PSY EXAM 2
Which of the following is not an example of central nervous system (CNS) processing? While walking barefoot, you step on a tack and immediately lift your foot. You are walking along a narrow board and hold your arms out to keep your balance. You put on a jacket because you feel cold. All are examples of CNS processing.
All are examples of CNS processing.
The actual organ of hearing, the organ of _____, is a chamber inside the cochlea. Anvil Timbre Basil Corti
Corti
Abnormal levels of _____ have been implicated in sleep and eating disorders and in convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy. acetylcholine GABA serotonin glutamate
GABA
Dennis just started working at a factory where he will be expected to work varying shifts. Based on what you know about shiftwork and the perils of your regular sleep, what recommendation can you make about shift choice? He should change shifts as seldom as possible once he makes his choice. He should rotate shifts every few weeks to make sure he never settles into one. After working in the night shift he should rotate to the morning shift. He should only change from the night shift to the morning then to the afternoon.
He should change shifts as seldom as possible once he makes his choice
______ are chemical messengers produced primarily in the endocrine glands and released directly into the blood stream. Receptors Dendrites Neurons Hormones
Hormones
Margritte dreams that she is collecting shells on the beach. She dresams that she places them in an aquarium and that they grow legs and come to life. She interprets the dream to mean that she is pregnant. Psychologists would say that Margritte probably can tell what is going to happen to her because of her dream. Margritte's dream is a good example of night terrors. Margritte's dream may reflect her current worries and concerns. Margritte's dream has no psychological significance.
Margritte's dream may reflect her current worries and concerns.
Your friend is planning a long trip overseas and does not want to throw off his sleep cycle. He thinks a diet supplement of this hormone might help him keep his sleep regulated. Melatonin Adrenaline Serotonin GABA
Melatonin
Mitch emphatically states that he never dreams. If Mitch spent the night in a sleep laboratory, it would be most likely that Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid, irregular brain activity. instead of dreaming, Mitch would engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep. Mitch's sleep cycle would include four stages of non-REM sleep but no stage of REM sleep. Mitch's electroencephalogram would show only slow, rolling eye movements.
Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid, irregular brain activity.
Elizabeth was driving on the freeway when a car passed abruptly in front of her and almost hit her vehicle. As a result of the stress produced by this incident, her heart rate increased and she felt nauseous due to the slowing of intestinal activity. Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for Elizabeth's increase in heart rate and slowing of intestinal activity? Glutamate Dopamine Norepinephrine GABA
Norepinephrine
_______ affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress. Serotonin Acetylcholine Dopamine Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Which of the following best describes the "think-drink" effect researchers discovered? People who drink the most are the ones who planned in advance to drink a lot. People who decide to be sober remain sober. People act drunk if they believe their drink contains alcohol, whether it actually does or not. Beverage marketers take advantage of lower intelligence consumers in the marketplace.
People act drunk if they believe their drink contains alcohol, whether it actually does or not.
In ______, the muscle paralysis associated with sleep does not occur and the sleeper becomes physically active. circadian rhythm disorder sleep apnea narcolepsy REM behavior disorder
REM behavior disorder
Carlo's hypnotist suggest that Carlos is sitting on a beach near the ocean. Although they are in central Illinois, Carlos reports that he can hear the sound of the waves pounding against the shore. This is characteristic of what kind of hypnotic behavior? Posthypnotic amnesia Reduced reality testing Redistributed attention Reduced planfulness
Reduced reality testing
John, Paul, George, and Ringo are hooked up to electroencephalograms. John is in stage 3 sleep. Paul is also asleep, but he is dreaming. George just fell asleep a few minutes ago and is in stage 1 sleep. Ringo cannot fall asleep and is awake and mentally active. Whose EEG will look different than those produced by the other three? John Paul George Ringo
Ringo
Which of the following is an example of how culture can affect perception? The Müller-Lyer illusion is more likely to work on a person from rural Africa who lives in rounded buildings than on someone from the West. The Müller-Lyer illusion is less likely to work on a person from rural Africa who lives in rounded buildings than on someone from the West. A thirsty person is more likely to see a mirage as an actual oasis in the desert. Pain hurts more if a person believes that someone else is causing it on purpose.
The Müller-Lyer illusion is less likely to work on a person from rural Africa who lives in rounded buildings than on someone from the West.
Sleep research supports three of the statements listed below. Which statement is NOT accurate? It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night and get up at about the same time every morning. In cases of insomnia, don't associate your bedroom with wakefulness. The amount of time you spend sleeping is a good criterion of insomnia. The amino acid tryptophan promotes the onset of sleep.
The amount of time you spend sleeping is a good criterion of insomnia.
When you are sipping a cup of coffee or tea, the hormones in your body respond and affect your _____ gland. parathyroid adrenal pineal pituitary
adrenal
The ______ heuristic explains the tendency people have to consult their emotions to judge a situation instead of judging all probabilities objectively. affect representativeness availability judgmental
affect
Marika is making a chart to serve as a study aid for her upcoming psychology quiz. She makes a list of different types of nervous system chemicals and their functions. She writes that the function of endorphins is to: enable neurons to excite or inhibit each other. alter the effects of neurotransmitters. promote digestion and regulate metabolism. affect the functioning of target organs and tissue.
alter the effects of neurotransmitters.
The _____ nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands and internal organs, such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. sensory central somatic autonomic
autonomic
April spots the boy that she has a crush on sitting by his friends. Her heart begins to pound, her hands get sweaty, and her cheeks feel hot. April's ________ has/have been activated. autonomic nervous system skeletal nervous system spinal cord somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Consciousness is: a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes. memory of personally experienced events. awareness of ourselves and the environment. the intentional recollection of an item of information.
awareness of ourselves and the environment.
The ______ is responsible for transmitting messages away from the cell body to other neurons or to muscle or gland cells. ganglion synaptic cleft axon synaptic bulb
axon
Elliot, a split-brain patient, is participating in a research study. If a picture of a comb is presented to the right hemisphere of Elliot's brain, he will probably be able to name the object. suddenly have the urge to comb his hair. be able to pick out a comb from a group of other objects by its shape. describe the comb by it shape, color, and size.
be able to pick out a comb from a group of other objects by its shape.
According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreams, ______ cause dreaming. brain mechanisms daily visual stimulation unconscious desires conscious desires
brain mechanisms
Functional coding occurs all along a sensory route, beginning in the sense organs and ending in the ____________________. spinal cord. brain. peripheral nervous system. central nervous system.
brain.
Molly smells chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven and is immediately reminded of her grandmother's house. Her perception of smell and its association to her grandmother's house are processed in the: peripheral nervous system. spinal reflexes. central nervous system. skeletal nervous system.
central nervous system.
Mimi worked all night on a 500-piece jigsaw puzzle but misplaced ten of the puzzle's pieces. She showed the puzzle to her friend Karen. Even though the puzzle was missing ten pieces, Karen could still perceive a complete picture by using the perceptual process of proximity. continuity. texture. closure.
closure.
The _____ approach to dreaming emphasizes current concerns but does not claim that we address and solve these problems while sleeping. cultural developmental suppressive cognitive
cognitive
The left hemisphere of the brain shows more _____ ability than the right. cell renewal cognitive developmental action potential
cognitive
Many pain management programs are based on _____ therapy, which teaches people how to substitute adaptive thoughts for negative ones. cognitive-behavior developmental psychodynamic Gestalt
cognitive-behavior
Sensation is to perception as simplicity is to constancy. collection is to interpretation. storage is to recall. interpretation is to collection.
collection is to interpretation.
In split-brain patients, the two cerebral hemispheres cannot ____________________. communicate. share receptor sites. separate. function.
communicate.
The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief is termed the _____ bias. justification confirmation validation endorsement
confirmation
When synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, scientists refer to this process as ____________________. established memory. consolidation. balanced memory. durability.
consolidation.
Our attitudes about intelligence and achievement are strongly influenced by ____________________. faith-based belief systems. racial stereotypes. economics cultural values.
cultural values.
According to signal-detection theory, an observer's response in a detection task can be divided into two processes, a sensory process and a(n) ______ process. selective observable decision objective
decision
The visual cliff is a device for studying depth perception in human infants. visual acuity. color vision. gross-motor coordination.
depth perception in human infants.
Omar is a "night owl" who prefers to work at night and to sleep late. This frustrates his early-bird roommate, who prefers to get up early. Research suggests that the difference between their sleep schedules is due to the habits they formed in childhood. Omar's internal desynchronization. cultural differences. different versions of a single gene.
different versions of a single gene.
The change that occurs in the receiving neuron's membrane when it binds at the receptor site can be either ______, depending on which receptor sites have been activated. additions or depletions excitatory or inhibitory positive or negative attaching or detaching
excitatory or inhibitory
Chronic sleep deprivation causes new brain cells to ____________________. fail to mature. cluster, and then fail to divide properly. divide and redistribute. fail to develop or mature normally.
fail to develop or mature normally.
Too much stimulation can be bad for you because it can lead to bizarre visions. fatigue and mental confusion. auditory hallucinations. reckless impulsivity.
fatigue and mental confusion.
John, a member of the army's elite Special Forces group, is on a mission to covertly infiltrate the enemy's territory and report any helpful information to headquarters. John wears dark clothes, dark gloves, and a dark ski mask, hoping to blend into the night so he won't be detected. John is hoping to fool the enemy soldiers' _____________ perception. figure-ground shape constancy grouping brightness constancy
figure-ground
The _____ theory states that the experience of pain depends in part on whether pain impulses get past a neurological gate in the spinal cord and thus reach the brain. skin-sensation pain control pain dominance gate-control
gate-control
Circadian rhythms can differ greatly among individuals because of _____ differences. age ethnic gender genetic
genetic
Stimulants taken in very large amounts may cause ____________________. visual hallucinations. drowsiness. heart failure and death. self-confidence.
heart failure and death.
Jack the Knife, a professional killer, is studying to become more skilled at his job. After learning more about the brain, he realizes that to kill his victims, the part of the brain that he should destroy is the hindbrain thalamus midbrain forebrain
hindbrain
When Jack and Sue returned from their honeymoon, they were able to reminisce about the beautiful sunsets they observed. The part of the brain that enabled this to happen was the ______. limbic system hippocampus corpus callosum cerebral cortex
hippocampus
The _____ regulates body temperature and controls the autonomic nervous system. hypothalamus limbic system thalamus amygdala
hypothalamus
Even the sense of pain is important to survival because it alerts us to ____________________. illness and injury. all our body's needs. be wary of our surroundings. get medical help.
illness and injury.
Learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what you've learned is referred to as ______ learning. covert uncomplicated subconscious implicit
implicit
The failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it is called ____________________. accidental blindness. inattentional blindness. misperception. blind sidedness.
inattentional blindness.
In ____ reasoning, the premises provide a likely, although not a guaranteed, conclusion. deductive inductive modified scientific
inductive
The experience of "jet lag" is the result of a phenomenon called internal desynchronization. time-zone desynchronization. hormonal rhythms. external desynchronization.
internal desynchronization.
As a part of the campus entertainment program last week, Mark volunteered to be hypnotized. During the show, he did many things at the suggestion of the hypnotist. Afterward, like most people, he said that he felt his responses to these suggestions were impossible to remember. upsetting. involuntary. a violation of his morals.
involuntary.
If you are a right-handed person, you would likely process language mainly in the _____ of your brain. hind lobes frontal lobes right hemisphere left hemisphere
left hemisphere
As Shane stands between the railroad tracks, the rails appear to converge in the distance. This cue to inferring depth and distance is called linear perspective. retinal disparity. relative clarity. relative size.
linear perspective.
This is the best example of a basic concept. comic book Rolling Stone publication magazine
magazine
Freud believed the _____ content of a dream to be the aspects of it that we consciously experience during sleep and may remember upon wakening. latent manifest secondary discernible
manifest
When surgeons performed experimental split-brain surgery, one of the results was that perception and _____ had been affected. vision memory cognition hearing
memory
Serotonin affects neurons involved in all of the following EXCEPT ____________________. memory. pain suppression. sensory perception. mood.
memory.
This is associated with some healthful benefits, including reduced risk of heart attack and stroke. moderate alcohol use moderate tranquilizer use moderate marijuana use moderate nicotine use
moderate alcohol use
What makes Helen most furious is Lance's tendency to fall asleep in the midst of a good argument. She doesn't realize that he does it not to infuriate her, but because he is suffering from Lebie syndrome. REM deficiency. sleep apnea. narcolepsy.
narcolepsy.
Extremely large amounts of alcohol can cause death by inhibiting the _____ in brain areas that control breathing and heartbeat. nerve cells receptors glial cells enzymes
nerve cells
A(n) ______ is a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron. dendrite neurotransmitter receptor axon
neurotransmitter
All of the following drugs are classified as stimulants EXCEPT _____. caffeine opiates methamphetamine cocaine
opiates
Sheila is at a loud restaurant with her friends. Despite all of the different conversations around her, she is able to follow the story one of her friends is telling. This auditory ability is similar to the visual ability to group objects according to their proximity. perceive figure as distinct from ground. see objects in low light. perceive color as constant in different lighting.
perceive figure as distinct from ground.
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information is called: specific nerve energy. functional encoding. perception. sensation.
perception.
An illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli, which cause us to create perceptions that are inaccurate or impossible, is called a(n) _______ illusion. perceptual induced physical stroboscopic
perceptual
The accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce is known as ____________________. retinal constancy. linear perspective. perceptual similarity. perceptual constancy.
perceptual constancy.
A religious historian, a professional footbal player, and a university student are all lying on their backs looking up at the clouds. They are talking about what they see in a particular cloud formation. The religious historian says that she sees the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Shroud of Turin. The professional football player says that he sees the Los Angeles Coliseum (where he used to play). The university student says that she sees her philosophy professor. They are all seeing different things because of perceptual sets. response biases. feature analysis. visual dominance.
perceptual sets.
George and Barbara were walking down Pennsylvania Avenue talking about Abraham Lincoln when two men got out of a limousine and asked, "Say, do either of you know where the nearest burger place is?" Even though neither George nor Barbara was currently thinking of the route to the fast food restaurant, they recalled it easily. The route to the burger place was stored as their ___________ level of consciousness. conscious subconscious unconscious preconscious
preconscious
Your sympathetic nervous system comes into play when you are about to run a marathon, as it ____________________. stops your heart from beating quickly. calms down a nervous stomach. deactivates your sweat glands. prepares your body for action and an output of energy.
prepares your body for action and an output of energy.
The method used to study unconscious cognitive processes in which an individual is exposed to information explicitly or subliminally and is later tested to see whether this information affects performance on another task is known as ____________________. priming. subliminal stimuli. manipulation. adaptation.
priming
In a ______ approach to dreaming, the symbols and metaphors in a dream do not disguise its true meaning. problem-focused Freudian memory-focused symbolic-focused
problem-focused
Units of meaning that are made up of concepts and that express a unitary idea are termed ____________________. propositions. cognitive images. initiatives. cognitive schemas.
propositions.
Whether pain arises normally or abnormally in the absence of tissue damage, the factors that affect the severity of chronic pain and a person's reaction to it are both ____________________. biological and physiological. psychological and physiological. psychological and social. psychological and cultural.
psychological and physiological.
The first intelligence tests measured all of the following EXCEPT ____________________. memory. racial bias. vocabulary. perceptual discrimination.
racial bias.
Sleep enables the body to do all of the following EXCEPT ____________________. replace bone marrow. repair cells. eliminate waste products from muscles. strengthen the immune system.
replace bone marrow.
The brain's most startling accomplishment is its: ability to maintain heart rate and breathing for years on end. production of dopamine to prevent the development of Parkinson's disease. transmission of information quickly and accurately between the hemispheres. self-awareness of its own different capabilities and knowledge.
self-awareness of its own different capabilities and knowledge.
As you take this test, it is unlikely that you are constantly aware that your legs are making contact with the legs of the chair. This is likely due to sensory adaptation. sensory threshold. a correct rejection. a miss.
sensory adaptation.
The reduction or total disappearance of sensory responsiveness when the stimulation is unchanging or repetitious is termed ____________________. adaptive awareness. sensory adaptation. sensory deficiency. deficient awareness.
sensory adaptation.
When she goes into her mother's kitchen, Amelia doesn't know how long she will be able to stay in the room because of the overpowering smell of onions. But when her sister comes home an hour later and complains about the smell, Amelia realizes that she no longer smells the onions at all. This is an example of sensory adaptation. just noticeable difference. a correct rejection. a false alarm.
sensory adaptation.
This weekend, Annette studied for final exams, learned a new computer application for work, and served as a bridesmaid in her best friend's wedding. Annette feels tired and a little mentally hazy. She is likely suffering from ____________________. sensory overload. sensory hallucinations. sensory deprivation. selective attention syndrome.
sensory overload.
Amy has just finished eating her Thanksgiving meal with a large portion of turkey. She begins to feel sleepy but happy. She read recently that tryptophan, an amino acid found in turkey, is a precursor of ________, a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and mood. serotonin GABA acetylcholine epinephrine
serotonin
As she watches her granddaughter's dance recital, Patty perceives two separate groups of dancers. Her granddaughter's group wore bright turquoise costumes with gold accents and the other group wore bright gold costumes with turquoise accents. Patty perceived the girls as belonging to two different groups due to the Gestalt principle of: similarity. proximity. continuity. closure.
similarity
When a person's behavior is affected by a stimulus even when that stimulus is below the person's absolute threshold for detecting it, it is an example of subliminal perception. thresholdless stimuli. exposed stimuli. ESP.
subliminal perception.
REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive. the body is very active and restless, but the brain is very inactive. the eyes are open, though the person remains asleep. colorful dreams occur, in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.
the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive.
The cerebellum is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT ____________________. understanding words. the sense of smell. analyzing sensory information. problem solving.
the sense of smell.
Researchers studying brain differences between men and women agree that ____________________. women are significantly more verbal than men. gender differences in function are significant. they demonstrate different patterns of brain activity. men are significantly more verbal than women.
they demonstrate different patterns of brain activity.
When more and more of a drug is needed in order to experience the same effect, this is referred to as ____________________. withdrawal. drug stability. tolerance. addiction.
tolerance
Actor Michael J. Fox announced that he was leaving his hit show, Spin City, in order to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and to spend more time with his family. His disorder is caused by: a loss of acetylcholine. a loss of dopamine. overproduction of dopamine. overproduction of acetylcholine.
a loss of dopamine.
An individual is most likely to reduce dissonance when he or she needs to do all of the following EXCEPT ____________________. justify behavior that conflicts with a view of oneself. justify the effort put into a decision or choice. accept oneself and try to learn from mistakes. justify a choice or decision that was freely made.
accept oneself and try to learn from mistakes.
The neurotransmitter _____ affects neurons involved in muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, and emotion. glutamate GABA acetylcholine dopamine
acetylcholine
The sociocognitive approach to hypnosis can be used to explain why some subjects insist they ____________________. have no control of their behavior. acted immorally without memory. feel no pain. "remember" past lives.
"remember" past lives.
_____ can influence interpretation of sensory information, such as when a small child afraid of the dark sees a "ghost" instead of an object in their room. Operant behavior Emotion Unconscious fear Needs
Emotion
_____ intelligence spurs creative thinking and allows us to deal empathically with others. Kinesthetic Naturalistic Existential Emotional
Emotional
_____ are the body's natural, pain-relieving opiates. Placebos Prostaglandins Dopamines Endorphins
Endorphins
______ have an effect on the body similar to opiates, in reducing pain and promoting pleasure. Peptides Amino acids Biogenic amines Endorphins
Endorphins
When veteran newscaster Walter Cronkite was sailing into port he heard a group from shore shouting, "Hello, Walter," as they waved to him. He waved back, took a bow, and then ran his boat aground! The crowd had actually been shouting, "Shallow water," as they waved! This example indicates that: Walter has difficulty integrating information from the sense of hearing and the sense of sight in an effective way. Walter's error was caused by the tendency to perceive the world using a perceptual set, based on expectations. Walter is having difficulty with audition due to the aging process and he needs to have his hearing checked. Walter's wartime coverage of battles exceeded the number of decibels that can be experienced without damage to the inner ear.
Walter's error was caused by the tendency to perceive the world using a perceptual set, based on expectations.
