PSY 340 Chapter 11-16 Sample Questions.
Many people drink alcohol at parties to reduce social anxiety. Alcohol probably reduces anxiety by a. enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA at the synapse. b. suppressing the excitatory effects of glutamate at the synapse. c. enhancing activity in the locus coeruleus. d. competing with GABA at receptors.
enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA at the synapse.
Individuals who can speak and understand spoken words are are unable to read will be diagnosed with a. dyslexia. b. dysgraphia. c. alexia. d. agraphia.
Alexia.
Which of the following presents the highest risk for heart disease? a. Having a Type A personality. b. Being highly competitive and achievement-oriented. c. Being hostile to others. d. Being a workaholic.
Being hostile to others.
Which of the following is likely to produce the largest impairments in memory? a. Blocking adenosine receptors. b. Blocking serotonin receptors. c. Blocking both NMDA and dopamine receptors. d. Blocking NMDA receptors.
Blocking both NMDA and dopamine receptors.
Kuru among the Fore of New Guinea finally died out after a. effective vaccines were discovered. b. the Fore stopped eating beef. c. cannibalism was outlawed. d. all members of the community carrying a genetic mutation died.
Cannibalism was outlawed.
Which of the following has been linked to cognitive reserve? a. Intelligence. b. Gender. c. Monolingualism. d. Brain size.
Intelligence.
Which of the following is a likely advantage for lateralization? a. Improved spatial relations. b. More unpredictable behavior. c. Individualize responses to predators. d. Superior divided attention.
Superior divided attention.
Women given ____________________ showed stronger subcortical brain activity when exposed to images of angry faces. a. serotonin. b. GABA. c. testosterone. d. dopamine.
Testosterone.
While speaking, individuals who stutter show abnormal levels of activity in a. Wernicke's area. b. Broca's area. c. the arcuate fasciculus. d. the basal ganglia.
The basal ganglia.
Imaging studies show that during a task requiring adjustment to changing rules, people with OCD and their family members demonstrated a. higher than normal activity in the amygdala. b. lower than normal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex. c. higher than normal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. d. lower than normal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex.
lower than normal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual helps distinguish typical functioning from disordered functioning by using the phrase a. "unusual and disturbing" b. "clinically significant disturbance" c. "harmful to self or others" d. "statistically different"
"clinically significant disturbance"
Because contemporary IQ test results are fit to a normal curve, how many people can we expect to find within one standard deviation of the mean? a. 50%. b. 68%. c. 95%. d. 99.7%.
68%.
Zolpidem (Ambien) acts as a. a GABA agonist. b. a GABA antagonist. c. a serotonin agonist. d. a cholinergic antagonist.
A GABA agonist.
After eating fried Twinkies for the first time at the local county fair, Sam becomes quite ill. The next time he sees fried Twinkies, he finds them disgusting. According to Pavlov, fried Twinkies are now acting as _________________ for Sam's feelings of disgust. a. an unconditioned stimulus. b. a conditioned stimulus. c. an unconditioned response. d. a conditioned response.
A conditioned stimulus.
If we say that the heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ scores is about .75, what does this mean? a. About 75% of your IQ is due to your genes, and the other 25% is due to your environment. b. Genetics appear to play only a minimal role in intelligence test scores in the population. c. About 75% of the variance observed in the population is due to genetics. d. Attempting to improve intelligence through providing enriched environments is probably a waste of time and resources.
About 75% of the variance observed in the population is due to genetics.
The basal forebrain is a. active during waking, less active during NREM sleep, and inactive during REM sleep. b. active during waking and REM sleep, but inactive during NREM sleep. c. active during REM and NREM sleep, but inactive during waking. d. active during waking, but inactive during REM and NREM sleep.
Active during waking, but inactive during REM and NREM sleep.
The Daylight Saving change that occurs in spring is a phase __________, analogous to jet lag produced by traveling __________________. a. delay; from west to east. b. delay; from east to west. c. advance; from west to east. d. advance; from east to west.
Advance; from west to east.
Vitamin deficiencies leading to amnesic confabulatory neurocognitive disorder can result from abuse of a. alcohol. b. cocaine. c. methamphetamine. d. heroin.
Alcohol.
Relaxed, unfocused waking is associated with EEG recordings of a. alpha waves. b. beta waves. c. theta waves. d. delta waves.
Alpha waves.
The presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles points to a diagnosis of a. traumatic brain injury (TBI). b. prion disease. c. Alzheimer's disease. d. secondary encephalitis.
Alzheimer's disease.
Animals with lesions in the ______________ are unable to learn to respond to unfamiliar, dangerous stimuli. a. hypothalamus. b. amygdala. c. septal area. d. insula.
Amygdala.
Bailey and Chen (1983) found the largest number of terminals in a. animals that had undergone habituation training. b. animals that had undergone sensitization training. c. animals that had experienced classical conditioning. d. control animals.
Animals that had undergone sensitization training.
People with large short-term memory capacities show more activation in the a. orbitofrontal cortex. b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC). c. hippocampus. d. anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
Predatory and impulsive aggression a. are correlated with different patterns of brain activity. b. are correlated with identical patterns of brain activity. c. are too variable from individual to the next to identify consistent correlations with brain activity. d. involve equal levels of emotionality.
Are correlated with different patterns of brain activity.
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is associated with a. reduced cholinergic activity. b. excess norepinephrine activity. c. excess serotonin activity. d. atypical dopamine function.
Atypical dopamine function.
The most dangerous type of meningitis results from infection by a. viruses. b. bacteria. c. fungi. d. reactivation of dormant viruses, such as Herpes simplex.
Bacteria.
Neuropsychologists have doctoral degrees in ____ psychology. a. health. b. biological. c. clinical. d. developmental.
Clinical
Compared to archeological records of ancient societies, a. contemporary societies are far more violent. b. contemporary societies experience about the same percentage of loss of life in warfare. c. contemporary societies experience a larger percentage of loss of life due to warfare, but less due to domestic or in-group violence. d. contemporary societies lose smaller percentages of people in warfare.
Contemporary societies lose smaller percentages of people in warfare.
Which of the following of Aitchison's criteria are least likely to occur in nonhuman animals? a. Cultural transmission. b. Turn-taking. c. Displacement. d. Arbitrariness.
Cultural transmission.
Activity in the default mode network (DMN) is associated with a. daydreaming and thinking about the self. b. focused thought. c. light stages of sleep. d. daydreaming and thinking about familiar people.
Daydreaming and thinking about the self.
Dreaming during REM sleep activates circuits that are similar to those associated with a. focused thought. b. seizures. c. daydreaming. d. night terrors.
Daydreaming.
Aging is associated with a. increases in REM sleep and overall sleep time. b. increases in NREM sleep and in sleep spindles. c. decreases in NREM sleep and in sleep spindles. d. decreases in REM sleep.
Decreases in NREM sleep and in sleep spindles.
Military blast injuries are more likely than civilian cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to feature a. neurofibrillary tangles. b. disruption of the blood-brain barrier. c. closed head injuries. d. aneurysms.
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier.
The HIV virus a. reduces the amount of calcium that enters neurons. b. produces a substance that blocks NMDA receptors. c. does not invade neurons. d. has no direct effect on the brain, but leaves the brain open to other opportunistic infections.
Does not invade neurons.
Neurons in the mesostriatal system use ________________ as their main neurochemical. a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. acetylcholine. d. glutamate.
Dopamine.
The onset of puberty is often associated with a. dramatic increases in melatonin, leading to more lark behavior. b. dramatic increases in melatonin, leading to more owl behavior. c. dramatic drops in melatonin, leading to more lark behavior. d. dramatic drops in melatonin, leading to more owl behavior.
Dramatic drops in melatonin.
Sleep talking usually occurs a. during both REM and lighter stages of NREM sleep. b. during NREM sleep. c. during light stages of NREM sleep. d. during deep stages of NREM sleep.
During light stages of NREM sleep.
In an effort to enhance memory in an animal model for Alzheimer's disease, Dr. Stark increases cholinergic activity in the hippocampus. What effects are likely to be observed? a. Encoding is enhanced, but consolidation and retrieval are impaired. b. Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval are all enhanced. c. Consolidation and retrieval are enhanced, but encoding is impaired. d. Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval are all impaired.
Encoding is enhances, but consolidation and retrieval are impaired.
Nicotine produces mental alertness, probably by a. enhancing the activity of cholinergic systems. b. suppressing the activity of norephinephrine systems. c. competing with adenosine at receptor sites. d. inhibiting the release of melatonin.
Enhancing the activity of cholinergic systems.
People with untreated major depressive disorder a. experience larger proportions of REM sleep each night. b. experience smaller proportions of REM sleep each night. c. experience larger proportions of NREM sleep each night. d. enter NREM sleep at earlier points in the sleep cycle.
Experience larger proportions of REM sleep each night.
Multiple sclerosis has been associated with a. use of cocaine and amphetamine. b. having two copies of the APOE E4 allele. c. exposure to some viruses, including the Epstein-Barr mononucleosis virus. d. high exposure to sunlight.
Exposure to some viruses, include the Epstein-Barr mononucleosis virus.
An animal that is frequently preyed upon by other species and sleeps in the open is most likely to sleep a. for most of its day. b. for short periods of time every few days. c. for longer periods of time than most of the predators that attack it. d. for only a few hours a day.
For only a few hours a day.
Trace conditioning requires the ____ to hold the conditioned stimulus information during the stimulus-free interval a. forebrain. b. pons. c. cerebellum. d. medulla.
Forebrain.
Antonio Damasio has suggested that the __________________ lobe might contain "convergence zones," where separate aspects of a semantic memory is assembled into a whole. a. frontal. b. temporal. c. parietal. d. occipital.
Frontal.
The large vocabularies of children with Williams syndrome supports a. the idea that all individuals with intellectual disability display some savant behaviors. b. the idea that language is a human universal that is not related to intelligence. c. Gardner's ideas of multiple types of intelligence. d. Spearman's g.
Gardner's ideas of multiple types of intelligence.
Which of the following describes the contribution of genetics to anxiety disorders correctly? a. Each type of anxiety disorder has a distinct set of candidate genes. b. Genetics do not contribute substantially to the development of anxiety disorders. c. Genetics predispose people to anxiety disorders in general, but not to a specific type. d. Candidate genes for anxiety disorders are the same as those for schizophrenia.
Genetics predispose people to anxiety disorders in general, but not to a specific type.
Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins a. had more similar white matter volume in the brain. b. showed about the same amount of gray matter throughout the brain. c. showed similarities in brain structure, but these are not correlated with IQ performance. d. had more similar amounts of gray matter in the frontal lobe and language areas.
Had more similar amounts of gray matter in the frontal lobe and language areas.
Commercial gaming systems a. are not as effective as specially designed rehabilitation activities. b. do not activate the same brain areas as traditional rehabilitation. c. are effective for physical, but not cognitive rehabilitation. d. have proven useful for both cognitive and physical rehabilitation.
Have proven useful for both cognitive and physical rehabilitation.
Humans differ from nonhuman primates a. in having more acute hearing in ranges relevant to speech. b. in having stronger connections between Broca's and Wernicke's areas or the equivalents. c. in being more proficient at gesturing in infancy. d. in their use of more inflexible groups of language sounds.
In having stronger connections between Broca's and Wernicke's areas or the equivalents.
Neurocysticercosis results from a. eating meat contaminated with prions. b. infection with the pork tapeworm. c. being bitten by an infected mosquito. d. viral infection due to close contact with an infected person.
Infection with the pork tapeworm.
Recovery of which of the following functions is typically more extensive? a. Decision making. b. Perception. c. Language. d. Memory.
Language.
Which of the following functions is most likely processed by the left hemisphere in most people? a. intuition. b. language. c. visuospatial tasks. d. negative emotions.
Language.
During threat conditioning, sensory information about the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) converges on the a. hippocampus. b. interpositus nucleus. c. lateral nucleus of the amygdala. d. central nucleus of the amygdala.
Lateral nucleus in the amygdala.
Impulse control is exerted by circuits including the a. amygdala and the mesostriatial pathway. b. basal ganglia. c. lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. d. insula.
Lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex.
Which of the following correctly describes the lateralization of emotion? a. both hemispheres participate equally in processing positive emotion, but the right hemisphere is more active while processing negative emotion. b. the right hemisphere is more active than the left hemisphere when processing both positive and negative emotions. c. left hemisphere activity is correlated with positive emotion, while right hemisphere activity is correlated with negative emotion. d. right hemisphere activity is correlated with positive emotion, while left hemisphere activity is correlated with negative emotion.
Left hemisphere activity is correlated with positive emotion, while right hemisphere activity is correlated with negative emotion.
Which of the following correctly describes the circadian fluctuations of melatonin and cortisol? a. Melatonin is released only during the day; cortisol is released only at night. b. Cortisol is released only during the day; melatonin is released only at night. c. Cortisol levels are high at night; melatonin levels are high in the morning. d. Melatonin levels are high at night; cortisol levels are high in the morning.
Melatonin levels are high at night; cortisol levels are high in the morning.
Musicians with perfect pitch show a. less lateralization between the right and left hemispheres than non-musicians. b. a greater likelihood of being left-handed than non-musicians. c. more pronounced asymmetry in the angular gyrus than non-musicians. d. more pronounced asymmetry in the planum temporale than non-musicians.
More pronounced asymmetry in the planum temporale than non-musicians.
Using chemotherapy for brain tumors is complicated by the fact that a. chemotherapy agents kill neurons in large numbers. b. chemotherapy agents are not effective against brain tumors. c. chemotherapy agents destroy large numbers of glial cells and prevent their replacement. d. most chemotherapy agents do not cross the blood brain barrier.
Most chemotherapy agents do not cross the blood brain barrier.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between psychopathy and criminal behavior? a. Most criminals are not psychopaths, and not all psychopaths are criminals. b. Nearly all criminals are psychopaths, and nearly all psychopaths are criminals. c. Few criminals are psychopaths, but nearly all psychopaths are criminals. d. Most criminals are psychopaths, but few psychopaths are criminals.
Most criminals are not psychopaths, and not all psychopaths are criminals.
Which of the following are particularly well-suited to facilitate both associativity and cooperativity? a. AMPA glutamate receptors. b. NMDA glutamate receptors. c. Dopamine receptors. d. Adenosine receptors.
NMDA glutamate receptors.
What disorder is a result of disruptions in the synthesis of orexins or their receptors? a. Narcolepsy. b. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). c. Restless leg syndrome (RLS). d. Somnambulism.
Narcolepsy.
Changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli characterize a. nonassociative learning. b. reflexes. c. fixed action patterns. d. associative learning.
Nonassociative learning.
Drugs that block dopamine activity in the ______________________ reduce the rewarding effects of electrical self-stimulation of the brain. a. amygdala. b. caudate nucleus. c. anterior cingulate cortex. d. nucleus accumbens.
Nucleus accumbens.
Rats no longer prefer large, delayed rewards over smaller, immediate rewards following lesions of the a. orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). b. anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). c. posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). d. insula.
Orbitofrontal cortex. (OFC.).
People with ____ lose the ability to smile spontaneously while retaining the ability to smile on command, a condition known as emotional facial paresis. a. Huntington's disease. b. Alzheimer's disease. c. Parkinson's disease. d. Lewy Body disease.
Parkinson's disease.
REM sleep behavior disorder might precede the development of a. Alzheimer's disease. b. Parkinson's disease. c. menopause. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Parkinson's disease.
Which of the following degrees is a neuropsychologist likely to have? a. M.S. b. Ph.D. or Psy.D. c. M.D. d. Ph.D. and M.D.
Ph.D or Psy. D.
Source amnesia results from damage to the ____. a. temporal lobe. b. diencephalon. c. prefrontal cortex. d. basal ganglia.
Prefrontal cortex.
During classical conditioning in Aplysia, a. presynaptic inhibition leads to smaller postsynaptic potentials in the motor neuron. b. presynaptic facilitation leads to larger postsynaptic potentials in the motor neuron. c. presynaptic facilitation leads to smaller postsynaptic potentials in the sensory neuron. d. presynaptic inhibition leads to smaller postsynaptic potentials in the sensory neuron.
Presynaptic facilitation leads to larger postsynapyic potentials in the motor neuron.
Information about how to ride a bike is stored in ____ memory. a. semantic. b. episodic. c. declarative. d. procedural.
Procedural.
Emotional states in humans might contribute to survival by a. calming groups simultaneously. b. reducing arousal during complex tasks. c. ensuring that decision making is usually rational. d. providing nonverbal communication.
Providing nonverbal communication.
Which type of cell is perfectly situated to influence the output of the cerebellum? a. Purkinje cells. b. Granule cells. c. Pyramidal cells. d. Von Economo neurons.
Purkinje cells.
Most antidepressants increase levels of serotonin activity. How might this influence sleep patterns? a. A larger proportion of sleep time will be spent in REM. b. Patients taking antidepressants will be drowsy during the day. c. NREM sleep will be suppressed. d. REM sleep will be suppressed.
REM sleep will be suppressed.
One candidate for the "migraine generator" is the a. caudate nucleus. b. nucleus accumbens. c. Raphe nuclei. d. locus coeruleus.
Raphe Nuclei.
Olds and Milner discovered that a. electrical brain stimulation is aversive for rats. b. human beings do not respond to electrical brain stimulation the same ways that rats do. c. rats work for electrical stimulation, but will work harder for food or water. d. rats would stay in a corner of their box associated with receiving electricity through a surgically implanted electrode.
Rats would stay in a corner of their box associated with receiving electricity through a surgically implanted electrode.
Short-term habituation in Aplysia involves a. reduced release of neurotransmitter by the motor neuron. b. increased release of neurotransmitter by the motor neuron. c. reduced release of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron. d. increased release of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.
Reduced release of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.
The stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) characterized by coping while maintaining normal activities is known as a. the alarm stage. b. exhaustion. c. resistance. d. the depressive stage.
Resistance.
We can imagine that a witness recalling a traumatic experience in court is likely to experience significant stress. How is this likely to affect his or her recall of the traumatic events? a. Retrieval will be enhanced. b. Retrieval will be impaired. c. Retrieval will not be affected significantly by stress. d. Retrieval will be enhanced, but reconsolidation after testimony might result in a faulty memory.
Retrieval will be impaired.
Individuals diagnosed with ____ process facial features normally but perform worse than healthy controls on tasks requiring them to distinguish between different facial expressions. a. personality disorders. b. dementia. c. schizophrenia. d. depression.
Schizophrenia.
Basic knowledge of facts and language is contained in ____ memory. a. semantic. b. episodic. c. nondeclarative. d. procedural.
Semantic.
When a stimulus leads to a heightened response to subsequent stimuli, ____ has occurred. a. habituation. b. sensitization. c. formation of short-term memories. d. delay conditioning.
Sensitization.
Unlike non-ASL users, ASL users a. are more likely to be left-handed. b. show different patterns of brain activity to ASL than to other types of movement. c. use both hemispheres equally for language processing. d. show greater deficits in language functioning following right hemisphere damage than following left hemisphere damage.
Show different patterns of brain activity to ASL than to other types of movement.
Which of the following seizures is more likely to be accompanied by an aura? a. Simple partial seizure b. Tonic clonic seizure c. Grand mal seizure d. Absence seizure
Simple partial seizures.
Engaging in extreme sports is like to produce a. no changes in sleep patterns on subsequent nights. b. slight increases in NREM sleep on subsequent nights. c. slight increases in REM sleep on subsequent nights. d. slight decreases in overall sleep time on subsequent nights.
Slight increases in NREM sleep on subsequent nights.
Hans Selye defined a(n) _______________ as a source of stress. a. trigger. b. stressor. c. alarm. d. threat.
Stressor.
The body's internal master clock is the ____. a. suprachiasmatic nucleus. b. thalamus. c. pons. d. red nuclei.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Which of the following theories suggests that physical sensations and subjective feelings occur simultaneously and independently? a. The James-Lange Theory. b. The Cannon-Bard Theory. c. The Schachter-Singer Two .Factor Theory. d. Catharsis Theory.
The Cannon-Bard Theory.
Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the results of stress on the immune system? a. Both the HPA axis and the SAM system enhance immune function. b. Both the HPA axis and the SAM system suppress immune function. c. The SAM system enhances immune function, while the HPA axis suppresses immune function. d. The HPA axis enhances immune function, while the SAM system suppresses immune function.
The SAM system enhances immune function, while the HPA axis suppresses immune function
Meta-analyses on rehabilitation methods have shown that a. the cognitive approach produced better short-term improvement. b. the functional approach produced better short-term improvement. c. the cognitive and functional approaches produced equal short-term improvements. d. the function approach produced better long-term improvements.
The cognitive approach produced better short-term improvement.
Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures elicits behavior very similar to sham rage? a. The hypothalamus. b. The hippocampus. c. The amygdala. d. The septal area.
The hypothalamus.
During human brain development, a. both hemispheres mature at the same rate. b. the frontal lobes mature before the posterior portions of the brain. c. the right hemisphere initially develops faster than the left hemisphere. d. the left hemisphere initially develops faster than the right hemisphere.
The right hemisphere initially develops faster than the left hemisphere.
In human volunteers, age-related shrinking of the cerebellum is associated with a. the ability to notice conditioned stimuli. b. the ability to produce conditioned eyeblink responses. c. the strength of conditioned responses to threatening stimuli. d. the speed of acquisition of conditioned blinking.
The speed of acquisition of conditioned blinking.
Studies comparing occupational success have shown that a. right-brain-dominant individuals make better artists and musicians. b. left-brain-dominant individuals are better at writing and poetry. c. right-brain-dominant individuals are more likely to be architects and dentists than left-brain-dominant individuals. d. there are no correlations between hemisphere dominance and occupational choice.
There are no correlations between hemisphere dominance and occupational choice.
Which of the following describes changes that occur in the brains of people with schizophrenia during adolescence? a. They do not experience the typical burst of gray matter growth at puberty. b. They experience excessive cortical thinning. c. They experience normal cortical thinning, but this process begins about two years later than in healthy teens. d. They experience less than typical cortical thinning.
They experience excessive cortical thinning.
In which of the following aphasias is the ability to repeat spoken words retained the best? a. Conduction aphasia. b. Transcortical aphasia. c. Global aphasia. d. Broca's aphasia.
Transcortical aphasia.
Ancient mutations in FOXP2 might have made human language possible by a. promoting the development of Wernicke's area. b. favoring lateralization of language processing. c. transferring vocal control to the cortical level from the subcortical level. d. transferring vocal control to the subcortical level from the cortical level.
Transferring vocal control to the cortical level from the subcortical level.
Gifted individuals have IQ scores that are at least ________________ standard deviation(s) above the mean. a. one. b. two. c. three. d. four.
Two.
Risk factors for stroke include a. having two APOE E4 alleles. b. exposure to Herpes simplex. c. low serotonin activity. d. use of cocaine or amphetamines.
Use of cocaine or amphetamines.
Users of multiple languages a. use some of the same brain areas for all languages, but overlap is not 100 percent. b. experience very little overlap in areas of the brain used for each language. c. experience reduced reaction time during mixed-language object-naming tasks. d. have more vocabulary words in each language than monolinguals have in their one language.
Use some of the same brain areas for all languages, but overlap is not 100 percent.
Reaction time assessments are most effectively administered a. using computerized testing. b. using clinical interview. c. using the Halstead-Reitan battery. d. using paper-and-pencil tests.
Using computerized testing.
Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern might be associated with a. living in areas closer to the equator. b. variations in genes producing melanopsin. c. lower than normal decreases in serotonin during the fall and winter. d. exposure to too much light, which reduces melatonin function.
Variations in genes producing melanopsin.
A disorder characterized by intrusive flashbacks and hyperarousal is known as a. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) b. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). c. bipolar disorder. d. panic disorder.
Veterans with combat-related PTSD show a. reductions in cortisol activity. b. increases in propranolol activity. c. reductions in benzodiazepine activity. d. increases in benzodiazepine activity.
Which of the following illustrates the concept of valence? a. Experiencing multiple emotions (happiness, pride) within an overall positive mood. b. Viewing disgust and anger as negative emotional states. c. Experiencing conflicting emotions at the same time, like happiness about graduation but sadness at leaving friends. d. Combining physical sensations with a conscious, subjective emotional experience.
Viewing disgust and anger as negative emotional states.
According to Caspi and his colleagues, boys with the low-activity version of the MAOA gene a. were more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than boys with the high-activity version of the MAOA gene. b. were very likely to engage in antisocial behavior if they had been maltreated. c. were more resilient to the effects of child maltreatment than boys with the high-activity version of the MAOA gene. d. were less likely to engage in antisocial behavior than boys with the high-activity MAOA gene.
Were very likely to engage in antisocial behavior if they had been maltreated.
In which of the following aphasias is speech production fluent but comprehension is very poor? a. Wernicke's aphasia. b. Broca's aphasia. c. Global aphasia. d. Transcortical aphasia.
Wernicke's aphasia.
Healthy older adults might experience memory deficits due to a. white matter deterioration and reduced sleep quality. b. increases in localization of cognitive tasks. c. reduced activation of the parietal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex. d. enhanced clearance of extracellular adenosine.
White matter deterioration and reduced sleep quality.
Cases in which ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood are associated with a. more frequent adverse responses to medication. b. no cortical thinning during adolescence. c. a smaller than normal rate of cortical thinning during adolescence. d. an increased rate of cortical thinning during adolescence.
an increased rate of cortical thinning during adolescence.
People with schizophrenia act in ways that are similar to people who use a. alcohol. b. barbiturates. c. cocaine and methamphetamine. d. heroin.
cocaine and methamphetamine.
Compared with healthy controls, people with major depressive disorder a. experience less overall REM sleep. b. enter REM sleep earlier in the night. c. spend more time in Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep. d. experience fewer episodes of REM sleep.
enter REM sleep earlier in the night
Which of the following is a symptom of mania? a. loss of pleasure. b. flight of ideas. c. decreased goal-directed behavior. d. fatigue.
flight of ideas.
Having two copies of the short version of the serotonin transporter gene a. is a substantial risk for major depressive disorder. b. is related to a lower likelihood of developing major depressive disorder. c. predicts major depressive disorder in women, but not in men. d. interacts with stress to raise a person's risk for major depressive disorder.
interacts with stress to raise a person's risk for major depressive disorder.
Environmental factors implicated in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include a. prenatal exposure to antidepressant medications. b. parental age. c. lead contamination. d. child maltreatment.
lead contamination.
Childhood aggression, early psychopathic traits, and later violence in males is associated with a. higher amygdala volume. b. lower amygdala volume. c. higher hippocampal volume. d. lower hippocampal volume.
lower amygdala volume.
Compared to rates in developed countries of other illnesses, such as cancer and heart disease, a. mental disorders are important, but account for far fewer cases of disability. b. mental disorders account for more disability. c. mental disorders produce about the same level of disability. d. mental disorders produce significant rates of disability only if they begin during childhood.
mental disorders account for more disability.
Among the growing number of cases of autism spectrum disorder diagnosed after the age of seven years, the vast majority are ____, suggesting that many result from increased awareness and access to special education services. a. mild b. vaccine-associated c. associated with environmental pollutants d. moderate
mild
In individuals with autism spectrum disorder, differences consistent with detail-focused processing are found in a. minicolumn structure. b. volume of cerebrospinal fluid at birth. c. neurotrophin levels at birth. d. head size at birth.
minicolumn structure.
Encephalitis, seizures, and streptococcal infections can raise a child's risk for developing a. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). b. bipolar disorder. c. anxiety disorder. d. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Neurocognitive disorders can take many forms, but all a. are related to the aging process. b. produce a decline in functioning in one or more cognitive domains. c. drastically impair independent living. d. are immediately life-threatening.
produce a decline in functioning in one or more cognitive domains.
Lithium salts might produce benefits for patients with bipolar disorder by a. enhancing serotonin activity at the synapse. b. promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. c. blocking excess dopamine activity. d. avoiding excess weight gain.
promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
