PSY 380 (Addictions): Chapter 3: Drug Policy

The most important change brought in by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments was one requiring the every new drug be demonstrated to be ______________.

Effective for the illnesses mentioned on the label

identify the important classes of drug laws.

--A group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales. --A group of laws that regulates the practices on entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs.

What were the provisions added by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to federal law?

--Companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trails on humans. --Advertisements for prescription drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug.

What are the reasons for why the new drug application provision under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act were important?

--It increased the power and responsibility of the FDA as well as its size. --It reduced the likelihood of companies run by untrained people introducing new drugs.

What did the Jones-Miller Act passed by Congress in 1922 Do?

--It more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs. --It officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a crime.

Identify the costs incurred due to drug control enforcement

--The cost of placing law enforcement officers at risk --The cost of supporting repressive governments in combating drug trade --The cost of imprisoning drug-law violators

What are dietary supplements able to do under federal law?

--They are permitted to make general statements about their contribution to overall health. --They do not need to be proved to be effective for an intended purpose.

What years did these laws pass in the United States: 1. The Harrison "Narcotics" Act regulated oploids and cocaine. 2. The prohibition of alcohol was ratified by implemented the next year. 3. The Pure Food and Drugs Act regulated pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales.

1. 1914 2. 1918 3. 1906

What type of studies do these clinical investigations involve? 1. Phase 1 2. Phase 2 3. Phases 3

1. This phase encompasses studies with relatively low doses of a drug on limited number of healthy people. 2. This phase involves a few hundred patients who have the conditions a drug is designed to treat. 3. This phase administers a drug to 1,000 to 5,000 individuals with the disease or symptom for which the drug is intended.

Define Morphine

A narcotic, the primary active chemical in opium. Heroin is made from morphine.

Define Cocaine

A stimulant; the primary active chemical in coca.

______________ is a stimulant and the primary active chemical in coca, the pure form of which became available in the US in the mid-1800s.

Cocaine

The largely unsubstantiated fear that _______ was important in building support for federal drug control laws among southern senators and congressman in the US despite their opposition to increasing federalism.

Cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes.

____________ is a narcotic and the primary active chemical in opium from which heroin is derived.

morphine

After the Passage of the Jones-Miller Act by Congress in 1922, illegal opiods were so expensive that many users came to prefer the most potent type available which was?

Heroin

The first groups of American students to be widely subjected to urine screening for drugs were those?

Involved in team sports.

What did the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act achieve by regulating interstates commerce?

It brought the federal government full force into the drug marketplace.

Define Patent Medicines

Medicines sold directly to the public under various trademark names. Primarily associated with the period before 1906.

During the period after the Civil War in the United States, concerns about drunkenness, crime, drug misuse, and other forms of deviant behavior came to be associated with?

Minority Racial Groups

According to the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a company had to submit an _____ ______ _______ (NDA) to the FDA that included "full reports of investigations which have been made to show whether or not a drug is safe for use," which had to be approved before the drug could be marketed.

New Drug Application

According to the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs act, misbranding referred...?

Only to labels, not to general advertising

In the Early 1800's, the most reliable and effective medicine of medical doctors, used for a variety of conditions bu most notable as a pain reliever was?

Opium

One of the consequences of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was that federal law of the United States now recognized a difference between _________ drugs.

Over-the-counter and prescription-only

What did misbranding refer to?

Referred only to the label, not to general advertising, and covered "any statement, design, or device regarding...a drug, or the ingredients or substances contained therein, which shall be false or misleading in any particular."

Define Symbolic Impact

Results of the legislation and provide status benefits to the supporters of criminalization regardless of hoe effectively the laws are actually enforced. These cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social status by being identified with political power and as supporting goodness, morality, and decency.

Which of the following drug testing methods is more invasive than the rest?

Supervised urine testing

The Department of Agriculture administered?

The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act

The Treasury Department administered?

The Harrison Act of 1914

When the US imported Chinese workers after the Civil War, mainly to help build the rapidly expanding railroads, what did some of them bring with them?

The habit of smoking opium

Define Instrumental Impact

The instrumental impact of criminalization refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of the laws: effects on the lives of those who are arrested and their family, effects on local, state, and federal budgets, and effects on the police agencies, prosecutors, prison guards, and others who livelihood may depend upon the implementation of the laws.

What do an 1875 San Francisco ordinance, an 1882 New York Law, and an 1890 federal act in the US all have in common?

They all regulated the manufacture and use of opium.

How are drug like dietary supplements viewed by federal law?

They are treated more as foods.

Why were morphine and heroin popular among the lower-class opium users when states and municipalities in the US began to outlaw opium dens?

They were readily available and inexpensive.

The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare?

This was given funding for drug-related research, treatment, and prevention efforts

The Justice department's Drug Enforcement Agency?

This was given responsibility for controlling certain drugs directly rather than through tax or interstate commerce laws.

One of the precursors to the Pure Food and Drugs Act was the 1906 publication of _________, which exposed the horribly unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and shocked congress and America.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

According to the Pure Food and Drugs act, the packaging of drugs had to indicate?

What proportion of the habit-forming drugs they included

What are the two main reasons for which private corporations adopt drug tests?

--They believe that the company will be protected against suits for drug-related negligence --They believe that drug-free workers will have better productivity.

What are the criteria to the following controlled substances schedules? 1. Schedule 1 2. Schedule 2 3. Schedule 3 4. Schedule 4 5. Schedule 5

1. Has high potential for abuse with no currently acceptable medical use in treatment in the US 2. Has high potential abuse that may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence with currently accepted medical use. 3. Has potential for abuse that may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence 4. Has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to schedule 3 5. Has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical of psychological dependence relative to schedule 4

What is the number of days up to which they can detect drug use in the drug testing methods of 1. Urine Testing 2. Hair Testing 3. Saliva Testing

1. It can detect most kinds of drugs for up to 3 days, but it can also detect frequently used drugs for a couple of weeks after the last dose. 2. It can detect drug use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods. 3. It can only detect fairly recent drug use, up to 1 day, in most cases.

_______________ ____________ are medicines sold directly to the public under various trademark names and are primarily associated with the period before 1906 in the US.

Patent Medicines