviors can shorten telomeres and shorter telomeres are associated with disease onset and shorter lifespan b. Childhood family environment has been linked to changes in stress physiology, health behaviors, and risk of cardiovascular disease c. Married couples who get less sleep are more likely to have hostile arguments and have more markers of inflammation d. All of the listed results illustrate the BPS model

d. All of the listed results illustrate the BPS model

In the PBS/Frontline article, "How to Talk to Your Doctor", it is suggested that in order to be prepared and get the end-of-life plan we desire we should discuss our wishes now, before an emergency, and: a. Express your fears b. Share what matters most to you c. Discuss limits and trade-offs of your choices d. All of the listed suggestions

d. All of the listed suggestions

In which of the following ancient medical traditions is a person's health and psychology related to their balance of basic, fundamental elements (such as fire or water)? a. Ayurveda b. Greco-Roman c. Traditional Chinese d. All of the traditions listed in this item

d. All of the traditions listed in this item

In the video "Caring for the Caregiver" which form of support for caregivers was shown or described: a. Informational b. Financial c. Emotional d. All the listed forms of support

d. All the listed forms of support

Locke (2014) says that scientists use the term "theory" differently than regular people. What do scientists mean by "theory?" a. An idea that does not yet have evidence behind it b. A rough idea about something c. A question that they are trying to answer d. An idea that has a strong body of evidence behind it

d. An idea that has a strong body of evidence behind it

Low health literacy is: a. Associated with fewer emergency room and hospital visits b. Is not improved by the use of images and video c. Related to poor health outcomes that are not improved by self-management interventions d. Associated with poorer medical adherence and health understanding

d. Associated with poorer medical adherence and health understanding

According to the Chan (2014) article, "Why being neurotic could actually be a good thing", neuroticism may lead to positive health outcomes if it is paired with high: a. Extroversion b. Happiness c. Hostility d. Conscientiousness

d. Conscientiousness

The toxic component of a Type A personality is: a. Competitiveness b. Aggressive feelings c. A sense of time urgency d. Expressed hostility

d. Expressed hostility

Your roommate is talkative, enthusiastic, and energetic. This leads you to predict they would score highly in a measure of: a. Openness b. Agreeableness c. Neuroticism d. Extraversion

d. Extraversion

According to the study of stress and coping strategies of people with cancer discussed in lecture, the aspect of the illness that was most often reported to be the most stressful was: a. That they weren't experiencing any stressors related to their illness b. The impact on social relationships c. The pain d. Fear and uncertainty about the future

d. Fear and uncertainty about the future

Which of the following is NOT often provided by the social support of friends and family? a. Self-esteem b. Information c. Goods and services d. Freedom from indebtedness

d. Freedom from indebtedness

In the original (1965) Alameda County study of health behaviors, those participants who gave the healthiest responses for all 7 health behaviors were a. Healthier than people 10 years older who reported 5 b. No different than participants who reported only 3 c. Surprisingly less healthy than those who reported one or less d. Healthier than people 30 years younger who reported less than 3

d. Healthier than people 30 years younger who reported less than 3

Shelley Taylor has introduced the idea that during stress the body launches a third adaptive response, in addition to SAM and HPA responses, which: a. Involves the release of oxytocin and vasopressin b. Prompts people, especially women, to respond to threats by offering nurturance and comfort c. She termed 'tend and befriend' d. Includes all of the listed components

d. Includes all of the listed components

The fight-or-flight response described by Walter Cannon a. Involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system b. Is never adaptive c. Is typically stronger in women than in men d. Involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system

d. Involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is NOT a reason that health researchers study health-related quality of life (HRQOL)? a. It provides a guide to which interventions can most help people with chronic illness b. It shows how people are impacted by chronic illness c. It is related to risk factors for chronic disease d. It can determine the best drug treatment for a particular patient

d. It can determine the best drug treatment for a particular patient

In the lecture on the immune system, you learned about some of the cells involved in non-specific and specific immunity. The cells that destroy invader cells by chewing them up into harmless pieces are ______________ and they are part of ___________ immunity. a. B cells; specific immunity b. B cells; non-specific immunity c. Macrophages; specific immunity d. Macrophages; non-specific immunity

d. Macrophages; non-specific immunity

The placebo RESPONSE (rather than the placebo EFFECT) can be influenced by: a. Classical conditioning, from previous pairing with the real treatment b. The expense of the treatment c. The invasiveness of the treatment d. The person's expectancy that the treatment will work

d. The person's expectancy that the treatment will work

An activity that the non-specific and specific immune responses have in common is: a. Self-replication in response to a particular invader b. Memory of the invader from a past exposure c. The production of antibodies d. All of the listed activities e. None of the listed activities

e. None of the listed activities

An example of an obstacle to the patient-provider relationship is: a. Use of medical jargon b. Short visit lengths c. Health illiteracy d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

The health message, "If you eat a kilo of kale a day your body will have enough energy to power a small city" is an example of: a. A gain-framed health message b. Your instructor's boredom with writing exam items (yes but, seriously, don't pick this one) c. A loss-framed health message d. A fear appeal

a. A gain-framed health message

A method used by personality psychologists to identify the categories of the Five Factor Model was: a. Adjective groupings b. Behavioral observations c. Interviews conducted by professional psychologists d. Genetic analyses

a. Adjective groupings

In the Kolbert article, "XXXL: Why are we so fat?", the author reviews the following explanations: a. All of the listed choices b. The evolution of a small digestive tract that requires high-calorie food c. Greater survival of early humans who were good at storing fat d. A modern calorie-rich and flavor-engineered environment

a. All of the listed choices

An example of an "impure" placebo is: a. An antibiotic given for a viral infection b. A saline injection c. A sugar pill contaminated with active drug d. Any placebo that has been insufficiently blinded

a. An antibiotic given for a viral infection

According to the meta-analytic study of interventions with heart failure patients discussed in lecture a. Behavioral interventions were associated with decreased depression and increased physical abilities b. Behavioral interventions were not significantly linked to psychological or physical outcomes c. Depression rates are actually significantly lower than in the general population d. Depression rates were higher than for the general population, but were not linked to subsequent cardiac events

a. Behavioral interventions were associated with decreased depression and increased physical abilities

Type D personality has been associated with increased risk of: a. CVD b. Diabetes c. inflammatory bowel disease d. Cancer

a. CVD

The personality factor most strongly and consistently linked to positive health outcomes is: a. Conscientiousness b. Openness c. Extraversion d. Neuroticism

a. Conscientiousness

The HPA response to stress includes: a. Cortisol b. The adrenal medulla c. The hypothymus d. All of the listed components

a. Cortisol

An example of a preventive coping strategy is: a. Creating a schedule of important due dates and study sessions for the semester b. Asking a friend for a ride when your car breaks down c. Cognitive restructuring (changing our thoughts) about the stressor d. Noticing tension in your body and using a relaxation technique

a. Creating a schedule of important due dates and study sessions for the semester

In the Spiesel article, "Beware of Diet", the author discusses dieting studies that found: a. Dieters actually gain weight b. Initial weight lost by dieters stays off for an extended period of time c. Weight cycling reduces blood pressure and the risk of certain diseases d. Dieters lose an average of 25 pounds that is maintained for at least a year

a. Dieters actually gain weight

In a series of studies described in lecture, the participants that ate the most ice cream were: a. Dieters given a high-fat labeled milkshake preload b. Non-dieters after stress c. Non-dieters given a high-fat labeled milkshake d. Dieters given no milkshake preload

a. Dieters given a high-fat labeled milkshake preload

The research linking Type A personality to negative health outcomes: a. Found the strongest support using an interview that demonstrated expressed hostility b. Suggests you should try to never feel angry c. Continues to be supported in modern research d. Should cause concern for driven and busy college students

a. Found the strongest support using an interview that demonstrated expressed hostility

In the sham knee surgery study described in lecture, the patients who got the sham surgery a. Had as much pain relief and recovery of knee function as those who got the real surgery b. Had increased pain and a reduction in knee function compared to those who got the real surgery c Had as much pain relief but less recovery of function compared to those who got the real surgery d Had no pain relief nor recovery of function

a. Had as much pain relief and recovery of knee function as those who got the real surgery

In contrast to received social support, perceived social support is: a. Is more correlated with health outcomes and health behaviors b. Has more mixed findings for its relationship to health outcomes c. Is more dependent on context and circumstances d. Is less stable over time

a. Is more correlated with health outcomes and health behaviors

A loss-framed health message is more likely to be successful if your target audience: a. Is uncertain about the consequences of a health behavior b. Is not very knowledgable about the topic c. Risk-averse d. None of the listed choices, individual differences don't matter for message framing

a. Is uncertain about the consequences of a health behavior

Research on mHealth technologies has found: a. Its use increased patient self-management and disease knowledge b. Patients feel more burdened by using it than having an office visit c. Its use decreased patient confidence and sense of control d. Its use was not associated with changes in disease indicators

a. Its use increased patient self-management and disease knowledge

An important consideration regarding the research on stress and health is that: a. The diversity of stressors and diseases makes finding a relationship challenging b. The timing of a stressor is not likely to affect the health outcome c. Human studies typically have the same level of experimental control as animal studies d. Animal models are always applicable to human health

a. The diversity of stressors and diseases makes finding a relationship challenging

In his essay, "Conscientiousness: A Primer" (2104), Brent Roberts cautions about striving to make everyone high in conscientiousness because: a. There may be some associated costs, such as lower creativity b. It may lead to poorer health outcomes c. It is associated with irresponsibility and disorganization d. It can make teens too popular

a. There may be some associated costs, such as lower creativity

Which of the following statements are true concerning placebo and nocebo responses? a. They are dose-responsive. b. They are found in healthy research subjects (e.g., college students) but not ill patients. c. They have been found for subjective symptoms, but not objective measures. d. They have been found for global symptoms (like generally feeling less pain in one's body) but not local symptoms (pain in a specific location).

a. They are dose-responsive.

The idea that someone's character, or personality, is linked to their health: a. Was an important concept in the ancient Indian Ayurvedic tradition b. Was dismissed by the ancient physician Hippocrates c. Was rejected by the Church in medieval Europe d. Is a modern concept developed by health psychologists

a. Was an important concept in the ancient Indian Ayurvedic tradition

Which of the following is true of chronic illness? a. It accounts for only about a quarter of the nation's healthcare spending b. 50% of Americans are dealing with a chronic illness. c. It affects quality of life, but only slightly impacts mortality rates d. It primarily affects older adults as less than 10% of young adults have a chronic illness e. None of the choices are correct

b. 50% of Americans are dealing with a chronic illness.

The health message, "If you don't brush your teeth everyday your breath will smell of coffee and pizza and no one will ever kiss you. Also, the coffee and pizza will feed the bacteria whose excretions are slowly eroding your teeth enamel." is an example of: a. A Gain-framed health message b. A loss-framed health message c. Your instructor's need to reduce the soul-sucking ennui of exam-writing (Hint: while true, this is not the correct choice. Move on) d. Defensiveness

b. A loss-framed health message

According to Frakt (2014) in "Placebos help. Just ask this health economist", what can we conclude about placebos? a. None of the below answers b. If a therapy has effects that are equal to a placebo, it doesn't mean that the therapy is ineffective, but it does imply that the placebo does a lot c. Demerol is the best solution for post-operative pain d. Most physicians think that using antibiotics to achieve a placebo effect is ethical

b. If a therapy has effects that are equal to a placebo, it doesn't mean that the therapy is ineffective, but it does imply that the placebo does a lot

According to a review discussed in lecture, interventions to improve patient experiences (such as communication training for providers) are associated with: a. Decreased use of preventive services b. Increased medical adherence c. Lower patient satisfaction d. No change in patient safety

b. Increased medical adherence

One way the immune system communicates with the nervous system is through the: a. Sympathetic connections to the bone marrow and thymus b. Interleukin inhibition of hypothalamic functions c. Nociceptor activation of immune cells d. The hippocampus

b. Interleukin inhibition of hypothalamic functions

The tips given in lecture for getting children to like a food include: a. Reward them for eating it b. Keep it in the normal rotation c. Require them to eat it d. All of the above

b. Keep it in the normal rotation

Which of the following is NOT one of the positive changes that can come from experiencing a chronic illness: a. Increased empathy and compassion b. Minimization of the illness and its impact c. An increase in good health behaviors d. A re-ordering of priorities

b. Minimization of the illness and its impact

One study discussed in lecture concerning women's own definitions of diet success found: a. A few women reached their "dream" weight goal b. Nearly half of the women failed to reach their "disappointed" weight goal c. None of the women reach their "goal" weight d. Most women reached their "acceptable" weight goal

b. Nearly half of the women failed to reach their "disappointed" weight goal

In a study by Mann and her grad student looking at HPA activation and dieting, they found: a. All of the participants had increased cortisol after 3 weeks b. Participants who monitored a restricted diet had increased cortisol c. Participants who monitored an unrestricted diet had increased cortisol d. Participants who monitored any diet had increased cortisol

b. Participants who monitored a restricted diet had increased cortisol

The National Academy of Medicine has defined quality care as that which is: a. Technologically advanced b. Patient-centered c. Profit-driven d. Affordable

b. Patient-centered

According to the meta-analytic study of breast cancer patients and survivors discussed in lecture, a. Walking is the most effective physical intervention for cancer patients b. Physical exercise improved HRQOL c. Neither physical nor behavioral interventions significantly improved patient outcomes d. Behavioral interventions improved HRQOL

b. Physical exercise improved HRQOL

A "risky family" environment is associated with this outcome: a. Less anger and hostility b. Poor health behaviors c. Lowered blood pressure and CV reactivity d. Normal circadian patterns of HPA activity

b. Poor health behaviors

Based on the examples discussed in lecture, classical conditioning of the immune system was demonstrated by: a. Cancer patients showing immunosuppression during chemotherapy b. Rats showing immunosuppression to sweetened water c. Rats salivating to the sound of a bell d. Dogs salivating to the sound of a bell

b. Rats showing immunosuppression to sweetened water

Health-related therapy typically includes these three components: a. Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention b. Relationship building, assessment, and reorientation c. Stages of change, theories of planned behavior, and health-belief models d. Hypnosis, mind control, and access to the client's bank account

b. Relationship building, assessment, and reorientation

According to the founder and host of NutritionFacts.org, Dr. Michael Greger, our food choices should be based on: a. Best-selling diet books b. Scientific evidence c. Celebrity doctors d. A friend's advice

b. Scientific evidence

Which of the following can we do as patients to improve our own medical care (according to the National Patient Safety Foundation & Institute for Healthcare Improvement): a. Rely on memory for recall of our test results and treatments b. Take charge in managing your health information, including use of Ask Me 3 questions c. Avoid looking up information on medical websites, none of them can be trusted d. Rely on our memory at the time of the appointment to recall our symptom history

b. Take charge in managing your health information, including use of Ask Me 3 questions

One study discussed in lecture concerning the effects of exercise on the health of obese people found: a. Those participants that had "expected" weight loss had better health outcomes b. That regardless of weight loss participants had improved health outcomes c. Those participants that didn't have "expected" weight loss had poorer health outcomes d. Exercise was not sufficient to change health outcomes

b. That regardless of weight loss participants had improved health outcomes

Studies of the neurobiological pathways of placebo and nocebo responses involving pain demonstrate that: a. That we still don't know what neurological structures or substances are involved. b. That the analgesic effect of a placebo involves different neurochemistry than the hyperalgesic effect of a nocebo. c. That the analgesic effect of a placebo and hyperalgesic effect of a nocebo use the same neurochemistry, but one increases while the other decreases. d. We find both placebos and nocebos to be rewarding, since both active the brain's reward pathway.

b. That the analgesic effect of a placebo involves different neurochemistry than the hyperalgesic effect of a nocebo.

The Keyes semi-starvation study at UMN found: a. Dieters were better able to control their eating when allowed to free-feed again b. Dieters lost interest in food c. After dieting body fat and weight overshoot their baselines d. Weight is lost faster than it returns after dieting

c. After dieting body fat and weight overshoot their baselines

People often tell you that you are generous, kind, and forgiving. This suggests that if you were given a personality questionnaire you would score highly in: a. Extraversion b. Openness c. Agreeableness d. Neuroticism

c. Agreeableness

In the Burton article, "Why placebo is not a dirty word", the author describes a study in which patients were given either an injection of morphine after dental surgery or an injection of saline (a placebo) that they were told was an injection of a new, powerful pain reliever. What happened? a. The people given actual morphine had reductions in their pain, but the people given saline did not b. The people given actual morphine and the people given saline had the same reductions in pain c. All the subjects had reductions in pain, but the people given actual morphine had much greater reductions in pain that people given the saline d. None of the above

b. The people given actual morphine and the people given saline had the same reductions in pain

The Rosetans, a cluster of Italian-American families in Roseto Pennsylvania, were first studied by health researchers because of their low rates of heart attacks, compared to the national average. This research concluded that the lower risk was due to: a. The available drug therapies for treating early symptoms of heart disease b. The psychological and social benefits of living in a small, close-knit community c. Protective genes within a somewhat genetically isolated population d. The community's low-fat, plant-based diet

b. The psychological and social benefits of living in a small, close-knit community

An example of the stress buffering provided by social support is: a. Its association with healthier general cardiovascular and immune functioning b. The reduction of the physiological response to a stressor c. The enhancement of self-esteem d. Its influence on life-style and health behaviors

b. The reduction of the physiological response to a stressor

Despite initial research reports, subsequent results have been very inconsistent and, most recently, null for: a. Type B and marijuana use b. Type C and cancer c. Type D and CVD d. Hostility and CVD

b. Type C and cancer

Your aunt is very concerned with keeping the peace in your family. She puts other people's needs ahead of her own, tries hard to make everyone happy, and rarely expresses anger or unhappiness. This cluster of traits is consistent with: a. Type G personality b. Type C personality c. Type A personality d. Type B personality

b. Type C personality

A personality characterized by anxiety, depression, and lack of emotional expression has been called: a. Type A b. Type D c. Type G d. Type B

b. Type D

Research on the health impact of grief following loss of a spouse suggests: a. A large percentage of husbands will die soon after the loss of their spouse b. A greater risk of mortality for wives c. A decline of the surviving spouse's medical care and positive health behaviors d. A decline in the surviving spouse's reports of somatic symptoms

c. A decline of the surviving spouse's medical care and positive health behaviors

You have conducted a 3-arm study of an analgesic (pain reliever) delivered by injection. You found that saline injection (the placebo) provided somewhat less relief than the analgesic but much more relief than no treatment. What would be a reasonable conclusion to draw from these results? a. The analgesic is not useful if so much relief is found with a placebo. b. We cannot interpret the results because a 2-arm study should have been used. c. A placebo injection provides good relief and may be considered for placebo-controlled drug reduction (PCDR). d. None of the above

c. A placebo injection provides good relief and may be considered for placebo-controlled drug reduction (PCDR).

Hans Selye summarized his research findings with the Generalized Adaptation Syndrome model, in which the body responds to a stressor but when this response is prolonged the body will begin to wear out. Relating Selye's model to McEwen and Stellar's contemporary terminology, _______________ is to _______________ as ______________ is to ______________. a. Stress; exhaustion. Stressor; allostatic load b. Allostasis; exhaustion. Stressor; stress c. Adaptation; allostasis. Exhaustion; allostatic load d. Homeostasis; changed state. Allostatic load; same state

c. Adaptation; allostasis. Exhaustion; allostatic load

The rats in Selye's seminal experiments exhibited which of the following symptoms: a. Lymph organ enlargement b. Thickened gastric lining c. Adrenal cortex enlargement d. All of the listed changes

c. Adrenal cortex enlargement

Low health literacy is: a. A problem of the past b. Found less often among seniors than younger people c. Affects more than a third of Americans d. Non a problem within the US

c. Affects more than a third of Americans

Psychologist Richard Lazarus called the evaluation of an event to determine it's personal meaning: a. Challenge b. Threat c. Appraisal d. Adrenal

c. Appraisal

In the article by Lopez (2014) on anti-drug campaigns we learn that a. Teens can't tell when claims of harm are exaggerated b. Perceived norms don't influence drug attitudes c. DARE was an ineffective campaign for reducing drug use d. DARE was an effective campaign for reducing drug use e. None of the above behaviors

c. DARE was an ineffective campaign for reducing drug use

In the original (1965) Alameda County study of health behaviors, those people who reported the fewest chronic conditions and highest energy were those who: a. Only smoked on weekends b. Never consumed alcohol c. Exercised often d. Slept at least 9 hours a night

c. Exercised often

An emotion-focused coping strategy would be most effective in the face of which stressor: a. Getting a diagnosis of high blood sugar and risk for diabetes b. Needing a job when you graduate in 10 weeks c. Finding out your parents are getting divorced d. Worrying about the class exam you have next week

c. Finding out your parents are getting divorced

People who are hostile tend to: a. Be less likely to smoke and drink b. Exercise more c. Have higher sympathetic reactivity and self-reported stress symptoms d. Have lower blood pressure and heart rate

c. Have higher sympathetic reactivity and self-reported stress symptoms

A way that stress can affect health is by: a. Increasing the release of growth hormone from the pituitary b. Increasing a chromosome's telomere length c. Increasing blood levels of sugar and fat d. Stimulating reproductive hormone release and gamete production and maturation

c. Increasing blood levels of sugar and fat

Which of the following is true about the Western medical tradition? a. It was the first medical tradition to reject supernatural causes of illness. b. It was the first to localize functions to particular parts of the body. c. It continues to advocate a mostly dualist perspective concerning the mind and body. d. None of the listed statements are true.

c. It continues to advocate a mostly dualist perspective concerning the mind and body. d. None of the listed statements are true. (Both were counted correct)

According to Belluz & Hoffman (2015), which of the following types of studies will draw the strongest conclusions in health science a. Cohort study b. Case report c. Meta-analysis d. Quasi-experiment

c. Meta-analysis

The tendency for participants in a health study to notice their symptoms and any improvement more readily simply because they are in a research study is called a. Response bias b. Publication bias c. Perceptual bias d. Social desirability

c. Perceptual bias

The follow-up study (1974) to the Alameda County study found that mortality over the 9 years since the original study was more than double for those who: a. Slept 8 hours a night b. Had a large social network c. Practiced only 0-2 healthy behaviors d. Had never smoked

c. Practiced only 0-2 healthy behaviors

Getting at least 2.5 hours of exercise each week is an example of: a. Quarternary prevention b. Tertiary prevention c. Primary prevention d. Secondary prevention

c. Primary prevention

Research on bereavement and grief has found: a. Grieving follows a predictable pattern that is consistent across people b. Professional therapy (grief work) is needed by most grievers c. Professional therapy is most effective for "complicated grief" d. Social isolation is associated with better outcomes

c. Professional therapy is most effective for "complicated grief"

In his TED talk, Dr. Abraham Verghasse shares his belief that in the modern practice of medicine: a. Providers no longer need the observation skills of Sir Joseph Bell b. Scientific sophistication has replaced the need for physical exams c. Providers have neglected the importance of touch d. The patient is best understood as an iPatient

c. Providers have neglected the importance of touch

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings of research on stress and immune function to date? a. Stress effects on immune function have clearly established links to disease b. Stress suppresses immune function c. Stress can suppress or activate immune function depending on the type of stressor and the individual d. Stress activates immune function

c. Stress can suppress or activate immune function depending on the type of stressor and the individual

The placebo EFFECT (rather than the placebo RESPONSE) can be influenced by a. A person's expectations b. Feeling hopeful and practicing more health behaviors c. The invasiveness of the procedure d. The beliefs of other people, such as family members

c. The invasiveness of the procedure

What conclusions can be drawn from the Kolata (2005) article about the link between stress and cancer? a. The link between stress and cancer is about the same in both genders b. The link between stress and cancer is stronger in men than in women c. There is no evidence that an immune system weakened by stress causes cancer d. The link between stress and cancer is stronger in women than in men

c. There is no evidence that an immune system weakened by stress causes cancer

In her TEDMED talk, physician and founder of Latino Health Access, America Bracho describes how they have: a. Provided neighborhood resources based on medical expert recommendations b. Gotten patients to accept a doctor as the authority on their health c. Trained community members to be effective health advocates d. All of the listed choices

c. Trained community members to be effective health advocates

Today, people in America are more likely to die from _______ than from _______. a. pneumonia; diabetes b. infections; acute disorders c. heart disease; pneumonia d. acute disorders; chronic illness

c. heart disease; pneumonia

An example of a bidirectional relationship between behavior and health would be: a. Smoking causes oxygen depletion and blood flow restriction and these can lead to CV damage b. Hostility can increase a person's reactions to stress and this can increase demands on the CV system c. Developing and maintaining strong social relationships can reduce the person's stressful experiences and this can reduce demand on the CV system d. A person's stressors can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and this can increase the person's number of stressors

d. A person's stressors can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and this can increase the person's number of stressors

In the measurement of stress, a researcher must decide several things about what to measure about stressors including: a. Intensity b. Frequency c. Duration d. All listed characteristics

d. All listed characteristics

A weakness in many studies of dieting is: a. Participants under-report their weight b. Participants are engaged in more than one diet c. Weight is determined by self-report d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Compared to non-dieters, dieters: a. Eat more if they think they have violated their diet b. Eat more following stress c. Eat less if people are present d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The Radiolab podcast "Stress" shared stories that linked to the following class topics a. Social support b. A person's behavior and their health c. The experience of pain d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The inclusion of a no-treatment group in 3-arm studies of a treatment allows researchers to account for differences due to: a. Regression to the mean b. Spontaneous remission c. Hawthorne effect d. All of the above

d. All of the above

You are a physician who tries to use a biopsychosocial approach with your patients. You have anew patient who has been referred to you from a school nurse because of concerns about excessive body fat. Your discussion with your patient and their parents is likely to include: a. Questions about the patient's feelings and beliefs about their body and health b. Questions about family food choices c. Questions about family health histories d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In evaluating a particular stressor measurement scale, a researcher should consider: a. The time period over which stress will be measured b. Whether to pre-assign values to stressful events or ask respondents to assign a value c. Whether the items are relevant for the intended sample d. All of the considerations listed

d. All of the considerations listed

An activity that non-specific and specific immune responses have in common is: a. Binding and tagging invaders b. Communicating an invasion to other immune cells c. Damaging invaders d. All of the listed activities e. None of the listed activities

d. All of the listed activities

A hostile person may have poorer health outcomes because: a. They have a more reactive cardiovascular system that leads to poorer health and the hostility b. They have less social support c. They have more stressful experiences d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

According to the Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, a Patient-centered Medical Home (PCMH) provides care that is: a. Comprehensive and coordinated b. Accessible c. Patient-centered d. All of the listed choices

d. All of the listed choices

In the study of placebo for Parkinson's Disease described in lecture, a. Patients given only the placebo showed improvement in subjective but not objective measures. b. Only patients given the active treatment showed improvement. c. Patients given only the placebo showed improvement in both objective measures. d. Patients given placebo after prior conditioning with the active treatment showed improvement in both objective measures.

d. Patients given placebo after prior conditioning with the active treatment showed improvement in both objective measures.

Which of the following does Dr. Mann not provide as a reason why diets fail in the long run in the excerpt from her book "Secrets from the Eating Lab?" a. Your genetic code provides the blueprint for a "set range" for your body, which is the range of weight for which your body strives to maintain b. Our environments are filled with constant temptations that make it difficult to adhere to a restrictive diet c. When you diet, your brain pays more attention to tasty-looking foods and you spend more time thinking about food d. People get bored with counting calories and decide to stop a few weeks, so their diets don't work

d. People get bored with counting calories and decide to stop a few weeks, so their diets don't work

Suppose a study showed that drinking a lot of wine was correlated with a tendency to parachute out of airplanes. What do we know for sure from this study? a. Surviving a parachute jump causes people to celebrate by drinking wine b. Drinking wine causes people to do dangerous things, like jump out of planes c. Being wealthy and stupid causes people to both drink a lot of wine and parachute out of planes d. People who jump out of airplanes also drink a lot of wine

d. People who jump out of airplanes also drink a lot of wine

In the article "Yet Another Worry for Those Who Believe the Glass is Half Empty," the author (Friedman) suggests that one confound in the relationship between pessimism and mortality that cannot be ruled out is: a. Pessimists have lower IQs b. Pessimists are more likely to have type C personalities c. Pessimists are usually in a very low socioeconomic status group d. Pessimists may actually have clinical depression

d. Pessimists may actually have clinical depression

Which of the following physiological markers might be measured by a researcher as evidence of a stress response? a. Serum progesterone b. Resting heart rate c. Slowed breathing d. Salivary cortisol

d. Salivary cortisol

Getting a blood test that looks at cholesterol levels is an example of: a. Tertiary prevention b. Primary prevention c. Quarternary prevention d. Secondary prevention

d. Secondary prevention

For people trying to change health behaviors, relapse a. Rarely happens b. Should be shamed c. Should not be discussed because this will make it more likely to happen d. Should be rehearsed so that a person knows how to respond and get back on track

d. Should be rehearsed so that a person knows how to respond and get back on track

According to the review of prospective studies of social support and mortality discussed in lecture a. More social support was associated with higher levels of depression b. The more social network size increases the more mortality risk decreases c. The mortality risk of social isolation was not as high as that for high blood pressure d. Socially isolated people had 2-3 times the risk of mortality

d. Socially isolated people had 2-3 times the risk of mortality

Steve and Traci both have the same disease. Steve believes that he can control the course of his disease by taking vitamins. Traci does not believe that she has any control over her disease. In actuality, taking vitamins does not affect the course of this disease. Which of the statements below best characterizes how Steve and Traci are feeling? a. Steve and Traci probably feel equally stressed about the disease b. Traci is more likely to seek out other ways to support her health c. Traci probably feels less stressed about the disease than Steve feels d. Steve probably feels less stressed about the disease than Traci feels

d. Steve probably feels less stressed about the disease than Traci feels

A cognitive-behavioral technique that involves changing environmental triggers for an undesirable behavior is called: a. Cognitive restructuring b. Behavioral contracting c. Self-monitoring d. Stimulus control

d. Stimulus control

One way the nervous system communicates with the immune system is through: a. Interleukin receptors on lymphocytes b. The hippocampus c. Bidirectional sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers d. Sympathetic connections to the bone marrow and thymus

d. Sympathetic connections to the bone marrow and thymus

How not to get sued (for primary care physicians; based on the study discussed in lecture): a. Avoid jokes and laughter b. Shorten time with patients c. Stay somewhat cool and distant d. Talk more, especially in ways that facilitate and orient the patient

d. Talk more, especially in ways that facilitate and orient the patient

You are developing a health intervention designed to increase skin cancer screening. You are planning to ask people about how much they value health generally and also how vulnerable they believe they are for skin cancer specifically. You also plan to ask them whether they think skin cancer screening is valuable and what they think are the associated costs and benefits of screening. Which model of health-behavior change is guiding the planning of your intervention? a. The Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change b. The Theory of Planned Behavior c. The Stages of Change Model d. The Health-Belief Model

d. The Health-Belief Model

You are planning a health behavior intervention for increasing physical exercise for a company's employees. Before you will enroll employees in the exercise program you have each one complete a questionnaire to determine if they have been contemplating increasing their exercise and, if so, if they are ready to design a plan for action. Which of the following health-behavior models is guiding your intervention? a. The Intercrossectional Modality Theory of Ridiculocution b. The Theory of Planned Behavior c. The Health-Belief Model d. The Stages of Change Model

d. The Stages of Change Model

While the BPS model is most often used to analyze chronic illnesses, it can also be applied to acute illness. For example, a cholera outbreak may be dealt with most effectively by: a. Teaching the community effective hand-washing techniques b. Teaching the community safe water collection and purification methods c. The use of antibiotics and vaccines d. The combined use of all the methods listed

d. The combined use of all the methods listed