PSY - Chapter 6, Memory

As part of a psychology lab, you squirt sea water at an Aplysia's gills. After doing this several times, the Aplysia retracts its gills before you are able to squirt the water. What phenomenon is the Aplysia demonstrating?

classical conditioning

Stephanie is concerned that she will not do well on her math midterm. Her professor suggests that she study in the same setting where she will take the test. This would make use of the _____ effect.

context

Charlene may be able to repeat the last few words that someone spoke even if she was not paying attention. This is because the information is still available in her _____ memory.

echoic

Case cannot remember which United States president is pictured on the $5 bill. The reason is most likely:

encoding failure.

Examples of the _____ principle include the context effect and mood congruence.

encoding specificity

Tanya remembers the exact color of the carpet where she was standing the moment her mother told her she was pregnant with her baby sister. Tanya's memory of this moment can be characterized as a _____ memory.

flashbulb

The inability to remember previously available information is how scientists define:

forgetting

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to key it into the computer. This is because:

his short-term memory is limited in its duration and capacity.

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on:

how long ago we learned that information and repetition.

What type of memory causes a person to still have a brief image of letters seen on a computer screen, even after the screen has gone blank?

iconic

The unconscious capacity for knowing how to do something is known as "_____."

implicit memory

The mental processes that enable one to retain and use information over time are called:

memory

As Ted leaves the house, his mother calls out to him the names of a few things she would like for him to get from the grocery store. She lists these items in the following order: milk, yogurt, cream cheese, lettuce, tomatoes, and grapes. According to the serial position effect, which items is Ted MOST likely to remember?

milk and grapes

The _____ is the tendency for new and misleading information obtained after an incident to distort one's memory of it.

misinformation effect

The tendency to recall the first items in a list is the:

primacy effect.

Based on what psychologists know about schemas, which is one MOST likely to remember if it was walking down the street?

a dog painted orange

A police officer stops Ashanta to ask about an automobile accident she may have witnessed the previous day. Since she was in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect Ashanta's recollection of the incident? She would be more likely to remember:

a more serious accident than if the officer had said "hit" each other.

Ebbinghaus's major contribution to the study of memory was to show that humans show a basic pattern of:

rapid forgetting followed by stability of remaining memories.

Fill-in-the-blank questions are to multiple-choice questions as:

recall is to recognition.

Using information from memory to identify the correct information when one sees it, such as in a multiple-choice question, is called:

recognition

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and occasionally reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to help him encode information for storage.

rehearsal

As Marco watches television, he sees a commercial for a local dry cleaner and then remembers that he needs to move some laundry from the washer to the dryer. Seeing the dry cleaning commercial has served as a(n) _____ for Marco.

retrieval cue

According to interference theory, _____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something learned before.

retroactive interference

Jordan can recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently. This best illustrates the importance of:

semantic memory.

Before information can be transferred to short-term memory, it must first be a part of _____ memory.

sensory

Fabian is a prosecutor who just lost a trial. An interview with the jury indicated that the main reason they failed to convict the defendant was because two key witnesses were roommates and reported discussing what they saw with one another. To what psychological phenomenon can Fabian attribute the loss?

the misinformation effect

Pauline is a prosecutor. Which phenomenon is most likely to be her main concern as she attempts to launch the prosecution in a highly publicized murder trial?

the misinformation effect on witnesses

Wanda is trying to remember what the face of an old friend looks like. The area of her brain likely to show activity at this point is:

the same as that used for visual perception.

Dr. Hammond is looking for a memory trace. What is the goal of his research?

to find the part of the brain where a specific memory is located

Jamal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone does not have enough charge, so he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which stage in his memory system is most important?

working or short term memory

_____ memory is the type that explains how tasks can be learned, even if a person cannot consciously remember when or where he or she learned the task.

Implicit

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ memory refers to memory for known facts and conscious experiences.

Implicit; explicit

Which example illustrates an explicit memory?

John remembers how excited he was to use his superhero lunch box on the first day of second grade.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which scenario can BEST be used to explain the retrieval problem?

One could find the books if one had their titles or code numbers.

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____.

data entered into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Recalling an imagined event as something directly experienced illustrates:

source confusion.

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Rodney recalled that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken "memory" best illustrates:

source confusion.