PSY 360 Chapter 4

In the United​ States, the majority of​ low-income families​ are: A. Latino. B. white. C. African American. D. recent immigrants.

white.

Sam is a talented dancer. He also shows remarkable creativity in art class. He finds math and science classes very​ difficult, but he loves to read and is a great storyteller. Which of the following theories of intelligence is best reflected in this description of​ Sam's abilities? A. ​Binet's theory of the IQ B. ​Gardner's theory that we have multiple intelligences C. ​Sternberg's theory of three different types of intellectual abilities D. ​Spearman's theory that we have one underlying general intelligence​ (g)

​Gardner's theory that we have multiple intelligences

When teaching in a classroom with a high percentage of students who are living in​ poverty, teachers are well advised​ to: A. excuse poor work because students are under stress. B. restrict lessons to​ less-challenging concepts. C. refrain from critiquing students for​ low-quality work. D. set and maintain high expectations.

set and maintain high expectations.

In​ general, most of the gender differences in cognition and behavior are the result of differences​ in: A. genetic makeup. B. hormones. C. socialization. D. brain development.

socialization.

Kana works hard and spends a lot of time studying to earn high grades in physics. But she anxiously believes the other students think she received high grades because she is Asian American.​ Kana's anxiety is representative of a student who carries the additional​ "emotional burden"​ of: A. stereotype threat. B. discrimination. C. desegregation. D. ethnic identity.

stereotype threat.

​Low-income students who are resilient​ are, by​ definition, A. oriented primarily toward academic achievement. B. succeeding despite many risk factors. C. active in​ after-school programs. D. surrounded by a supportive school community.

succeeding despite many risk factors.

Cole is about to finish the third grade. His​ mother, a single​ parent, lost her job during the school​ year, and​ Cole's grades subsequently plummeted. His mother has only been able to find​ part-time work and is relying on government subsidy to meet the most basic needs.​ Cole's teachers know he is​ bright, and he is rarely absent. What is the most likely reason that Cole is performing at a lower​ level? A. Cole may be experiencing stress at home with the loss of economic resources. B. Cole may not be as bright as his teacher believes. C. Cole may believe a stereotype that poor kids​ don't do well in school. D. ​Cole's mother probably has low academic expectations for her son.

Cole may be experiencing stress at home with the loss of economic resources.

Marva Vance and John Rossi discuss their​ students' diverse​ norms, traditions,​ behaviors, languages, and perceptions. Which of the following terms best describes the essence of their​ conversation? A. Socioeconomic status B. Race C. Intelligence D. Culture

Culture

Which one of the following statements best describes the roles that heredity and environment play in​ intelligence? A. Environment is the most powerful factor in intelligence. B. Inborn intelligence plays a greater role before age​ 10, and environment plays a greater role thereafter. C. Genetics cannot be overruled by environment. D. Intelligence is likely a complicated interaction between genetics and environment.

Intelligence is likely a complicated interaction between genetics and environment.

One of Ms.​ Durant's female African American students often arrives late to school. What cultural assumption might Ms. Durant make about this​ eighth-grader? A. Ms. Durant might assume the student does not like school. B. Ms. Durant might assume the girl often oversleeps. C. Ms. Durant might assume the​ girl's parents are not concerned about her education. D. Ms. Durant should not make cultural assumptions.

Ms. Durant should not make cultural assumptions.

José​, a student in Marva​ Vance's class, wants to be the narrator of the Thanksgiving​ pageant, even though he is not proficient in English. According to research on the effectiveness of bilingual​ programs, which strategy might Ms. Vance use to improve the English speaking and writing skills of all her​ students? A. Ms. Vance should speak out about the detrimental effects of bilingual education on a​ student's self-esteem. B. Ms. Vance should support bilingual education because studies have found that students in bilingual programs ultimately achieve in English as well as or better than students taught only in English. C. Ms. Vance should learn the languages of the students in her class. D. Ms. Vance should avoid bilingual programs because they have been found to be harmful to students in their English development.

Ms. Vance should support bilingual education because studies have found that students in bilingual programs ultimately achieve in English as well as or better than students taught only in English.

Of the following female​ teachers, which teacher is clearly not showing gender bias in the​ classroom? A. Ms.​ C., who notices that two girls in her calculus class are interested in both math and science and encourages them to​ "step out of the girl​ role" to pursue engineering. B. Ms.​ A., who calls on some girls more than others in her French class at an elite private school for girls only. C. Ms.​ B., who intentionally assigns boys to clerical tasks and girls to leadership roles in her mock United Nations lesson. D. Ms.​ D., who has her kindergarten students line up in two lineslong dashone girls and one boyslong dashto go out for recess.

Ms.​ A., who calls on some girls more than others in her French class at an elite private school for girls only.

In recent​ years, high school completion rates were lowest among A. ​Latino/Latina students. B. African American students. C. Asian American students. D. Native American students.

Native American students.

Regarding the students of Marva Vance and John​ Rossi, which of the following statements on socioeconomic status is most likely​ true? A. Schools overwhelmingly represent the values and expectations of the working class. B. Students from​ working-class or​ lower-class backgrounds perform academically as well as or better than students from​ middle-class homes. C. Students from​ middle-class and​ lower-class homes are equally likely to make academic progress over the summer. D. Students from disadvantaged homes are more likely to have inadequate access to health care.

Students from disadvantaged homes are more likely to have inadequate access to health care.

Marva Vance and John Rossi discuss stereotypical gender roles in the Thanksgiving pageant. From the research reported in this​ section, how should the teachers assign male and female students to the roles in the​ pageant? A. The teachers should assign all students to nontypical racial and gender roles. B. The teachers should assign males and females to authentic​ roles: males are​ hunters, females are cooks. C. The teachers should reduce the interactions of males and females in the pageant. D. The teachers should encourage students to select roles in which they are​ interested, not roles that society expects them to play.

The teachers should encourage students to select roles in which they are​ interested, not roles that society expects them to play.

Marva Vance and John Rossi discuss their​ students' tendencies to accept the stereotypical roles assigned to them by society. According to​ research, what should the teachers do about this​ stereotyping? A. Write a Thanksgiving play that includes the contributions of all underrepresented groups. B. Allow students to select their own​ roles, even if they make stereotypical decisions. C. Tell the story of Thanksgiving as realistically as​ possible: Native American students play Native​ Americans, girls play​ cooks, and boys play hunters. D. Themes should be​ nonbiased, and individuals from underrepresented groups should appear in nonstereotypical​ high-status roles.

Write a Thanksgiving play that includes the contributions of all underrepresented groups.

African​ American, Native​ American, and Mexican American students all tend to perform better in classrooms when the activities​ are: A. competitive. B. creative. C. cooperative. D. ​community-based.

cooperative.

Of the​ following, the best overall advice for a new teacher regarding how to interact successfully with parents is​ to: A. require that parents participate in at least one class activity during the school year. B. let parents know what is happening in the classroom at least once a week. C. develop a​ partnership, with the child as the central focus. D. encourage parents to do homework​ and/or read with their children as much as possible.

develop a​ partnership, with the child as the central focus.

When children from​ lower-class families are adopted into​ middle-class homes, they tend​ to: A. have lower grades than their siblings who are biologically related to the adoptive parents. B. have trouble following directions and have consistent behavioral problems in school. C. do better in school than their siblings who were not adopted with them. D. score at or below proficient in standardized tests like the NAEP Reading test.

do better in school than their siblings who were not adopted with them.

The​ "boy crisis" refers to the idea that boys are more likely than girls​ to: A. do poorly or drop out of high school. B. commit suicide before they are 20 years old. C. gain admission to elite universities. D. have low scores on tests of academic aptitude.

do poorly or drop out of high school.

In​ general, women are more likely than men​ to: A. have a learning disability that affects achievement. B. take the most challenging classes in high school. C. earn a​ bachelor's degree. D. overestimate their academic abilities.

earn a​ bachelor's degree.

One consistent finding regarding achievement differences between boys and girls is​ that: A. girls score a lot better than boys on English​ tests, and boys score a little better than girls on math tests. B. girls have higher intelligence​ overall, but boys are encouraged to put forth more effort. C. boys have better memories and better spatial visualization skills than girls do. D. girls score better than boys on essay​ tests, but boys score better than girls on multiple choice tests.

girls score a lot better than boys on English​ tests, and boys score a little better than girls on math tests.

Researchers most commonly determine an​ individual's "social​ class" based on the​ person's: A. employment status. B. combined family income. C. profession and prestige in society. D. income and years of education.

income and years of education.

Children from​ working-class families often have difficulty in schools that emphasize the characteristically​ middle-class values​ of: A. individuality and orientation toward the future. B. cooperation and helping others. C. being smart and being kind. D. working hard to succeed and saving money for the future.

individuality and orientation toward the future.

The development of the IQ in the early 1900s led to the popular assumption​ that: A. intelligence is a general aptitude that existed across all learning. B. intelligence is a construct that cannot be defined in an unbiased way. C. intelligence is overwhelmingly a product of heredity. D. intelligence is complex and cannot be measured at all.

intelligence is a general aptitude that existed across all learning.

Sternberg and Gardner have different theories of intelligence but share a belief​ that: A. intelligence is genetically determined and changes very little across the lifespan. B. a​ person's performance on one intellectual task is typically consistent with performance on other intellectual tasks. C. verbal and mathematical skills are the two most important components of intelligence. D. intelligence is best thought of as different independent strengths or abilities.

intelligence is best thought of as different independent strengths or abilities.

When Mr. Banks asks his 8th graders to write a fictional report​ titled, "My life as a​ refugee," he is most directly emphasizing the dimension of multicultural education known​ as: A. prejudice reduction. B. knowledge construction. C. equity pedagogy. D. content integration.

knowledge construction.

Researchers believe that the primary reason for the achievement gap is that many members of underrepresented​ ethnic/racial groups in the United States​ have: A. low socioeconomic status. B. low motivation to achieve. C. limited access to preschool. D. limited ability with English.

low socioeconomic status.

In​ general, working-class parents are more likely than​ middle-class parents to demand that their​ children: A. attend summer school. B. focus on achieving high grades. C. participate in sports. D. obey their teachers.

obey their teachers.

Some research suggests that parent and community involvement programs are most likely to have positive effects on​ children's school achievement when they emphasize​ that: A. parents have important roles as educators for their own children. B. teachers are primarily responsible for the children in the​ classroom, and parents are primarily responsible at home. C. parents have a responsibility to volunteer and be an active presence in the classroom. D. community agencies and civic organizations are just as important as parents when making decisions that affect students.

parents have important roles as educators for their own children.

In the United States​ today, a child with limited English skills​ (i.e., an English​ learner, or​ EL) is most likely to​ be: A. taught reading or other subjects in the native language for a few years and then transitioned to the​ English-only curriculum. B. taught reading or other subjects in both the home language and in​ English, usually at different times of the day. C. placed in an English as a Second Language program to develop oral English skills. D. included in regular English instruction and expected to do the best he or she can.

placed in an English as a Second Language program to develop oral English skills.

Current research on whether students can be identified has having specific​ "learning styles" suggests that teachers​ should: A. ask the students to say what their learning styles are and then allow them to choose activities to match. B. assess each​ student's learning style and provide learning activities that match it. C. adapt instruction depending on whether students are​ left-brain learners or​ right-brain learners. D. provide instruction that allows students to make choices and to display a variety of knowledge and skills.

provide instruction that allows students to make choices and to display a variety of knowledge and skills.

Current research on whether students can be identified has having specific​ "learning styles" suggests that teachers​ should: A. assess each​ student's learning style and provide learning activities that match it. B. adapt instruction depending on whether students are​ left-brain learners or​ right-brain learners. C. provide instruction that allows students to make choices and to display a variety of knowledge and skills. D. ask the students to say what their learning styles are and then allow them to choose activities to match.

provide instruction that allows students to make choices and to display a variety of knowledge and skills.

Current research on whether students can be identified has having specific​ "learning styles" suggests that teachers​ should: A. assess each​ student's learning style and provide learning activities that match it. B. provide instruction that allows students to make choices and to display a variety of knowledge and skills. C. adapt instruction depending on whether students are​ left-brain learners or​ right-brain learners. D. ask the students to say what their learning styles are and then allow them to choose activities to match.

provide instruction that allows students to make choices and to display a variety of knowledge and skills.

One of the main reasons that large urban school districts in the United States are​ segregated, despite court rulings and decades of​ effort, is​ that: A. the city budgets in large urban areas could not support the busing that is required to achieve integrated schools. B. in large districts with racially diverse​ populations, most​ non-minority children enroll in private school. C. recent research suggests that segregated schools in urban districts have more benefits than integrated schools in the same districts. D. public schools still largely serve children in their​ neighborhoods, and much of the country is still segregated by neighborhood.

public schools still largely serve children in their​ neighborhoods, and much of the country is still segregated by neighborhood.