PSY 451 - Principles of Psychotherapy Final Exam
Dasein
"Being-in-the-world" the totality of your autonomous personal existence.
how does reality therapy treat depressed clients?
"is choosing to depress my best choice to get this picture right now?"
What are the two basic hypothesis according to person-centered therapy?
1. each person has the capacity to understand the circumstances that cause unhappiness and to reorganize his or her life accordingly 2. a person's ability to deal with these circumstances is enhanced if the therapist establishes a warm, accepting, and understanding relationship
How long does IPT usually last?
12-16 sessions
When did multicultural therapy begin?
1970s
During Phase _______ of the multicultural movement, there was a push for inclusiveness for other groups, such as women, people with disabilities, and members of the LGBTQ group.
2
What is creative according to Rollo May?
A balanced personality type
What does treatment of depression look like in CBT?
Behavioral activation - increasing pleasurable activities, Beck's cognitive therapy
Describe Bruch's psychodynamic theory of eating disorders (1.5). What is a piece of evidence that supports this view (1.5)?
Bruch described eating disorders as caused by a parents ineffective ways of attending to a child's needs. The children then grow up to be unaware of their needs, so they seek excessive control over their bodies. There is evidence that suggests that many people with eating disorders are unable to accurately label their feelings.
Who was Keen?
Described several forms of time that take place in pathological situations (existential therapy)
What are the several forms of time that take place in pathological situations according to Keen (1970)?
Deteriorating future, status-driven future, fantastic future
Existentialism
Emphasizes personal responsibility, free will, and the striving toward personal growth and fulfillment
Describe in detail exposure and response prevention in the treatment of specific phobias.
Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the therapeutic technique in which the therapist gradually exposes a client to their phobia while encouraging them not to respond. An example could be when an individual is scared of spiders, the therapist gradually presents them with an increased level of anxiety-provoking stimuli while encouraging the client to not respond to it. They could be asked to touch the spider and not respond.
Soren Kierkegaard
Father of Existentialism
Who was Carl Rogers?
Founder of humanistic approach to psychology
What are the psychodynamic references in IPT?
Influence of early life experience in later development
specific phobias
Marked, persistent ,and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation
The _____ Approach is an outpatient therapy for eating disorders that integrates parents into an active treatment role.
Maudsley
What are the four basic techniques used in Motivational Interviewing?
OARS, open ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries
What are the phases of IPT?
Phase 1: educate about depression and give hope that it can be treated middle phase: interpersonal work termination phase: evaluate symptoms, address sadness about ending. review skills
What is the role of the therapist in IPT?
Reduce clients' feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, demystify depression
What individuals were involved with the philosophical roots of existentialism?
Soren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Buber, and Ludwig Binswanger
Third Force
Term used by Abraham Maslow in reference to the humanistic view of psychology.
cultural pre-compentence
The therapist might make a variety of cultural adaptations to therapy models in order to better serve the needs of culturally diverse clients
How is depression brought on by grief treated by IPT?
Therapist and client discuss the sequence of events that took place prior to, during, and after the loved one's death.
How is depression brought on by role disputes treated by IPT?
Therapist helps the client to identify the stage of the dispute and to point out how different expectations between the client and significant other might have caused the problems between them.
Oliver is receiving therapy for unipolar depression. His therapist tells him that many—even most—of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. Which element of cognitive therapy does this represent? a. challenging automatic thoughts b. changing primary attitudes c. negatively reinforcing verbal avoidance responses d. increasing activities
a
Redirecting a client's attention to service projects so they are less focused on their own problems is an example of the ______ technique Frankl developed. a. dereflection b. socratic c. paradoxical intention d. attitudinal values
a
Which of the following paraphrases Guideline 1 of the American Psychological Association's multicultural competencies? a. Psychologists understand the fluid nature of people's identities, which are influenced by cultural, racial, ethnic, and other factors and are intersectional in nature. b. Psychologists understand the implications of power, privilege, and oppression in the lives of their clients, both in a historical and current sense. c. Psychologists examine and explore the profession's assumptions about human behavior and mental health to assess cultural bias. d. Psychologists understand the significance of language and how their language affects their communication with clients.
a
Which of the following would Jones-Smith say about ethnic identity? a. that ethnic identity is not important to all people b. that people can only have one ethnic identity c. All members of an ethnic group have the same ethnic schema d. Ethnic identity development begins in adolescence.
a
Who is considered the father of racial identity models, including pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization stages in the development of identity? a. Cross b. Pedersen c. Sue d. Smith-Jones
a
GAD
a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
what is ethnic loyalty?
a person's preference for one culture over another, along with his or her level of pride and identity
What is cultural awareness?
a person's understanding and perception of native and host cultures
what is will according to Rollo May? (existentialism)
ability to organize oneself to achieve one's goals
The processes of immigrant groups adopting cultural characteristics of the dominant culture is called ______.
acculturation
What is the existential perspective of the treatment of anxiety?
acknowledge freedom to confront anxiety, analyze client's decision making, identify value system, find courage to be, meaning moving forward in spite of anxiety
what is neo-puritan according to rollo may?
all will and no love; self-discipline, but no wishes to act on
what is infantile according to Rollo May?
all wishes but no will
What is organismic valuing process in person-centered therapy?
allows us to make individual judgments or assessments of he desirability of an action or choice based on one's own sensory and life experience.
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
The disorder characterized by low body weight and a distorted body image is called _______.
anorexia nervosa
What is the existential perspective to anxiety?
anxiety is something all people encounter.
What is the Adlerian perspective on the cause of anxiety?
anxiety serves the purpose of safeguarding one's self-esteem when one feels defeat at the hands of life task. If a child feels they don't belong during developing years, social interest in adulthood will be difficult to understand.
What is the humanistic perspective of anxiety?
arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly, and/or a lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood leads to conditions of worth
according to person-centered therapy, how is therapy itself viewed?
as a process of helping people release already existing positive forces
What are the goals of person-centered therapy?
assist clients in growth, help reach fully functioning status
What are some multicultural strengths according to person-centered therapy?
assume frame of reference of a culture, focusing on empathic listening, core conditions are universal
Martin Buber
attitudes toward the world
Pairing the craving for a drug with an electric shock is an example of _______ therapy.
aversion
Sandra wants to graduate from college but she cannot get herself to focus on her schoolwork and do well. Rollo May would say that she has which personality type? a. conformist b. infantile c. creative d. neo-puritan
b
Why is it believed that postmodern/social constructivist philosophical framework complements the multicultural worldview? a. It emphasizes the importance of objectivity. b. It emphasizes the importance of relativity. c. It considers the role gender plays in an individual's life. d. It considers the role race plays in an individual's life.
b
What is the role of the client in existential therapy?
be active participants, confront their ultimate concerns, explore life's meaning and values, and make commitment to live authentically
_________ is based on a behavioral model of depression that conceptualizes depression as a consequence of a lack of positive reinforcement and might involve helping the client plan more activities they enjoy doing.
behavioral activation
What do counseling sessions focus on in existential therapy?
being in the moment and on the here and now
What is deteriorating future?
believe that life and the world are on a downhill course
What is the renegotiation stage according to interpersonal psychotherapy?
both parties are aware of the dispute and they attempt to resolve their dispute
The psychodynamic method that has been shown to be most effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders is: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy b. dream analysis c. short-term psychodynamic therapy d. free association
c
What kind of a relationship does the therapist seek to establish with the client? a. you-me b. I-it c. I-thou d. I-you
c
What would Frankl say is the primary force in our lives? a. a person's will b. building a relationship with god c. a search for meaning d. being in the world
c
Which is NOT true of a fully functioning person? a. The person is trustworthy. b. The person has established no conditions of worth. c. The person stays within their comfort zone. d. They experience unconditional positive regard from significant others in his or her life.
c
What is the CBT perspective of eating disorders?
can be caused by improper labeling of internal sensations and needs
What is the reality choice perspective of the treatment of anxiety?
change actions in order to change feelings. focus on the present, and avoid criticizing, blaming, or complaining
What is the impasse stage according to interpersonal psychotherapy?
characterized by hostility because the parties involved have stopped trying to work things out
What is psychological contact according to person-centered therapy?
client and the counselor see their experiences together as a relationship
What is incongruent client according to person-centered therapy?
client has tried unsuccessfully to cope with problems
what is behavioral self-control training?
client sets goal and observes existing pattern, then establishes a reinforcement system to reward achievement of goals
What is communication of empathy according to person-centered therapy?
client should recognize the therapist's congruence, acceptance, and empathy
relapse-prevention training
clients gain control over their substance-related behaviors
cultural encapsulation
clinician is culturally isolated and lacks knowledge of other ethnic groups
"Drug dependence may develop because one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension." A person with which view of substance abuse would MOST likely agree with this statement?
cognitive-behavioral
What is existential guilt?
comes from a sense of incompleteness or the realization that we did not use our talents to the fullest
What is existential anxiety?
constructive form of the normal anxiety we experience as we become increasingly aware of our freedom and responsibility to live an authentic life
What is forgetfulness of being in existential therapy?
continual distraction and diversion to be wholly unaware of ourselves
What is mindfulness of being in existential therapy?
continually in touch with our existence and world of being
What do Freudians focus on in the treatment of anxiety?
control of the id, less on fear
How are eating disorders treated?
correct dangerous eating patterns, address broader psychological and situational factors
what is multicultural counseling?
counseling relationship in which a client and therapist are of different ethnicities, cultures, races, or backgrounds
What is therapist empathy according to person-centered therapy?
counselor's ability to sense the client's private world as if it were his or her own but without ever losing the "as if" quality
What is positive regard according to person-centered therapy?
craving for affection
"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by a: a. psychodynamic therapist b. systematic desensitization c. reality therapist d. humanistic therapist
d
Relapse-prevention training to treat substance misuse differs from other forms of therapy in that the goal is to: a. stop using the substance completely b. slow the development of tolerance over time c. offset the negative effects of using the substance d. gain control over one's use of the substance
d
The main approach of interpersonal therapy can best be described as ______. a. using randomized control trials to research effective therapies for anxiety b. using a combination of medication and therapy to treat personality disorders c. examining a client's depressive history through a theory of personality d. helping clients overcome depression by improving their communication patterns
d
What is a potential negative consequence of active listening? a. Clients may get uncomfortable during period of silence and talk too much. b. Clients are too interested in hearing the therapist repeat back what they just said to focus on their thoughts. c. The client may feel that the therapist does not truly care about what they are saying. d. Some ethnic groups may be uncomfortable with the persistent eye contact that is a part of active listening.
d
Which is NOT true of person-centered therapy? a. Therapy works toward helping the client become the person that he or she wants to be. b. The client chooses the goals of therapy on his or her own. c. One of the goals is for clients to give up self-concealment and facades. d. The clients is expected to move toward the expectations of others to reduce conditions of worth.
d
What are the four existential problems that form the core of the existential struggle?
death, freedom vs. responsibility, isolation, and meaninglessness
How does interpersonal psychotherapy work?
demystifying depression, generating interpersonal options for resolving depression, and reducing social isolation
What are the limitations in the psychodynamic treatment of depression?
depressed clients may be too passive and weary to participate fully, and may end treatment too early to get any rewards
What is the existential perspective of depression?
depression can result from guilt of not living up to one's potential
What is the psychodynamic perspective on depression in terms of object relations theorists?
depression results when people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure
What is paradoxical intention according to logotherapy?
directs a client to do something contrary to one's actual intentions
What is the psychodynamic perspective of eating disorders according to Bruch?
disturbed mother-child interactions lead to child ego deficiencies
what is socialized or stigmatized ethnocentrism?
either in-group or out-group hatred and stigmatization due to socialization practices of parents, the media, or the mainstream society
What is reactive ethnocentrism?
either in-group or out-group hatred based on contact experiences that are generalized to the entire populations under consideration
Martin Heidegger
emphasis on Dasein: sense of oneself as a distinct and autonomous person existing in a physical and psychological world
What are the strengths of existential therapy?
emphasis on client self-determination, optimistic, focus on interpersonal relationships, focus on the present
What is an existential vacuum?
emptiness or hollowness that results from meaninglessness in life
According to existential therapy, anxiety is a threat to ____?
existence
What are the three ways to find meaning according to logotherapy?
experience someone/something that we love, completing a deed, or adopting attitudinal values
A therapist who sat with a patient with bulimia while the patient ate appropriate quantities of "forbidden" foods, and then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge, would be practicing:
exposure and response prevention
What is reflection of feeling according to person-centered therapy?
expressing in the therapist's words the client's essential feelings that were either stated or implied
What is the CBT perspective of treatment of substance use disorders?
extinction and cue exposure procedures, aversion therapy
What is the role of the therapist in existential therapy?
facilitate clients' encounters with themselves, focus on client responsibility, help clients make choices
What is self regard according to person-centered therapy?
feelings about ourselves, influenced by positive regard from others
what is neurotic anxiety in existential therapy?
feelings of despair and anxiety that come from inauthentic living, a failure to make choices, and the avoidance of responsibility.
What is the main goal of existential therapy
finding personal meaning
Rollo May
first major American existentialist
Phase 1 of the multicultural movement
focused on ethnic or racial minority groups primarily
Phase 3 of the multicultural movement
focuses on multicultural counseling competencies and on providing evidence-based multicultural research
What are the two levels that death operates at in existential therapy?
forgetfulness of being and mindfulness of being
Who was Viktor Frankl (Existential therapy)?
founder of logotherapy, a form of existential analysis. Was jewish, and studied medicine
What are some psychodynamic therapies used in the treatment of anxiety?
free association, therapist interpretations of transference, resistance, and dreams
What does the counseling relationship in existentialism look like?
genuine and authentic
What are the four primary depressogenic triggers according to interpersonal psychotherapy?
grief, interpersonal disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits
Existential ________ comes from a sense of incompleteness or the realization that we did not use our talents to the fullest.
guilt
what is interpersonal isolation?
gulf between yourself and other people, primarily because of a dificiency in social skills
What is monocultural?
having familiarity with only one culture or sharing a common culture to the exclusion of others
What are the limitations of existential therapy?
highly individualistic, social factors are ignored, and too philosophical
Ludwig Binswanger
holistic model of self
Friedrich Nietzsche
human subjectivity
What is the Adlerian therapy perspective on the treatment of depression?
identify, explore, and challenge a client's current beliefs about their life goals. Emphasis placed on importance of feelings of self
Is IPT effective?
in conjunction with medications tends to work more quickly and delay relapses better than either alone; comparable to CBT for depression
Phase 2 of the multicultural movement
included other groups like LGBTQIA+, disabled, women, etc. in the 1980s
What is the fundamental cause of maladjustment according to person-centered therapy?
incongruency between one's self concept and one's experiences
What is the person-centered perspective of depression?
increase self-esteem, closer agreement between idealized and actual self.
Jean-Paul Sartre
individuals must find a reason to exist
What is fusion in existentialism?
individuals relax their ego boundaries and allow them to become merged with those of significant others
What is the Maudsley Approach to eating disorders?
intensive outpatient treatment where parents are integrated as an active and positive role
What is the interpersonal psychotherapy perspective of depression
interpersonal problems may lead to depression, as effective as CBT in treatment of depression
_____ conceptualizes depression as being related to social conflicts or social role changes.
interpersonal psychotherapy
What are the three types of isolation?
interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential
What is intrapersonal isolation?
isolation from part of yourself
What is the psychodynamic perspective on anxiety?
it is a weakening of defense mechanisms. Can be traced to inadequate parent-child relationships
What have studies shown about the treatment of GAD using psychodynamic therapy?
it only moderately helps. Short-term psychodynamic therapy is more effective.
What are major criticisms of existential approaches?
lack of critical empirical approach, lacks focus on client history, no specific therapeutic practices
What are the characteristics of short-term psychodynamic therapies?
lasts for 25-30 sessions over a period for 6-8 mo. Addresses historical roots of their anxiety through attention to transference or life events that activate defenses.
What is the role of the client according to person-centered therapy?
let go of masks/facades, begin to heal
What are the three basic assumptions of logotherapy?
life has meaning under all circumstances, people are free to find meaning in life, and people are free to activate the will to find meaning under any circumstances
What is active listening according to person-centered therapy?
listener says little, but conveys empathy, acceptance, and genuineness
What are the symptoms of depression?
little pleasure, less active and productive, negative views, headaches, indigestion, constipation, general pain
What are the two steps in the therapeutic process of person-centered therapy?
movement away from the self that one is not and movement towards one's true self
What are the three personality types associated with the will according to Rollo May?
neo puritan, infantile, and creative
_________ anxiety refers to feelings of despair and anxiety that come from inauthentic living, a failure to make choices, and the avoidance of responsibility.
neurotic
Do fully functioning people exist?
no
What is existential isolation
no matter how close we feel to another, there is always a gap
OCD
occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions
contingency management
offer clients incentives that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens
What are behavioral weight-restoration approaches in the CBT treatment of eating disorders?
offer rewards whenever patients eat properly or gain weight and offer no rewards when they eat improperly
What is the CBT perspective of substance use disorders?
operant conditioned by tension-reduction rewarding effects of drugs
What is unconditional positive regard according to person-centered therapy?
parents and significant others accept and love a person for who they are
What are the key-concepts of person-centered therapy?
people are basically good, everyone is moving towards self-actualization
What is the psychodynamic perspective of substance abuse disorders?
people are more likely to develop these disorders if they had powerful early years dependency needs, overly harsh superego, weakness of the ego
what is the reality/choice perspective on depression?
people choose to depress, passive call for help, to gain control
I-Thou
people do not view eachother as having specific qualities but engage in a dialogue involving eachother's whole being
I-It
people perceive each other as having specific, isolated qualities and see themselves as part of a world that ocnsists of things
What is the choice theory/reality therapy perspective to substance abuse?
people use because they don't feel in control of their lives in order to control emotions/thoughts
What is intentionality in existential therapy?
people's capacity to have a conscious and unconscious sense of purpose in life
What is cultural relativism?
perspective that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another
cultural destructiveness
policies and practices that are destructive to cultures and to individuals within the culture
What occurs if children do not receive unconditional ______ from their parents and significant others, they may develop conditions of worth.
positive regard
What is conditional positive regard according to person-centered therapy?
positive regard depend on a person behaving in ways that others think is correct
What is the Adlerian perspective on the treatment of anxiety?
prevention in form of encouragement, and help client develop better ways to derive a perception of wellbeing through their own social interest.
What is phenomenal field in person-centered therapy?
private world of each individual that becomes his or her source of internal reference for viewing life
social anxiety disorder
pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by othersr
What is the role of the therapist in person-centered therapy?
provide a climate of safety and trust, be present and accessible, focus on immediate experience, restate or reflect what the client is saying to be sure of accuracy.
What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy according to person-centered therapy?
psychological contact, incongruent client, therapist congrueny, unconditional positive regard, therapist empathy, and communication of empathy
Maria is working with someone with depression and says "The next time you depress, ask yourself whether choosing to depress your best choice to get this picture you want right now". What type of therapy is she likely practicing?
reality therapy
Gerald is currently one of Carla's clients. During a session, he talked about an issue he has at work, saying, "It seems like I never get credit for my work. Over and over I watch other people on my team get praise for contributions I made or code I helped write. Sometimes I just want to send an e-mail to everyone saying 'I DID THAT!'" Carla said in response, "You feel frustrated that you aren't appreciated at work." Carla is employing a technique called __________.
reflection of feeling
What is the psychodynamic perspective on depression?
regression to an earlier stage of development
What is the dissolution stage according to interpersonal psychotherapy?
relationship is beyond recovery
What is at the core of the therapeutic relationship in existential therapy?
respect and faith in the client's potential to cope and sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy
What is paraphrasing according to person-centered therapy?
restating the message in similar but fewer words
What is the multicultural perspective of anxiety?
results from people being faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions
What is the CBT perspective of depression?
results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking
What is status-driven future?
save their money and their enjoyment of life for the future
What is multiculturalism?
school of thought or a philosophy that recognizes and values the various contributions of multiple cultures to a nation's life
What is an I-Thou relationship in existential therapy?
sharing experiences help therapist understand the client's being, freedom, choices, and responsibilites
What is the humanistic perspective of the treatment of anxiety?
show unconditional positive regard for clients and empathize with them. However, controlled studies have failed to offer strong support
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes at least weekly over the course of 3 months. absence of excessive compensatory behaviors
What is the sociocultural view of eating disorders?
socially accepted prejudice against overweight people, western standards of female attractiveness, economic and racial differences, family environment
What are some multicultural limitations according to person-centered therapy?
some cultures have expectation for direction/advice, some cultures are more group or family oriented
What is fantastic future?
spend their lives wishing that someday things will be different
What are the psychodynamic therapy strengths in treatment of depression?
successful case reports, most successful with modestly or moderately depressed clients with a clear history of abuse.
What is the CBT perspective on the treatment of anxiety?
systematic desensitization, flooding, exposure, Ellis's rational-emotive therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, ACT, DBT, and modeling
What does reality therapy look like in the treatment of substance use disorder?
take responsibility for the behaviors they have control over and nothing more.
When did interpersonal psychotherapy begin?
the 1970s
what is cultural grief
the berevement caused by an individual's forced adaptation to a new culture
What time tense do existential therapists conduct therapy?
the present tense
What is acculturation?
the process of immigrant groups adopting cultural characteristics of the dominant culture
What is the use of socratic dialogue in logotherapy?
therapist asks questions to raise awareness of meaning in one's life and the possibility of fulfilling that meaning
What is unconditional positive regard according to person-centered therapy?
therapist experiences a warm, positive, acceptant attitude toward the client
What is therapist congruency according to person-centered therapy?
therapist is in touch with what they are experiencing; genuine
How is depression brought on by interpersonal deficits treated according to interpersonal psychotherapy?
therapist works with the client to review past and current relationships to identify recurrent patterns.
What are healthy ways to deal with existential isolation?
to acknowledge that it exists, confront it, and turn lovingly toward others
What is the best way to be in the world according to existential therapists?
to be authentic
What do object-relations therapists focus on in the treatment of anxiety?
to help patients identify and settle early relationship problems
panic disorder
unforseen panic attacks occur repeatedly
What is cognitive remediation therapy?
variety of exercises and tasks are used to help address the rigid thinking patterns that are often associated with anorexia, like drawing shapes or performing motions with dominant and non dominant hand
According to logotherapy, what causes anxiety?
various neuroses, and when people experience frustration of the existential need for meaningful goals
What happens if we do not receive unconditional positive regard according to person-centered therapy?
we develop conditions of worth
community reinforcement approach to CBT treatment of substance use disorders
weaken reinforcement recieved by substance use by increased frequency of reinforcement from other activities
What are the three phases of the Maudsley approach?
weight restoration, returning control of eating to patient, establishing healthy identity
What does our intentionality determine according to existential therapy?
what we focus our attention on in life
cultural incapacity
when a therapist lacks the ability to help culturally diverse clients
cultural blindness
when culturally blind therapists and agencies believe that counseling approaches used by the dominant culture are universally applicable and bias free
What is client acculturative stress?
when members of ethnic or racial minorities experience threats to their cultural identities, feelings of powerlessness, inferiority, hostility, and discrimination
When does intentionality occur according to existential therapy?
when people create meaning
What is dereflection in logotherapy?
when people shift their attention to others, their own personal problems seem to lessen
according to person-centered therapy, do humans tend to move from state of maladjusment toward adjustment?
yes
