Psy exam 1,2,5

The study little Albert involved

A baby and a white rat

The _____ perspective focuses on events occurring with the body such as genetic influences hormones, tumors, hormones, and heredity

Biological

The study of human sexual orientation, schizophrenia, and dementia would be related to the _______ perspective

Biological

The cortex is divided into two sections referred to as

Cerebral hemispheres

The _____ perspective focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information

Cognitive

Ivan Pavlov was known for developing the process of conditioning with

Dogs

The ______ perspective focuses on universal characteristics that all humans share

Evolutionary

Was the first African American to earn his PhD from Clare university

Francis Cecil summer

The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of

Freud

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of

Gestalts psychologist

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Gold Star

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by having him watch her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?

Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.

Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands are called

Hormones

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

Humanism

Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is not a role of the glial cell?

Insulating the axons. Getting nutrients to the neurons. Cleaning up the remains of dead neurons. . Communicating with other glial cells. ALL ARE ROLES

Phobia is best described as

Irrational fear

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

Learning is another word for "maturation."

Was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology

Margaret wahsburn

Although _______ completed all of the coursework to receive a PhD in psychology it was decided because of gender

Mary whiton calkins

Swallowing, breathing and the heartbeat are life-sustaining functions controlled by the _______.

Medulla

A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system thwart receives and sends messages within the system is called a

Neuron

The process of objectively measuring ones own mental activities is known as

Objective introspection

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Ann Freud and Erik Erickson help steer the path for

Personality development studies

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

Rescorla

Was the first African American woman to receive her PhD in psychology

Ruth Howard

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

Thorndike

Bias can cause someone to make faulty observations. T or F

True

The neuron either fires completely or not at all. T or F

True

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, _________, a physiologist, attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind.

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

William James

________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

a. A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.

acquisition

When negative ions are on the outside of the cell and the positive neurons are on the inside of the cell, this is known as the state when the neuron is firing called the _____.

action potential

John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.

behavior

The antagonist _____________ the cell's response of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.

blocks or reduces

The central nervous system consists of ______.

brain and spinal cord

Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.

brain wave activity

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to ________.

cats

The part of the lower brain that controls all involuntary, rapid quick movements is called ________.

cerebellum

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.

classical conditioning

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning BEST describes the dog's behavior?

classical conditioning

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.

classical conditioning

The abbreviation CR stands for ________.

conditioned response

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study.

conditioned stimulus

The abbreviation CS stands for _____

conditioned stimulus

The abbreviation UCR stands for ________.

d. unconditioned response

Freud stressed the importance of ________.

early childhood experiences

_________ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas ________ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.

excitatory and inhibitory

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will eventually "die out" in a process called ________.

extinction

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

fixed ratio schedule

The agonist _____________ the inhibition.

increases

The "aha!" experience is known as ________.

insight learning

In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________.

internal, covert activities

The stomach, heart and intestines are examples of _______

involuntary muscles

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that's ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that's ________.

involuntary; voluntary

Charged partials are best known as _____.

ions

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.

it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

latent learning

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________.

learned helplessness

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.

learning/performance distinction

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ________.

loud noise

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.

maturation

The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.

nervous system

A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a ________.

neurotransmitter

Any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n) ________.

operant

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.

operant conditioning

In the definition of psychology, the term behavior refers to ________.

outward, overt actions and reactions

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________.

physiologist who was studying digestion

Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?

pituitary

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?

positive reinforcer

Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?

psychoanalysis

Thorndike was known for his work with ________.

puzzle box

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.

ratio

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

reinforcement

When positive ions are on the outside of the cell and the negative neurons are on the inside of the cell, this is known as the state when the neuron is not firing called the _____.

resting potential

People's ability to pay attention to certain kinds of information in their surroundings is controlled by the _______.

reticular formation

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

sociocultural

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

spontaneous recovery

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

stimulus generalization

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.

stimulus generalization

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.

strengthens; weakens

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

structuralism; observable behavior

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

the unconscious mind Freud's entire theory centered on the unconscious.

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.

unconditioned response

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.

unconditioned stimulus

The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.

unconditioned stimulus

It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________.

vicarious conditioning

Walking, talking and raising your hand are examples of _______ muscles working.

voluntary

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

white rat