PSY 475 | Ch 8

make more errors

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants ... in their recollections.

Repeated Reproduction

A method of measuring memory in which a person reproduces a stimulus on repeated occasions so his or her memory is tested at longer and longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered.

Schema

A person's knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience

Cognitive Interview

A procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption, and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate things like emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene may have appeared when viewed from different perspectives.

his/her memory of the event

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to ...

Script

A type of schema. The conception of the sequence of actions that describe a particular activity. For example, the sequence of events that are associated with going to class would be a "going to class" script.

Cognitive Hypothesis

An explanation for the reminiscence bump, which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability.

Post-ID Feedback Effect

An increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification.

constructive nature of memory

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the ...

auditory with a female speaker

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

constructive memory processes

In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of:

Pragmatic Inference

Inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the statement.

Cultural Life Script

Life events that commonly occur in a particular culture.

Autobiographical Memory

Memory for dated events in a person's life. Autobiographical memory is usually considered to be a type of episodic memory, but has also been defined as including personal semantic memories.

Flashbulb Memory

Memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate.

Misinformation Effect

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later.

source misattribution

Occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified.

Repeated Recall

Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event.

hinders

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that the presence of a weapon __ memory for other parts of the event.

Reverse Testing Effect

Taking a recall test right after witnessing an event increases a participant's sensitivity to subsequently presented misinformation

Reminiscence bump

The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives.

source misattributions

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ________ on memory.

Self image hypothesis

The idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self-image or life identity is being formed.

Memory Trace Replacement Hypothesis

The idea that misleading postevent information impairs or replaces memories that were formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them.

Constructive Nature of Memory

The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.

impairs or replaces

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because MPI __ or __ memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Source monitoring

The process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs. Remembering that you heard about something from a particular person would be an example of source monitoring.

Weapon Focusing Effect

The tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening.

Retroactive Interference

When more recent learning interferes with memory for something that happened the past.

schema

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen: