psy chapter 13
Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true?
Chuck likely has high self-esteem.
Which of the following statements about cliques is false?
Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior
_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.
Cliques; crowds
The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies :A. more troubled family relationships. B. more troubled peer relationships. C. greater difficulty controlling aggression. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
According to research from Due and colleagues, which country is likely to have a relatively low prevalence of bullying?
Sweden
What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence?
It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.
Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?
James Coleman
Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?
Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.
One study of more than 160,000 adolescent from 35 countries found that:
The prevalence of bullying is higher in schools characterized by greater income inequality.
When researchers evaluated the social climate of today's schools to see just how much had changed since the Adolescent Society was published, what did they find?
The researchers concluded that there were both similarities and differences between the climate of today's "adolescent society" and the society described 60 years ago.
Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior?
Robert, a male who is highly relationally aggressive
Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove, such as drinking, smoking, and having risky sex?
Unfortunately, these behaviors are typically associated with being popular
A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?
a cohort
The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:
a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills
In contrast to crowds, cliques:
are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.
Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:
baby boom.
By the end of high school, crowds:
become less important to adolescents.
Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and rejected. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:
diminished social competence.
Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:
middle adolescence
Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except:
more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.
In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________time with their peers ________ with their parents.
more; than
Which of the following statements regarding internet harassment is false?
most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.
Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships
patterns of substance use
According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:
peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood
Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:
peers.
In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:
placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success.
Hostile attributional bias
plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.
Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:
possibly a gang member.
Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.
spend more time in peer groups
All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:
taking piano lessons.
Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?
"druggies"
Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?
"populars"
A recent study of more than 2,000 adolescents found that ____ of adolescents had engaged in electronic bullying, as compared with _____ who had physically bullied someone and ____ who had verbally bullied someone.
10%; 40%; 70%
Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?
Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.
Which of the following is not a way that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership?
All of these statements are ways that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership.
Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?
Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates
Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of: A. selection. B. socialization. C. Both a and b D. None of the above
C. Both a and b
Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief?
Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.
Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities?
Little League baseball
Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers?
Maya, a White female
Natalie's mom believes that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?
Natalie's mom is sort of right—adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other.
Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict resolution. Are these programs effective?
No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak.
Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true?
Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.
Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:
a clique.
Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:
a crowd.
All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:
a decrease in the size of their peer groups.
A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:
a reference group.
Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:
a reference group.
Pepler, Jiang, Craig, and Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10- to 17-year-old Toronto youths and found that:
about 40 percent of adolescents have never bullied anyone.
A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:
academics.
Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except:
active school involvement
The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:
adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.
Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:
adult orientation; peer orientation
The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:
age grading.
Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection?
an aggressive-withdrawn child
Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:
clique avoiders
Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.
clique; crowd
A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to gather in crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition?
cognitive
"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of
crowds.
Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying:
crowds.
All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:
decrease in family values.
By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except
differential abilities in athletics.
A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grates, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol?
engaged
According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:
gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.
According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:
had opportunities to shift status in high school
Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:
had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood
Some commentators have proposed that today's youth are so age segregated that problems such as youth unemployment, teenage suicide, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol use have resulted because adolescents:
have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.
As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except:
he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media.
A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of a network of high-achieving friends who were involved in school-based extracurricular activities and who reported low use of alcohol and few symptoms of depression?
high functioning
Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.
higher
Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:
his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.
Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:
hostile attributional bias
Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, he insisted that the Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this?
hostile attributional bias
In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?
identity development
Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________.
instrumental aggression; reactive aggression
A(n) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(n) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.
isolate; liaison
Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools?
jocks
Principal McGonagall has been watching his students for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?
jocks and brains
All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except:
larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.
Online harassment is ________ in-person harassment
less common than
All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:
offensive-reclusive.
According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?
one-sixth
According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems, except:
parent-child conflict.
Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:
parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.
A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:
participant observation
Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:
participant observation.
Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.
relational aggression
Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?
relational aggression
During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:
remain constant.
In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:
responsibility.
In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.
same sex; opposite sex
During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as:
sex segregation
Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by?
sex segregation
Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?
sex segregation
The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:
social competence.
According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capitol who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity.
sociometric; perceived
Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?
teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques
The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:
the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.
According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:
the youth culture
Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds?
their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd")
The determinants of sociometric popularity are ______, though the determinants of perceived popularity are _____.
things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable
What is the most effective way to respond to a bully?
to do nothing/to walk away