Psy quiz 3

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented before the event. after the event. during the event. all of the above

after the event.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on category members that have been encountered in the past. the definition of the category. a universal set of category members. a defined set of category members.

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________. imagery topography chronometry scanning

chronometry

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." exemplars prototypes units concepts

concepts

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. semantic network spreading activation connectionist hierarchical

connectionist

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. constructive event-specific source misinformation

constructive

___________is a "typical" member of a category. A unit A prototype An exemplar A component

A prototype

According to the typicality effect items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects.

Answer items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? Validity Content Neural response Longevity

Content

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? Freedom Apple pie Baseball America

Freedom

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? Source monitoring error Misinformation effect Pragmatic inference Illusory truth effect

Illusory truth effect

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following? Layout Texture Distance Detail

Layout

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. Automatic narrative Pragmatic inference Prospective memory Observer perspective

Pragmatic inference

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? MPI Schema confusion Recovered memory Source monitoring

Source monitoring

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos: the person has never seen before. of familiar places. the person has seen before. The person took himself or herself.

The person took himself or herself.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? People can rotate images of objects in their heads. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. Imagery is closely related to language. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? Working units Output units Hidden units Input units

Working units

Mental scanning experiments found a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a stimulus is presented. two stimuli are associated. a presented stimulus is a word. a statement is true.

a presented stimulus is a word.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of: what is involved in a particular experience. items appropriate to a particular setting. a sequence of actions. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory.

a sequence of actions.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT: an equation. abstract symbols. a spatial layout. a statement.

a spatial layout.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for: childhood and adolescence. childhood and middle age. young adulthood and middle age. adolescence and young adulthood.

adolescence and young adulthood.

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. prototypical exemplary basic subordinate

basic

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. constructive consequentiality based narrative-rehearsal life-narrative

constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of: cryptoamnesia constructive memory processes. verbatim recall. the effect of scripts.

constructive memory processes.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as repeated recall. cryptoamnesia. narrative rehearsal. repeated reproduction.

cryptoamnesia

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization. exemplar prototype definitional family resemblance

definitional

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). prototype semantic network exemplar definitional

exemplar

Mental imagery involves experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. sensory representations of a stimulus. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. rehearsal cannot account for them. they are permanent and resist forgetting.

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is graded membership. family resemblance. prototypicality. instance theory.

family resemblance.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated: imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. how easy mental rotation is for humans.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people.

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery: can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. actually exists. is identical for all people. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using epiphenomena. propositional representations. mental chronometry. image scanning.

mental chronometry.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure. priming mental scanning categorization mental walk

mental scanning

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the: cognitive hypothesis. reminiscence hypothesis. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. life-narrative hypothesis.

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a link. node. output unit. input unit.

node.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their: concreteness. order. importance. bizarreness.

order.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that: people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex: supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. can be inferred using mental chronometry. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. is an epiphenomenon.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________. false flashbulbs illusory repressed

repressed

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen scan technique. script. source memory. schema.

schema.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. misattribution script narrative schema

script

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. sensory-functional neuronal limitation semantic category multiple-factor

semantic category

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. connectionist network parallel distributed processing neural network semantic network

semantic network

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. sequential networks; familial resemblance sensations; facts sensory attributes; function serial nodes; familiar concepts

sensory attributes; function

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. propositional detail abstract spatial

spatial

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. unilateral epiphenomenal spatial propositional

spatial

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. spreading activation cognitive economy back propagation typicality

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. strong no weak moderate

strong

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that: imagery occurs more automatically than perception. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. imagery is more stable than perception. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.

t is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by: the amount of information contained in each concept. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. the distance that must be traveled through the network. the typicality of the information contained in each concept.

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as the method of loci. paired-associate learning. the pegword technique. a propositional representation.

the method of loci.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that" the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event.

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." slower than the same as faster than interfered with by

the same as

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves: the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. the freshman year trauma-based experiences family-centered challenges transition points

transition points

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. reaction time typicality priming resemblance

typicality

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because visual images vary in detail. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.