PSY-exam 2

Ch.8 Every time his dad returns home with bags of groceries, two-year-old Timmy looks at the bags and yells, "Cookies" The child has made which of the following?

An association

Ch.5 Which of the following scenarios contains all of the elements of secure attachment?

Anthony is building a space station out of building blocks, while his stepmother sits near him and gazes out the window. When she gets up and leaves to see what the neighbor is doing, Anthony starts to cry. When she comes back, he reaches out for a hug.

Ch.7 Which of the following scenarios is the best example of working memory?

As her teacher lectures, Lucy tries to connect the new information she is hearing to information she has already stored in her memory.

Ch.8 Dennis is watching his friend, Mike, play a video game to learn how to get past a difficult spot on this level. Just as Mike is approaching the important combination of moves to beat the boss, Dennis's phone rings and he looks away from the screen to see who is calling. Which of the following processes did Dennis just miss in learning how to win at this level?

Attention

Ch.4 What is the typical absolute threshold for vision in humans?

On a dark night, if a candle flame is about 30 miles away, a person will see the candle flame about half the time.

Ch.8 When Mike checks his e-mail, he usually finds funny and interesting messages from his friends. Therefore, Mike checks his e-mail frequently. This is an example of which type of learning?

Operant conditioning

Ch.4 Which one of the following examples demonstrates bottom-up processing?

You viewed an ambiguous stimulus. Although you could not see the whole picture, you could still tell it was a dog.

Ch.8 In Pavlov's classic experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as ________.

a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Ch.5 A zygote is ________.

a fertilized egg

Ch.5 Derek, who is 12, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders in a process mediated primarily by which of the following hormones?

testosterone

Ch.4 Meg had neurosurgery to remove a tumor. After the surgery, she could no longer see. Which of the following structures was most likely severed during the surgery?

thalamus

Ch.4 While it is vital to the formation and recall of sensory memory, the hippocampus is not a part of the visual system. What greater brain system is the hippocampus a part of?

the limbic system, which is concerned with instinct and mood

Ch.4 Attention is defined as ________.

the limited capacity to process information under our conscious control

Ch.6 After the night's first period of REM sleep, ________.

the non-REM periods are shorter, and the REM periods are longer

Ch.4 Before it can be integrated with neural signals from other sensory cortexes, visual information from each of the two eyes needs to be combined. Where in the visual pathway does this process begin?

the optic chiasm

Ch.5 Svetlana has just started to understand that volume remains the same, even if it changes shape. Svetlana must be in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Ch.5 Which of the following is NOT a quality of preoperational thinking?

concrete operations

Ch.8 When Tobias passed his driver's exam, the song Fire and Rain by James Taylor was playing on the radio. Now, whenever Tobias hears this sad song, he feels joyous. Tobias's joyful reaction to the sad song can be classified as a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Ch.4 Which of the photoreceptors is responsible for color vision and is most functional in conditions of bright light?

cones

Ch.6 ______ is the awareness of one's surroundings and of what is in one's mind at a given moment.

consciousness

Ch.5 Knowledge that we have gained from experience, education, and practice is called ________ intelligence.

crystallized

Ch.8 Jillian, a stay-at-home mother, watches a lot of daytime television. During the day, Charmin toilet paper runs lots of television ads. Jillian always smiles when she sees these ads because they have so many cute babies on them. When Jillian is shopping at her local market, she finds herself smiling when she is in the toilet paper section, especially when she is near the Charmin toilet paper. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus(i) is(are) the ________.

cute babies

Ch.8 By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light. In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the ________.

fear response

Ch.5 Eighteen-month-old Jesse explores and plays while her mother is in the room. The research suggests that Jesse may ________.

feel securely attached to her mother when she is 13

Ch.5 During which of the following stages of development does the child begin to have hair grow on its head and gain facial features that become similar to those the child will display at birth?

fetal

Ch.5 Mary is pregnant, and her baby is about seven pounds and about twenty inches long. She can give birth now without danger of being pre-term. In which stage of pregnancy is she?

fetal (38 weeks)

Ch.5 Kate is 9 weeks pregnant. The developing child's heartbeat can be detected with a stethoscope, and organs are growing and maturing. In which stage of development is Kate's developing child?

fetal stage

Ch.6 Circadian rhythms are __________.

fluctuations in biological processes that occur approximately within a 24-hour period

Ch.8 Behavior modification techniques have been particularly effective in ________.

getting people to quit smoking

Ch.8 Maureen is learning French. According to the last component of observational learning, reinforcement, Maureen is more likely to learn more French if she ________.

goes to visit France and a stranger compliments her rudimentary French

Ch.5 Milo is 18 months. When separated from his mother, he cannot be comforted by his mother when they reunite, and he has difficulty returning to play. Milo shows some passiveness as well. What attachment style would you classify Milo as having?

insecure-resistant attachment

Ch.5 According to Erik Erikson, the conflict of old age is between ________.

integrity versus despair

Ch.7 Ronda says that she can't study for her classes in her dorm room because her roommates make too much noise. Their talking, loud music, and TV programs "jumble up" in her brain and she can't remember what she just read. What memory issue is Ronda describing?

interference

Ch.6 Research has shown that training in __________________ meditation can increase well-being and physical health.

mindfulness

Ch.6 Rose is smitten with Sid. She is speaking with him and is fully aware of what he is saying, the tone of his voice, how he smells, the look in his eyes, and how he makes her feel. Rose's state of consciousness can be said to be high in __________.

mindfulness

Ch.8 Jessie, who is 13 years old, sees videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all the really hot people must smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ________.

modeling

Ch.6 As stated in the Feist and Rosenberg text, when we sleep we are _________________ conscious.

moderately

Ch.8 Your son brings home a bad grade on his report card. He is not allowed to play with his video game until the next test. If this successfully removes the bad grade, then preventing him from playing with his video game is an example of ________.

negative punishment

Ch.7 Hebb's law states that __________.

neurons that fire together wire together

Ch.4 In signal detection theory, what does a correct rejection represent?

not reporting a stimulus that is not there

Ch.8 Ratio schedules involve the _____ behaviors needed for a reward.

number of

Ch.8 According to Bandura, _________.

observational learning involves four processes

Ch.6 Another name for narcotics is __________.

opiods

Ch.7 According to Alan Baddeley (2003, 2007), the first step in the working memory process is __________.

paying attention to a stimulus

Ch.5 Legislatures around the country are thinking of doing all of the following to assist teen drivers EXCEPT ________.

requiring teens to drive SUVs for extra protection in accidents

Ch.5 A 16-year-old inherently is going to have more difficulty ________.

resisting the distractions that might interfere with good driving

Ch.5 What is the sequence in which light enters the eye and reaches the brain for interpretation, regardless of age?

retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, visual cortex

Ch.5 Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing __________.

separation anxiety

Ch.6 Based on the growing body of evidence, which neurotransmitter may play a role in the development of autism?

serotonin

Ch.8 Ted wants to teach his dog, Bailey, to "wave goodbye." He begins to reward Bailey every time he lifts his paw in the air. Then, Ted rewards Bailey any time he lifts his paw and moves it even slightly. Finally, he rewards him only when he makes a full waving motion. Which of the following techniques is Ted using with Bailey?

shaping

Ch.7 Dante looks up the names of the Great Lakes in his textbook. He scans them, and repeats them over and over again in his head while he pulls out a set of notecards to make flash cards. Which type of memory and what part of his brain are being used?

short-term memory/prefrontal lobe

Ch.4 Which of the following theories takes into account the decision-making processes people use in detecting a stimulus?

signal detection

Ch.8 There are several possible means by which ______ facilitates learning, but one of the main mechanisms involved is the spontaneous replay and consolidation of daily events.

sleep

Ch.7 Eric Kandel concluded that "practice makes perfect, even in" a ________.

snail

Ch.8 "Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch." This statement is most closely linked to the theory of ________.

social learning

Ch.4 Researcher Rodrigo Quian Quiroga has found that single neurons fire to specific images of famous people. This phenomenon has been dubbed the ______ finding, after one of the famous people to which the neurons responded.

"Halle Berry neuron"

Ch.5 How would a child, whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning, respond to the "Heinz Dilemma"?

"Heinz should not steal the drug, because everyone can't go around just taking things."

Ch.4 According to Weber's law, you are more likely to detect a difference in sound between ________.

2 and 4 decibels

Ch.4 Julia is holding a basket of apples that weighs five pounds. Sammy keeps adding more apples to Julia's basket and asks her to tell him when she notices that the basket is heavier. Julia notices a difference when the basket's weight reaches six pounds. Now Julia is holding a basket of apples weighing ten pounds. According to Weber's law, how much additional weight in apples must be added for Julia to notice a difference?

2 pounds

Ch.5 Scientists have found the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior isn't fully formed until ________.

25

Ch.5 The average 8- to 12-year-old spends approximately how many hours each day using media?

6

Ch.6 In adults, each complete sleep cycle, non-REM and REM sleep together, lasts about how long?

90 minutes

Ch.7 To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Luke used which of the following?

A mnemonic device

Ch.5 Which of the following statements about dementia is FALSE?

Aging by itself causes dementia.

Ch.5 In the late 1970s, attachment was studied by ________.

Ainsworth

Ch.8 Which of the following are ALL external rewards for behavior?

Candy, money, praise

Ch.8 What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences.

Ch.7 Which of the following statements is correct?

Dante's hippocampus helps move the names of the Great Lakes into his long-term memory, where the names are stored in the cortex of his cerebrum.

Ch.8 Which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement?

Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot.

Ch.6 Lorie is seeing a psychoanalyst. During a session, she tells her analyst about a dream she had where she mailed a fish through her refrigerator to Peru. Which of the following statements would be FALSE from a psychoanalytic perspective on dreams?

Dreams have no discernible meaning.

Ch.6 Davidson et al. (2003) used which of the following types of testing to compare individuals who had mindfulness meditation training versus those who did not?

EEG

Ch.5 Which theorist outlined the stages that people may move through after learning that they are going to die?

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Ch.7 Memory occurs through which three important processes?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Ch.6 Which of the following is FALSE?

Everybody has the same types of dreams.

Ch.8 Mara wants to draw people to her blog by awarding a $5 Amazon gift card to the 100th, 200th, 300th, etc. visitor each day. What type of schedule of reinforcement is she using?

Fixed-ratio schedule

Ch.4 Which of the following scenarios is the best example of multitasking?

Fran is eating popcorn while watching a movie.

Ch.8 You pick a new ringtone for your phone and initially you notice the ringtone. After some time, you become accustomed to the ringtone and pay less attention to it when it rings. What has occured?

Habituation

Ch.6 Psilocybin is the active ingredient in _________.

Hallucinogenic Mushrooms

Ch.7 How did Daniel Tammet memorize pi to more than 22,500 digits?

He is a synesthete, and he remembered a landscape of shapes and colors.

Ch.6 ______ is the phenomenon by which we fail to notice unexpected objects in our surroundings.

Inattentional blindness

Ch.8 n a previous study, participants were given chicken noodle soup. Who felt the chicken soup was a comfort food?

Individuals who had a social connection to that soup

Ch.5 Why would a 1-week-old newborn only see gray tones?

Infants at this age are have underdeveloped neural cells in their retina.

Ch.7 Dante created his flashcards and now is reviewing them. As he does so, the names of the Great Lakes move into his memory storage; the names of the lakes are encoded as engrams. Which of the following best describes an engram?

It is information that is in the process of being encoded into a memory.

Ch.8 Which of the following young children is likely to experience the most neural growth?

Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new, stimulating toys and games

Ch.5 Which theorist commonly presented the "Heinz Dilemma" to his research participants?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Ch.8 As the manager of a new frozen yogurt store, Damon is asked to implement a rewards system that uses a fixed-ratio schedule. Which of the following should he use?

Offer reward cards that allow the customer to get their tenth frozen yogurt for free.

Ch.7 Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a sensory memory being sent to short-term memory?

Malia is eating Indonesian food for the first time. She loves the way it tastes and slowly savors each bite.

Ch.6 Should a pregnant woman take a drug that has been categorized by the FDA as a Category D drug?

Maybe, a Category D drug's risks outweigh the benefits.

Ch.8 Which of the following is TRUE?

Men generally prefer hot meals because it makes them feel taken care of.

Ch.6 ______ encourages attention to the details of momentary experience, such as all the thoughts, feelings, and sensations available at present.

Mindfulness meditation

Ch.8 Which of the following statements about mirror neurons is FALSE?

Mirror neurons are located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Ch.8 Keisha is physically disabled. She is unable to physically duplicate the actions of an ice skating instructor. Which of the following processes keep her from being able to observationally learn how to ice skate?

Motor reproduction

Ch.8 What is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement seeks to increase the frequency of a behavior, and punishment seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Ch.8 With which of the following would social learning theorists agree?

Observational learning is an effective way to learn a skill.

Ch.8 Which of the following best describes how operant conditioning works?

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Ch.8 Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior?

Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister.

Ch.6 Which of the following statements about meditation and mindfulness is TRUE?

People who practice meditation consistently have higher mindfulness scores than those who do not.

Ch.6 In the study of more than 1,800 children mentioned in the article, it was found that what type of antidepressant class likely increased the risk of autism in children whose mothers took this drug during pregnancy?

SSRIs

Ch.7 Karen gives Mike her phone number. Which part of Mike's memory is storing Karen's number temporarily while he searches for a piece of paper on which to write it down?

Short-term memory

Ch.4 Tammy wants to attend a concert of her favorite duo, Queen Tunius and the Jake-man. Unfortunately, she does not have a ticket. She has decided to sneak into the concert but is worried she might get caught because a security guard is sitting in the concert hall watching for trespassers. According to Weber's law, ________.

Tammy should wait until most of the audience is in the concert hall before she sneaks in

Ch.5 Why don't infants in the first few weeks of life see the same sights as adults?

The optic and brain structures in infants are immature.

Ch.6 Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The psychoanalytic theory has been heavily debated amongst psychologists.

Ch.4 Which of the following statements is TRUE?

This new prosthetic arm provides more natural sensation than earlier devices

Ch.6 Which of the following is NOT true of mindfulness meditation?

Those who do not benefit from medication are not likely to benefit from meditation.

Ch.8 ___________ is the conditioned stimulus and ___________ is the conditioned response in the above example

Toilet paper; smiling

Ch.4 ______ processing is when we use higher level thinking, experience, and expectations to help guide our perception of what is happening.

Top-down

Ch.4 The size of the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus. This principle is also known as _________.

Weber's law

Ch.7 What is retroactive interference?

When new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned information

Ch.4 Malika has an unusually accurate sense of taste. While most people can taste the sweetness when there is at least one teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water, Malika can taste the sweetness when there is only one half of a teaspoon of sugar. What do psychologists call this phenomenon?

absolute threshold

Ch.4 Using the classic method of ______, a person's threshold is assumed to be constant, but in ______, it is assumed that a person's threshold fluctuates.

absolute threshold; signal detection

Ch.5 Alzheimer's disease has been likened to low levels of which of the following neurotransmitters?

acetylcholine

Ch.4 As the prosthetic detects stimulus information in the environment, the sensation is transmitted to the brain via ________.

afferent nerves

Ch.5 In aging adults, "use it or lose it" refers to and advises which of the following?

all of the choices are correct

Ch.5 Which of the following has been shown to be an effective clinical application of hypnosis?

all of the choices are correct

Ch.6 When alleviating chronic pain, mindfulness meditation has been associated with which of the following mechanisms?

all of the choices are correct

Ch.4 ______ is the lowest intensity level of a stimulus that we can detect half of the time.

an absolute threshold

Ch.7 Michael tried to commit suicide with a low-caliber pistol, but he survived. He sustained brain damage to his temporal and frontal lobes as a result. One effect of his brain damage is that he cannot retain new information that he's encountered since the accident. What type of amnesia does Michael have?

anterograde

Ch.6 MRI scans revealed thicker brain tissue in areas of the cortex associated with ______ in very experienced meditators versus a comparison group of nonmeditators.

attention

Ch.8 A researcher is trying to replicate Ivan Pavlov's experiment in the lab. She places a bowl of food in front of the dog and realizes that she has forgotten to ring the bell. She rings it after she has given the dog the food to eat. This is an example of ________.

backward conditioning

Ch.6 Which of the following systems does NOT vary on a circadian basis?

blinking

Ch.7 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that the __________.

brain makes associations by simultaneously activating several nodes

Ch.6 Individuals with narcolepsy may also experience a state of _________, which is a weakness of facial muscles and muscles in the limbs.

cataplexy

Ch.7 The string of digits 1776149217871941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1776, 1492, 1787, and 1941 in a process called _________________ makes it easier.

chunking

Ch.8 The phenomenon of comfort food can best be seen as developing through ________.

classical conditioning

Ch.7 Corey is at the store with his wife. He sees a classmate from last semester up ahead in the aisle and begins to panic because he knows that he will have to say hello and introduce his wife to his classmate, but he can't remember the man's name—even though he spoke to him three days a week at school last term. Which of the following best explains why Corey can't remember his classmate's name?

decay

Ch.6 Secobarbital, diazepam, and hydrocodone are all examples of ________.

depressants

Ch.8 Schedules of reinforcement are specific patterns that ________.

determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Ch.4 The minimum amount of stimulation required to tell the difference between two stimuli is called the ________.

difference threshold

Ch.4 You are working in a small group in the back of the classroom. Your instructor asks your group to talk more softly. You all speak more quietly, but your instructor comes back 30 seconds later and asks why you have not quieted down. Which of the following psychological concepts best explains why your instructor didn't realize that you were already speaking more quietly?

difference threshold

Ch.7 Diane is not paying attention to her boyfriend talking, when all of the sudden something he says stops her. She says, "Wait a minute . . . did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in her _______________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

Ch.6 MDMA is also known by which other drug name?

ecstasy

Ch.5 Preoperational children are _______________ thinkers, which means they cannot see the world from others' points of view.

egocentric

Ch.6 Our own bodies produce ______, opioid-like proteins that bind to opioid receptors in the brain and act as natural painkillers.

endorphins

Ch.6 Mindfulness meditation training appears to ________.

enhance well-being, reduce stress, and decrease depression.

Ch.7 Casey says he'll never forget the look on her face the day he told his mother he got accepted into graduate school. This memory is an example of ________.

episodic memory

Ch.6 Because infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than do adults, psychologists believe that a primary function of REM is to __________.

facilitate brain development

Ch.5 The study of ______ is about both change and continuity in the person across the life span.

human development

Ch.6 When a person sleeps for more than 10 hours a day for 2 weeks or more, they are known to have ___________.

hypersomnia

Ch.6 ______ is a state of mind that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, and absorption

hypnosis

Ch.5 As myelination occurs in the frontal lobes of the late adolescent brain, which of the following occurs?

impulse control increases

Ch.5 Which of the following is NOT true of an embryo?

it is 9 weeks old

Ch.4 Based on what you have learned about Weber's law and just noticeable differences ________.

it is easier to detect changes in stimulus intensity when the intensities are low

Ch.7 Procedural memory involves

learning a skill

Ch.6 According to Freud, the two types of content that appear in dreams are ________.

manifest content and latent content

Ch.7 A researcher is interested in the retention of information or experience over time. What is her area of expertise?

memory

Ch.4 Igor Spetic is a patient who has used the new prosthetic. He says that with the prosthetic he is now able to feel textures such as cotton balls and sandpaper again. The ability of Igor's brain to tell the difference between textures is known as a(n) ________.

perception

Ch.7 Dante looks at his notecards. He decides to create the flashcards alphabetically. His working memory is engaged to order the names of the lakes in his head. Which of the following is the most accurate listing of the brain structures most likely active while his working memory is engaged?

prefrontal lobe, visual cortex, and the superior parietal lobe

Ch.7 Nehal, a medical student who has been reading textbooks of illnesses for weeks on end, develops a headache and now fears she has a dreaded brain disease. Fortunately, she does not. This incident serves as a good example of ______________, which is a type of implicit memory.

priming

Ch.5 ______ is the period when sexual maturation begins.

puberty

Ch.4 Light enters the interior of the eye through the ________.

pupil

Ch.4 If you suffered damage to your fovea, which typically occurs after a prolonged period of staring at the sun or exposure to a high-powered laser, which of these aspects of your life would be most affected?

reading (under normal light)

Ch.4 Humans are trichromatic. To what three colors are our eyes sensitive?

red, green, and blue

Ch.7 Which of the following is NOT a reason that forgetting occurs?

regression

Ch.7 Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he can get the numbers typed and saved in his cell phone. He is using the process of __________.

rehearsal

Ch.4 Returning to the aforementioned scenario, as you look for your keys on the kitchen counter, on your dresser, in the drawer, and in the laundry hamper, in which order is visual information processed by parts of your eye and brain?

retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations/tracts, visual cortex

Ch.7 Millie was in a skiing accident and broke both of her legs. She cannot remember the accident at all. This is an example of __________.

retrograde amnesia

Ch.8 Laura watched a public service announcement to curb smoking in which a young boy describes how his mother died from lung cancer after smoking for twenty years. In this example the unconditioned response would be ________.

sadness regarding a mother's death

Ch.7 _________________ are mental frameworks formed from our experiences with the world that help us interpret, store, and remember related experiences, concepts, and behaviors.

schemas

Ch.5 According to Mary Ainsworth, the healthiest form of attachment is called __________.

secure

Ch.4 You are having fun joking around with the new boy in your school. There are some other students talking not too far away, but you don't even realize they are there until you hear one of them say your name. This is an example of ________.

selective attention

Ch.7 You learned the names of the 50 states and the capitol of each one when you were 10 years old. This is an example of ________.

semantic memory

Ch.7 __________________ occurs when information from our five senses leaves a small, momentary trace in our brain unless we pay attention to and process this information.

sensory memory

Ch.6 In which stage of sleep do theta waves occur?

stage 1

Ch.4 Bottom-up processing ________.

starts with recognizing the smaller pieces and builds up to the whole

Ch.4 You have been writing that dreaded term paper all night. It's 3am and you are very tired. You finally decide to quit and go to bed after you find yourself reading the same paragraph over and over. In this example, you have lost the ability to use which kind of attention?

sustained attention

Ch.5 According to the research, young people consistently ________.

take greater risks when their friends are watching, but they take the same number of risks as adults when they are by themselves

Ch.7 One neurological reason why our memories and our emotions are so closely linked is that __________.

the amygdala and the hippocampus are close together

Ch.5 Which of the following would be the easiest for 1-week-old Olivia to see?

the black-and-white mobile hanging 36 inches above her in her crib

Ch.7 More participants in a study can recall the words in the beginning and in the end of a list than can recall words in the middle of a list. This is called __________.

the serial position effect

Ch.4 The difference threshold is defined as ________.

the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that you can detect half the time

Ch.7 Mona says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those movies about the killer cheerleaders! His name begins with an F . . . I just can't remember it!" Mona is experiencing __________.

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Ch.6 Unlike Freud's theory, the activation-synthesis hypothesis ________.

took into account the biological aspects of the brain

Ch.4 You are looking at a painting in a museum. You perceive a house in the corner of the painting, although you cannot actually see the entire house because the edge of the frame is blocking part of the image. The fact that you know that what you are seeing is "a house," even though you can only see some parts of it, is due to ________.

top-down processing

Ch.8 Jillian's smiling at the cute babies is a(n) ________.

unconditioned response

Ch.4 In perception, bottom-up processing focuses on ______, while top-down processing focuses on ______.

what the stimulus is; the function or meaning of the stimulus